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  • 2003 Volume 5 Issue 3
    Published: 25 September 2003
      
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  • ARTICLES
    Concept Design of Dynamic Regulation System of Oasis Ecosystem
    SHI Yanan, LIU Gaohuan, ZHANG Beifei
    2003, 5(3): 6-10.
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    The oasis is a special landscape in arid desert, which plays the most important ecological role in arid and semi arid geographic system The matter,energy and information frequently exchanges at its interface, and it is the primary human habitat in arid regions The ecosystem of oasis is fragile, and with the intensiveness of human's activity, the system will be more unstable Based on the advanced technique of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS),it is possible to develop an integrated system to regulate the oasis ecosystem dynamically and to serve the sustainable oasis development This paper describes the concept, structure, functionalities and applications of the oasis regulation system A group of models were developed The water demand model can estimate the total water demand including each crop water demand in different times, ecological water demand, and other water demand The water supply model can calculate the available water resources of ground water and surface water, and the system balance model can balance the water demand and water supply by regulating the usage of water resource and landuse structure The system is established on the base of a database including the data of topography, weather, hydrology, land use, socio economic data and some other special data Multi temporal remote sensing images are dynamic data source The system will be used for studying the relationship between water resource usage and ecosystem development in oasis, and will be helpful for oasis planning, management, and monitoring for the purpose of realizing its stable and sustainable development.
  • ARTICLES
    Structure Design and Intergration of the Ecological Environment Database
    MENG Xuelian, LIU Gaohuan, SHI Yanan
    2003, 5(3): 11-15.
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    This study focuses on the design and development of the Entironmental Information System of the Western Arid Land The code and structure design of the Entironmental Information System are introduced According to the characteristics of the environmental data, the database of the system was classified into 6 sub databases, including geographical vector data, hydrological and weather data, economic statistics, documents, theme maps and RS images or pictures, landuse or landcover theme data With the ArcGIS software of ESRI as the development platform, the system is built by the way of built in intergration, combining VB with ArcObject as the development language The system uses Geodatabase model to manage the attributes and spatial data A geodatabase (short for geographic database) is a physical store of geographical information inside a database management system (DBMS) Geodatabase provides many advantages in managing geospatial data, migrating existing GIS datasets from either Coverages or Shapefiles to the new Geodatabase format Taking the western arid land as an example, this article has built the Entironmental Information System of the Western Arid Land In practice, the choosing of data, the structure design of structure and the management and query of database are very important, which are also the values of this paper What's more, through the establishment of index tables and index maps, we can also spatially query the data like picture, text and remote sensing data, which can only originally be queried by attributes.
  • ARTICLES
    Forestry Data Processing and its Realization Techniques in Guizhou Province
    MO Shenguo, ZHANG Baiping, YAO Yonghui, TAN Ya, ZHU Jun, LUO Yang
    2003, 5(3): 16-21.
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    In the past 50 years, Guizhou province has collected a large number of data on its forestry, but, however,due to lack of unified standard, norm and digitalization the exchange and sharing of the existing forestry information have been hindered In constructing the Digital Forestry Information System of Guizhou, we processed the forestry data of Guizhou province using ArcGIS and realized the integration of information and system in terms of international uniform data standards In addition, we realize the three dimensional flying simulation of Mt Fanjingshan and the area from Guiyang to Huangguoshu, and construct the three dimensional digital landscape model and the three dimensional forest resources distribution model of Guizhou province This can hopefully facilitate information sharing and exchange.
  • ARTICLES
    Study of the System of the Space Governance on Digital City
    ZHOU Li
    2003, 5(3): 22-25.
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    This paper analyzes the new environment and the new role on city management at information age Combining the characteristics of Digital City,a new mode of the space governance on Digital City is discussed From the background of city management facing globalization,pluralization,informationization,network, intelligentialization,the macroscopical requirement & developmental inevitability of the space governance are demonstrated on Digital City The author suggests the connotation of the space governance and major task of space admittance & space management on Digital City According to the task & target of information collection,information management,decision making service,decision making application in the space governance,the system structure of the space governance is designed on Digital City.
  • ARTICLES
    3D Scene System Construction of Digital City
    SUN Qinghui, ZHAO Junxi, ZHANG Yi, CHEN Yingdong, LUO Jiancheng, LU Xuejun, CAI Shaohua, CHEN Qiuxiao, ZHENG Jiang, SHEN Zhanfeng
    2003, 5(3): 26-31.
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    This paper discusses the characteristics and the technological method of 3D scene system construction of digital city The functional characteristics of the 3D scene system of digital city are information interaction, accessibility, distribution,real time display and reality In order to meet these requirements, we use Direct 3D SDK to develop our system At the same time some key technologies on engineering construction of 3D scene imitation simulation of digital city, such as scene background changing, informational inquiry of 3D scene objects, reality of atmospheric effects and construction of 3D terrain are discussed The construction of 3D scene s ystem of digital city involves in data organization,2D to 3D conversion,and environment scene object construction At the end of this paper, a conclusion is drawn.
  • ARTICLES
    The Establishment of Hangzhou Urban Spatial Basic Database
    YE Zhixuan, YANG Maocheng, GAN Xuemei, ZHOU Neng
    2003, 5(3): 32-35.
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    This paper firly analyses characteristics of urban spatial ba se information and its function on digital city Secondly, it discusses the establishment of spatial basic database and design of basic GIS Finally, it elucidates the importance of database establishment for the future.
  • ARTICLES
    Research and Digital Simulation about Digital Landslide Motion
    LI Xianhua, Hui LIN, GONG Jianhua, ZHANG Dengrong, HE Yiping, CHEN Xiaoqing, HU Kaiheng, LI Yong
    2003, 5(3): 36-41.
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    Digital landslide model is built supported by GIS in thi s paper Through spatial analyzing and three dimensional display, this paper analyzes the s tabilization of landslide and calculates the stability coefficient of landslide exactly and verifies the movement direction of landslide We bring forward the concept of the stability coefficient of landslide and research the method of calculating the stability coefficient of landslide and verifying the movement direction of landslide in three dimensional space We complete 3D dynamic study about the digital model and visualization of landslide's start up mechanism and landsl ide's movement rule Basing on those studies, we build a mathematics model to research landslide This model simulates and shows landslide motion process from static state to dynamic state The description of landslide is exactly quantitative in the digital landslide model Finally, we accomplish the 3D dynamic research and digital simulation under support of GIS.
  • ARTICLES
    Layer and Feature: Two Ways to Organize Data in GIS
    MA Ronghua, DAI Jinfang
    2003, 5(3): 42-46.
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    Data organization is the foundation and precondition for GIS the building and development Changes in cognitive modes and cognitive means can generate different, results of cognition in the real world,i e , the layer based data organization and the feature based data organization The paper analyzes in detail the means of the layer based data organization from the point of view of cognition and computer, namely from the point of view of theory and technique The development of the former is limited by lots of shortcomings in essential So the means of feature based data organization got developed Its foundation is to classify the features Feature classification is based on the theory of cognitive classification and it must use the means of classifying the geographic information for reference The latter should be developed with the object oriented technique on the basis of the former But both of them answer the basic cognitive questions: where, what and when By means of analysis and comparison, the paper draws a conclusion that it is the key to implement the fourth generation GIS for the feature based data organization, which is a new direction in GIS development.
  • ARTICLES
    The GML Techniques of Grid GIS
    CAI Shaohua, LUO Jiancheng, CHEN Qiuxiao, SHEN Zhanfeng, ZHENG Jiang, SUN Qinghui
    2003, 5(3): 47-50.
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    Grid will be the next generation technique of internet The research and development of GridGIS will bring substantial change to the traditional GIS application model and computation capability The center of GridGIS will be service oriented It will be an intelligent platform for providing integrative spatial information application services The GridGML(Grid Geographic Markup Language) will be the communication and conversation language of GridGML It makes it possible for the spatial information transferring, storage and communication among the middlewares, agents, systems, and system internal Based on the XML, architecture of Grid GIS, and GML version 3 of OGC, the GridGML is detailedly analyzed and designed.
  • ARTICLES
    Analysis of the Application of WebGIS ArcIMS New Technology
    XIE Jianhua, TAO Hong, LI Peizheng
    2003, 5(3): 51-55.
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    This paper describes the system Architecture of ArcIMS,and its operational mechanism, particularly analyzes the role of Arc XML in this system Architecture It then discusses how to run Arc IMS and how to communicate between the client and server as well as the functions of ArcXML in this Architecture emphatically Meanwhile the logical and physical layers of Server are introduced and the core of ArcIMS is discussed The functions of every layer are described in detail The basic functions of Client are also introduced from the point of view of uses,and the feature service and the image service are analysed emphatically Then ArcIMS Manager is introduced and how to manage the ArcIMS Server is also introduced,and the three functional models are described separately Finally,the securities of Website are analysed combining the characteristics of ArcIMS itself Through data security and sevice security and system security the security of Website is discussed in detail,and the methods of how to resolve the security of Website are provided.
  • ARTICLES
    Think About the Distributed Storage and Management of Multi-scale Geographical Spatial Data
    LI Hongwei, GUO Jianzhong
    2003, 5(3): 56-59.
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    The distributed storage and management of multi scale geographical spatial data is the technical support that we construct distributed network GIS and implement the integrated application of multi scale and multi data types digital geographical information products The paper discusses the distribution and storage model system of geographical spatial data, the integrated storage and management method of spatial data in relation to data base, the spatial data base engine technique, the systematic structure of multi scale geographical spatial information integration management.
  • ARTICLES
    Probing into the Poly-meaning of GIS
    MAO Zhengyuan, LI Lin
    2003, 5(3): 60-63.
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    GIS has had countless definitions and various names in its developing history that has been lasting for more than 40 years But there are only four implied key meanings,in temporal sequence they are System,Toolbox,Industry,and Discipline This article reviews the historical background under which the four meanings of GIS appeared,meanwhile it illuminates the influence which brought about variation of the meaning of GIS from technology and market By extracting seven GIS definitions which are based on different meanings and ways from Englis hliterature and performing semantic analysis,the exact connotation of GIS as aconception in all kinds of definitions is determined,the interrelationship among all kinds of GIS meanings is explained,the significance of GIS as a discipline and its content framework are probed Then the standard conceptions to express the four different meanings of GIS are put forward.
  • ARTICLES
    Research on Fundamental Theory of Assessing the Accuracy of DEMs
    HU Peng, WU Yanlan, HU Hai
    2003, 5(3): 64-70.
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    As an important information source, DEMs (Digital Elevation Models) have found applications in a wide variety of areas, such as view shed analysis, watershed partition, derivation of geomorphic features, etc Assessing the accuracy and quality of DEMs scientifically will assure the production, construction and right applications of DEMs. Except factors of data sources, instruments and man made, the major error of DEM roots in interpolation arithmetics. So,the assessment of the accuracy of DEMs is a kind of error analysis aiming at the interpolation accuracy mainly There exist two methods that have the specific theoretical context and accuracy analysis among numerous methods to generate DEMs. One method is TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) interpolation based on discrete ground elevation points, the other is bilinear interpolation used for grid ground elevation points obtained by photogrammetry. This paper gives error models of the above two interpolation methods. The two error models explain some problems that can't be interpreted using RMSE. Nowadays, the two methods to generate DEMs have a wide range of application in practical DEMs productions. Both have own advantages and application fields At present, there are major methods to assess the accuracy of DEMs: test, transfer function, covariance and contour maps produced from DEMs. For test method, the sampling check points lack rigorous theoretical basis. While both methods of transfer function and covariance have difficulty to assess the accuracy of the whole DEM and render the factual distribution of errors,they also can’t estimate the status of the DEM coinciding with the factual topography. In the situation of lacking a valid theoretical accuracy assessment about DEMs presently, contour maps produced from DEMs serve as a natural method to evaluate the quality of DEMs. In fact, as long as the method applied to DEMs interpolation is right, the maximal difference of the original topographic map and the map generated from the corresponding DEM will be less than a half of the numerical value of contour-interval. And the overlay map of the original topographic map and the map obtained from the DEM is just an elaborate render of the whole DEMs error In a word, assessing the accuracy of DEMs rightly is of momentous practical significance and theoretical value. We must adopt truncation error to assess the accuracy of DEM abandoning RMSE. Comparison of the original topographic map with the map generated from the DEM is the most effective method to check the quality of DEMs.
  • ARTICLES
    The Application of CBERS-1 Data in Brazil
    Leila M G Fonseca, Paulo R Martini, Jose C N Epiphanio, HOU Minghui
    2003, 5(3): 71-73.
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    This paper emphatically introduces the current user oriented application of CBERS 1 data in Brazil and offers suggestions on how to promote future applications of the Chinese Brazilian Earth Resources Satellite 1 data to national programmes.
  • ARTICLES
    Study on Relationship Between Strong Earthquake and Stochastic Resonance Phenomenon in GMS Meteorologic Satellite Imagery
    TANG Fangtou, XU Haomin
    2003, 5(3): 74-78.
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    There are many papers about the relationship between satellite thermal infrared anomaly and earthquake in the world, but most of them study thermal anomalies of surface and air of focus region We could predict earthquakes not only by temperature anomalies of satellite thermal infrared imageries, but also by special abnormities appearing on satellite thermal infrared imageries The special abnormities are produced by stochastic resonance near antenna between background noise,electromagnetic wave from strong earthquake and carrier wave that transmits satellite data They include black holes and diamonds by disturbance The blackholes are black areas of satellite imagery because the standard location table is disturbed The diamonds are white enclosed diamond line on satellite imagery when isolines of temperature are showed because the standard temperature table of gray rank is disturbed They are not real temperatures of cloud layers, and they can appear on the cloud layers that the temperatures are lower or higher The reason for disturbance is because electromagnetic waves are produced by geo stress action during earthquake preparation They have very wide frequencies If the frequency and strength is about carrier frequency near receiving antenna of satellite, it can produce stochastic resonance and result in disturbance of receiving data The observation data of our receiving station in more than one and half years time show that the abnormities obviously correspond to strong earthquakes It adds one new applied field of stochastic resonance of electromagnetic wave impending prediction Through further studies, we can design one kind apparatus used for catching earthquake precursors by stochastic resonance principle.
  • ARTICLES
    Practice of Quantitative Remote Sensing Model Library Based on COM Technique
    DING Xin, SU Lihong, WANG Hua, JING Juan, TANG Shihao, WANG Jingdi, WU Menxin
    2003, 5(3): 79-85.
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    With the development of remote sensing, new models are available continuously In order to extend the practicability of the model library, the authors introduce component object model (COM) technique COM is a software architecture that allows the components made by different software vendors to be combined into avariety of applications Remote sensing model library is composed of three parts,i e , common objects, model objects and accessorial objects Common objects include input/output procedure, solar angle calculating procedure inbi directional reflectance, and metadata about all the models Model objects include the models contributing to quantitative remote sensing applications, which comprise system models, simulant models and application models Accessorial objects include prior knowledge, measurement data and image data In the article,the executable project is validated with an instance in the end The spectrum of typical land surface observed in nadir viewing direction is simulated in pixel scale In this process, crop model, PROSPECT model and SAIL model are used to calculate the spectrum character of the pixel Crop model is used to simulate leaf area index, and PROSPECT model is to simulate reflectance and transmission of leaves The final result is calculated with SAIL model The simulated spectrum of winter wheat observed in nadir viewing direction is at 11 o'clock Apr 15, 2001 In the article, each model and each common object are designed to be components The model library based on COM technique adapts to the progress and is propitious to be expanded and modified.
  • ARTICLES
    Uncertainty Visualization of SAR Imaging System and Application
    GE Yong, WANG Jinfeng, Leung Yee, WANG Zhensong
    2003, 5(3): 86-90.
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    As a result of particular advantages of Synthetic Aperture Rad ar, SAR has been applied widely in earth science and military science But, during the imaging process of SAR, these uncertainty factors, such as the environmental disturbance and the aircraft instability et al , affect the application of SAR image directly So it is very important to analyze these uncertainty factors Presently, the research of SAR uncertainty is based on the statistical method, but this method is inconvenient to unveil the mechanism of uncertainties caused and to visualize the SAR uncertainty Whereas, we first discussed the SAR system uncertainty propagation function from the view of mechanism in this paper, and then focus on discussing the visualization of uncertainties of SAR system based on this uncertainty propagation function by means of VR technique and system simulation technique Finally an example about the uncertainty visualization is given.
  • ARTICLES
    Evaportranspiration Research of Yellow River Delta Using Remote Sensing Method
    PAN Zhiqiang, LIU Gaohuan
    2003, 5(3): 91-96.
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    Evapotranspiration is an important parameter for water resource management Compared to the traditional ET computation methods, the ET computation method based on Remote Sensing has the characteristics of quickness, precision, large scale and visualization mapping SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land) is a model which is used to compute evapotranspiration in large scale region based on Remote Sensing images which have the visible, near infrared and infrared bands SEBAL model is based on surface energy balance equation which includes net radiance flux, soil heat flux and sensible heat flux and latent heat flux All these three heat fluxes are computed in sequence, then the latent heat flux which provides energy for evapotranspiration can be computed, finally instantaneous ET and daily ET can be obtained In this paper SEBAL model was used to compute the evapotranspiration for the Yellow River Delta where water resource is facing an urgent situation, in the end the evapotranspiration characteristics of Yellow River Delta are analyzed This study is helpful for better management of water resource of Yellow River Delta.
  • ARTICLES
    Research on Complex Informatic TuPu of Natural Landscape in China
    CHEN Yufen, LIAO Ke
    2003, 5(3): 97-102.
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    Geomatic TuPu presents spatial information in well regulated form of graphics Geo informatic TuPu is a computer based geomatic TuPu, which is a kind of spatial information visualization, and a new form of cartographic products in the era of information It aims to provide users with the deeply processed, higher level of geographic information products supported by the technologies of computer, GIS, visualization and VR Complex informatic Tupu of natural landscape, according to spatial scale, may be divided into macroscopic landscape informatic TuPu, mid cosmic landscape informatic TuPu and microcosmic landscape informatic TuPu Chinese complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape is a nationwide macroscopic landscape informatic TuPu, and its typologic grades include landscape zone, landscape second zone,landscape genre According to the composing elements of natural landscape, natural landscape informatic TuPu can be divided into single element informatic TuPu of natural landscape and complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape The method of “from top to bottom” is used to study complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape in China, that is, the complex informatic TuPu in China is dealt with level by level from landscape zone to landscape second zone and then to landscape genre As Chinese complex informatic Tupu of natural landscape is a kind of macroscopic landscape informatic TuPu and the outlines of TuPu are changed very slowly with time, the focus of research is put on the changes of the graphic outline but the macroscopic change of geographical spatial distribution rules The technological flow of retrieval for complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape in China includes design for the representation of TuPu, type partition and outline determining of natural landscape, building of index system, design for database structure, and development of TuPu information system This paper introduces the basic concept of informatic TuPu of natural landscape firstly; then, discusses the way of studying complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape in China; thirdly, provides the way of retrieval for complex informatic TuPu and single element informatic TuPu by taking Chinese natural landscape as a case; lastly, introduces simply the development of TuPu information system.
  • ARTICLES
    Discussions on Geo-info Tupu and Its Development and Application
    TIAN Yongzhong, YUE Tianxiang
    2003, 5(3): 103-106.
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    The highlight of geo info Tupu is to fully develop the grap hicalideation of human cerebra based on new technology such as remote sensing and geographic information system to solve the problems of resources and environment human faced today Unlike other traditional concepts such as map, atlas, geographic Tupu, geo info Tupu is a new thought in new times, it is not only a set of graphic products, but also a new method, it is very important in geographical research both in theory and in practice However, further research on the theory, method and application fields of geo info Tupu is imperative This paper also discusses its latest development and great achievements on literature and thesis, research items and panels, possible application fields in recent years For integrated ecosystem assessment, it first aggregates data, then assesses the current conditions, forecasts the future scenarios, finally produces the scheme of decision making That is just like the flow of building geo info Tupu, so it is possible to take advantage of geo info Tupu to study the integrated ecosystem assessment.
  • ARTICLES
    Arising Tupu Analysis of Land Use by Administrative Units in the Yellow River Delta
    YE Qinghua, LIU Gaohuan, Marco RUSSI, HE Aihua, LOU Weiguo, YE Qingxin
    2003, 5(3): 107-111.
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    The Geo information Tupu is a kind of methodology of spatial and temporal geographical analysis, which integrates geographical process of va rious events into spatial and attribute data analysis It shows its advantages of quantitatively expressing spatial differences in various temporal processes and infusing different data and data mining methods in long term and continuous monitoring for complex Geo systems According to theories and methods on Geo information TUPU and land use/land cover models based on Tupu unit, four stages of land use spatial data sampled in YRD during 1956～1996 by 30×30 m 2 grid cell with Transverse Mercator Krasovsky projection at the central longitude of 117 degrees are acquired In order to facilitate the operation between the series of spatial data by algebra language in GRID, the land use category in YRD is limited to 10 classes, which consists of sea in research scope, farmland, garden plot, forest, pasture, residential and industrial area, transportation area, water body (including tidal flat), unused land, and saline alkaline area After unified by 30 m GRID cell,four sets of data consisting of 3 temporal units are identified according to the temporal order along the temporal axis, i e ,1956～1984, 1984～1991, and 1991～1996 Then with these 3 temporal units and 4 stages of attributes of spatial cells in grid that are created in ARC/INFO, it is possible for us to generate series of Tupu cells by map algebra language This article introduces methods of creatin g series of land use Tupu based on Tupu unit, which is integrated by "Spatial·A ttribute·Process", and is composed of relatively homogeneous geographic unit and temporal unit The integration of Tupu unit is operated in grid by its 4 stages of spatial and attributes data to simulate its change process In order to get rid of "noises" on land use Tupu, the article reconstructs the tupu units on remapped tables by reclassifying and recoding grid cells in its diversion direction reclassifying data, extracts "input" conversion tupu units as series of "Arising" Tupu, i e , the arising Tupu is composed of Tupu units of "input", where the other types of land use are converted to this one There are also 3 temporal units of Arising Tupu on land use influx conversion The article also analyzes the spatial difference of "Arising" Tupu units by admin istrative units, which include diagnosis Tupu analysis of land use changes on saline alkaline area, farmland and residential industrial land.
  • ARTICLES
    Atlas Information System “Sustainable Development of Russia”
    Vladimir S Tikunov
    2003, 5(3): 112-117.
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    Inevitable transition to the models of sustainable development of the humankind is discussed A range of themes and indicators showing the possibility of sustainable development of Russia and the ways of its realisation is described It appears necessary to describe all thematic subjects within a hierarchical system from global to local level with due account to specific features of phenomena that should be represented at different scales Of particular importance is the temporal aspect of modelling the sustainable development of territories The structure of the Atlas of Sustainable Development of Russia is described Possible ways of the system application for the elaboration of scenarios for Russia and for the support of the teaching courses on the sustainable development of territories are discussed.