1970-2016年青藏高原岗扎日冰川变化与物质平衡遥感监测研究

doi:10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180059

地球信息科学学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (9): 1338-1349.doi: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180059

1970-2016年青藏高原岗扎日冰川变化与物质平衡遥感监测研究

张震¹(), 刘时银^2,^3,^4,^*()

1. 安徽理工大学测绘学院,淮南 232001
2. 云南省国际河流与跨境生态安全重点实验室,昆明 650500
3. 云南大学国际河流与生态安全研究院,昆明 650500
4. 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院冰冻圈科学国家重点实验室,兰州 730000

收稿日期:2018-01-19 修回日期:2018-06-20 出版日期:2018-09-25 发布日期:2018-10-11
通讯作者: 刘时银 E-mail:zhangzhen@aust.edu.cn;liusy@lzb.ac.cn
作者简介:
作者简介：张震（1988-）,男,安徽太和人,讲师,研究方向为冰川遥感。E-mail: zhangzhen@aust.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目（41701087、41701061）;科技部科技基础性工作专项项目（2013FY111400）;云南大学引进人才科研项目（YJRC3201702）

Area Changes and Mass Balance of Glaciers in KangzhagRi of the Tibetan Plateau from 1970 to 2016 Derived from Remote Sensing Data

ZHANG Zhen¹(), LIU Shiyin^2,^3,^4,^*()

1. School of Geomatics, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001,China
2. Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Kunming 650500,China
3. Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
4. State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

Received:2018-01-19 Revised:2018-06-20 Online:2018-09-25 Published:2018-10-11
Contact: LIU Shiyin E-mail:zhangzhen@aust.edu.cn;liusy@lzb.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41701087, 41701061;Fundamental Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST), No.013FY111400;Research Funds Provided to New Recruitments of Yunnan University, No.YJRC3201702.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

可可西里处于青藏高原腹地,是青藏高原自然环境的交接与过渡地带。近年来该区域冰川物质平衡可能有从西向东由正转负的趋势,但是其过渡地带岗扎日地区冰川状态未知。本研究利用地形图、SRTM、ASTER和Landsat等资料分析了岗扎日地区冰川面积变化和物质平衡变化,并对可可西里地区冰川变化空间规律进行了探讨,结果表明：①1970-2016年岗扎日冰川总面积年均缩小率为0.08±0.02%。2006年后冰川退缩趋势减缓。②1970-2012年岗扎日冰川平均减薄-8.64±0.30 m,体积减少1.45±0.06 km³,平均物质平衡为-0.21±0.01 m w.e. a^-1。冰川物质平衡趋势由负转正（1970-1999年：-0.34±0.01 m w.e. a^-1;1999-2012：0.16±0.02 w.e. a^-1）。③东南、南、西南朝向作为迎风坡,1970年以来其冰川物质亏损较小,1999-2012年呈现强烈的正平衡。冰川面积变化滞后于物质平衡变化,东朝向和东南朝向冰川面积缩小率最大,主要是因为冰川冰舌较长,末端所处的海拔较低。④气温升高是岗扎日冰川1970-1999年呈现负物质平衡状态的主因,降水增多是1999-2012年正平衡状态的主因。⑤可可西里地区冰川1970s以来面积年均缩小率从西向东不断增大、物质平衡下降,与西风环流和季风环流相关,但局地气候也影响冰川变化和物质平衡。

关键词: 可可西里, 岗扎日, 冰川变化, 物质平衡, 遥感

Abstract:

Hoh Xil is located in the central Tibetan Plateau, and is the transitional zone of the natural environment of the Tibetan Plateau. In recent years, the mass balance of the glaciers in this region has a trend of positive turning to negative from west to east. However, mass change of glaciers in KangzhagRi, as the transition zone of Hoh Xil region, is unknown due to its inaccessibility and high labour costs. Glacier mass changes in KangzhaRi were determined using geodetic methods based on digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from the topographic map (1970), ASTER (2012) and Shuttle Radar Terrain Mission (SRTM) data (2000). Glacier area changes between 1970 and 2016 were derived from the topographic map, ASTER, and Landsat data. Results show that KangzhaRi has 50 glaciers with an area of 162.6±1.3 km² in 2016. Average glacier area change was observed to be -0.08±0.02% a^-1 from 1970 to 2016. Weak area shrinkage of glaciers by 0.04±0.30% a^-1 during 2006-2012 and 0.01±0.38% a^-1 during 2012-2016. The glaciers in this region have experienced an overall loss of 1.45±0.06 km³ in ice volume or -0.21±0.01 m water equivalent (w.e.) a^-1from 1970 to 2012. The glaciers lost mass at a rate of -0.34 ± 0.01 m w.e.a^-1 during 1970-1999, while gained mass at a rate of 0.16±0.02 m w.e.a^-1 during 1999-2012. Glaciers with southeastern, southern, southwestern aspect showed a slight mass loss during 1970-2012, while gained most mass during 1999-2012. However, Glaciers with southeastern and eastern aspect showed more stable in the ice cover area. Because these glaciers have a long tongue with low terminal altitudes with a little mass supply from accumulation region. Air temperature rises contribute to the loss of glacier mass during 1970-1999, while precipitation increase contributes to the gain of glacier mass during 1999-2012. Glacier area reduction from 1970s shows a trend of low to high from the west to east, and the mass balance gradually decreases from the west to east. Glacier variations in KangzhagRi were not only related to westerly circulation and monsoon circulation, but also related to local circulation. Recent mass change might be a response to the changing atmospheric circulation pattern.

Key words: Hoh Xil, KangzhagRi, glacier change, mass change, remote sensing

张震, 刘时银. 1970-2016年青藏高原岗扎日冰川变化与物质平衡遥感监测研究[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2018, 20(9): 1338-1349.

ZHANG Zhen,LIU Shiyin. Area Changes and Mass Balance of Glaciers in KangzhagRi of the Tibetan Plateau from 1970 to 2016 Derived from Remote Sensing Data[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018, 20(9): 1338-1349.

图/表 11

图1

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图2

图3

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图4

图5

图6

表4

可可西里及毗邻地区1999年以来的物质平衡"

研究区	时段	数据	方法	平均物质平衡/（m w.e. a^-1）	文献
天山	2000-2016	ASTER	大地测量法	–0.28±0.20	[34]
东帕米尔	1999-2014	ASTER、SRTM	大地测量法	–0.14±0.24	[17]
中帕米尔	2000-2014	TerraSAR-X、TanDEM、SRTM	InSAR	–0.10±0.07	[9]
西帕米尔	1999-2011	SPOT5、SRTM	大地测量法	+0.14±0.13	[4]
喀喇昆仑山西部	1999-2008	SPOT5、SRTM	大地测量法	+0.09±0.18	[4]
喀喇昆仑山东部	1999-2010	SPOT5、SRTM	大地测量法	+0.11±0.14	[4]
喀喇昆仑山西部	2000-2014	TerraSAR-X、TanDEM、SRTM	InSAR	–0.02±0.06	[9]
喀喇昆仑山东部	2000-2014	TerraSAR-X、TanDEM、SRTM	InSAR	–0.10±0.06	[9]
班公错	1999-2007	ASTER、SRTM	大地测量法	–0.11±0.12	[31]
Spiti Lahaul	1999-2011	SPOT5、SRTM	大地测量法	–0.45±0.13	[4]
西昆仑	2000-2014	TerraSAR-X、TanDEM、SRTM	InSAR	+0.13±0.06	[9]
琼木孜塔格	2000-2014	TerraSAR-X、TanDEM、SRTM	InSAR	+0.34±0.06	[9]
土则岗日	2000-2014	TerraSAR-X、TanDEM、SRTM	InSAR	+0.36±0.07	[9]
藏色岗日和耸峙岭	2003-2009	ICESat GLAS、SRTM	激光测高法	+0.37±0.25	[10]
马兰冰帽和新青峰等	2003-2009	ICESat GLAS、SRTM	激光测高法	–0.77±0.35	[10]
普若岗日	2000-2012	TerraSAR-X、TanDEM、SRTM	InSAR	–0.04±0.23	[11]
西各拉丹冬	1999-2015	ASTER、SRTM	大地测量法	–0.33±0.38	[12]
冬克玛底	1999-2015	ASTER、SRTM	大地测量法	–0.74±0.21	[12]
布加岗日	1999-2015	ASTER、SRTM	大地测量法	–0.63±0.25	[12]
纳木纳尼	2000-2009	ICESat GLAS、SRTM	激光测高法	–0.54±0.29*	[35]
念青唐古拉山西峰	2000-2014	TerraSAR-X、TanDEM、SRTM	InSAR	–0.24±0.13	[36]
岗日嘎布	2000-2014	TerraSAR-X、TanDEM、SRTM	InSAR	–0.71±0.10	[18]
珠峰	2000-2012	TerraSAR-X、TanDEM、SRTM	InSAR	–0.38±0.04	[37]
祁连山	2000-2010	ASTER SRTM	大地测量法	–0.48±0.23	[38]
岗扎日	1999-2012	ASTER SRTM	大地测量法	+0.16±0.02	本研究

表4

表5

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[49]	王有清,蒲健辰,张永亮,等.马兰冰芯记录的青藏高原中部现代升温变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2003,25(2):130-134. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2003.02.003
	[ Wang Y Q, Pu J C, Zhang Y L, et al.Characteristic of present warming change recorded in Malan Ice Core, Central Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geogryology, 2003,25(2):130-134. ] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2003.02.003

数据	获取时间	空间分辨率/比例尺	目的
ASTER	2012年12月2日	15 m	提取DEM与冰川边界
SRTM 1 C波段	2000年2月	30 m	DEM
SRTM X波段	2000年2月	25 m	求C波段对冰雪穿透深度
地形图	1970年10月	1:50 000	提取DEM与冰川边界
Landsat TM	2000年12月25日	30 m	冰川边界
Landsat ETM+	2012年9月22日 2012年11月9日 2013年1月12日	全色15 m,多光谱30 m	辅助2012年冰川边界提取
Landsat OLI	2016年9月9日	全色15 m,多光谱30 m	冰川边界
中国第一次冰川编目数据集修订版	1970年		冰川边界
中国第二次冰川编目数据集	2006年		冰川边界
CRU TS 3.24	1970-2012年	0.5°	气候分析

类型	校正前/m		校正后/m		N	SE/m	s/m
类型	MED	STDV	MED	STDV	N	SE/m	s/m
地形图-SRTM	-1.28	10.29	0.09	9.61	5427	0.13	0.16
SRTM-ASTER	69.91	38.27	-0.15	9.72	2674	0.19	0.24
地形图-SRTM	65.88	38.04	0.13	13.51	2505	0.27	0.30

区域	编号	1970-1999年			1999-2012年			1970-2012年
区域	编号	平均高程变化/m	平均物质平衡/m w.e. a^-1		平均高程变化/m	平均物质平衡/(m w.e. a^-1)		平均高程变化/m	平均物质平衡/(m w.e. a^-1)
西岗扎日	1	-2.65±0.16	-0.07±0.01		-1.19±0.24	-0.07±0.02		-3.02±0.30	-0.06±0.01
	2	-7.34±0.16	-0.22±0.01		6.12±0.24	0.40±0.02		-1.69±0.30	-0.03±0.01
	3	-13.17±0.16	-0.39±0.01		8.91±0.24	0.68±0.02		-4.95±0.30	-0.10±0.01
	4	-10.25±0.16	-0.30±0.01		1.11±0.24	0.07±0.02		-10.66±0.30	-0.21±0.01
	5	-15.77±0.16	-0.46±0.01		-2.02±0.24	-0.13±0.02		-15.95±0.30	-0.32±0.01
区域平均		-10.53±0.16	-0.31±0.01		2.17±0.24	0.14±0.02		-8.36±0.30	-0.20±0.01
东岗扎日	6	0.16±0.16	0.00±0.01		3.15±0.24	0.20±0.02		2.93±0.30	0.06±0.01
	7	-17.52±0.16	-0.51±0.01		6.36±0.24			0.42±0.02	-12.16±0.30	-0.25±0.01
	8	-17.80±0.16	-0.52±0.01		-1.62±0.24			-0.11±0.02	-17.94±0.30	-0.36±0.01
	9	-11.31±0.16	-0.33±0.01	-3.39±0.24		-0.22±0.02	-14.70±0.30		-0.30±0.01
	10	5.36±0.16	0.16±0.01	1.41±0.24		0.09±0.02	7.65±0.30		0.15±0.01
区域平均		-12.13±0.16	-0.36±0.01	2.73±0.24	0.18±0.02	-8.81±0.30	-0.21±0.01
总体平均		-11.54±0.16	-0.34±0.01	2.52±0.24	0.16±0.02	-8.64±0.30	-0.21±0.01

研究区	时段	数据	年均面积缩小率/（% a^-1）	文献
天山	2000-2016	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.36	[39]
东帕米尔	1963-2009	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.24	[15]
叶尔羌河	1968-2009	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.36	[40]
西昆仑	1970-2010	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.1	[41]
班公错	1970s-2009	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.12±0.13	[8]
班公错	1976-2013	Landsat	–0.20	[42]
5Z12	1970s-2009	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.18±0.09	[8]
5Z13	1970s-2009	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.14±0.07	[8]
5Z21	1970s-2009	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.25±0.10	[8]
5Z51	1970s-2009	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.15±0.08	[8]
5Z52	1970s-2009	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.07±0.12	[8]
布加岗日	1981-2013	地形图、Landsat	–0.48	[43]
纳木纳尼	1976-2003	Landsat、ASTER	–0.31	[44]
念青唐古拉山西峰	1970-2014	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目、地形图、Landsat	–0.62±0.08	[45]
岗日嘎布	1980-2015	地形图、Landsat	–0.71±0.06	[18]
珠峰	1976-2006	Landsat	–0.52	[46]
祁连山	1956-2010	中国第一次与第二次冰川编目	–0.39	[47]
岗扎日	1970-2016	Landsat、地形图	–0.08±0.02	本研究

1970-2016年青藏高原岗扎日冰川变化与物质平衡遥感监测研究

Area Changes and Mass Balance of Glaciers in KangzhagRi of the Tibetan Plateau from 1970 to 2016 Derived from Remote Sensing Data

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