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  • 2008 Volume 10 Issue 1
    Published: 25 February 2008
      

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  • ARTICLES
    YUAN Linwang, LU Guonian, XIE Zhiren, Dong Huajun, YU Zhaoyuan, SUN Jian
    2008, 10(1): 1-6.
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    When constructing the GEODATA(Chinese Earth System Science Data Sharing Network)segment nodes of middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River,regional response of East China to the world climate-sea level change is one of the three science themes.Supported by GIS and database technology,through integrated programming and technologic implementation of the dataset, the science data download center will be transferred into the science data service center hopefully.Taking climate & sea level change dataset as an example,this paper discusses the goal and carries out integrated planning and design of this dataset which is aimed at the research needs of regional earth system science.This dataset was constituted by scientific databases in six different themes and a literature e-library,being not only the vital part of database but also one of the important data sources of the historic literature.What's more,it discusses regional coding rules,table structures as well as metadata descriptions of database design,and data retrieval could be divided into four parts, namely,basic data,theme,spatial and literature search.Subsequently,its users' retrieval process and mechanisms are probed.Finally,some related problems are pointed out in the dataset construction aiming at data collection and inspection.
  • ARTICLES
    DU Yunyan, ZHANG Dandan, SU Fenzhen, YANG Xiaomei, HE Huizhong
    2008, 10(1): 7-13.
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    The bay is a complicated system with multi-source, multi-domain,multi-features and multi-hierarchy,and its way of spatial data organization is crucial to the building of digital bay.This paper used the idea of geo-ontology to represent the bay,and put forward a new spatial data organization method based on geo-ontology on the basis of the analysis of the layere-oriented and feature-oriented way of spatial data organization,as well as the metadata technology.The step of the method is as follows: firstly,the bay ontology is modeled which includes a conceptual model reflecting the hierarchy of the bay well.Then a spatial database of the bay based on geo-ontology is reconstructed according to the mapping relationship between bay concepts and exiting multi-source geo-datasets.By this way,the integration and management of the spatial data of the sea area,land area and inter-tidal zone of multi-source can be realized.In the third part of the paper,the Liaodong Bay was taken as a case study,and its related spatial data of multi-source was well organized using the above way.The result shows that using the idea of geo-ontology to organize and manage the geospatial data is helpful to the understanding of users from different domains,and is good for the semantic sharing and inter-operation of the spatial information of the bay.
  • ARTICLES
    XU Chengdong, KONG Yunfeng, TONG Wenwei
    2008, 10(1): 14-19.
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    Precipitation is evidently influenced by the terrain in the altiplano and mountain areas,in which the common methods,such as Inverse Distance Weighted(IDW),Kriging Statistics and Polynomial Approximation,can't effectively estimate the actual spatial distribution of precipitation.Elevation is a significant factor in precipitation and,on a given mountain slope, precipitation typically increases with elevation.Accordingly,a local weighted linear regression model(WLR) is introduced attempting to accurately interpolate precipitation in the altiplano and mountain areas.The linear regression of precipitation versus elevation for spatial interpolation method is implemented in ArcGIS 9.0 software using VBA programming.The weight of each precipitation observation is calculated by the distance between the estimated point and the observation point.Case study of precipitation interpolation in northwestern Texas shows that:(1) WLR model is better than the common methods such as Kriging and IDW in terms of MAE and RMSE of cross validation in altiplano and mountain areas for specific precipitation periods.(2) Due to the seasonal characteristics of the precipitation distribution,the precision of WLR interpolation varies in different periods of precipitation;compared with the common methods,the WLR model is better than IDW and Kriging methods for August precipitation data and has no evident difference for January data.(3) In the complex terrain area,the WLR model has evident advantages over the common approaches,and in the relatively flat area the model matches the IDW method.Considering that precipitation is influenced by more geographic factors such as mountain slope,aspect and wind direction,it is expected to develop a multiple linear regression model for precipitation interpolation in the future studies.
  • ARTICLES
    LIU Yonghe, WANG Yanping, QI Yongan
    2008, 10(1): 20-25.
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    Delaunay triangulation in the plane is a fundamental tool for building DEMs of triangulated irregular networks and generating Voronoi diagrams from points in the plane.There has been a lot of algorithms for generating Delaunay triangulation/ Of these algorithms,triangle-expanding method and point-interpolation method's average time complexity is O(n2),while Divide-and-Conquer algorithm and other divide-merge methods have the linear time complexity but the steps are more complex and their probability of occurring float-point computed error increased.The author of this article proposed a new algorithm as following:first,sorting the point set according to horizontal coordinates of each point,so the points are distributed from left to right spatially;then creating an initial triangulation based on the first 3 points to append the next point to triangulation each time and generate new triangles simultaneously;finally we get a triangulation created from the whole point set;the triangulation must be optimized by LOP method in order to turn it into Delaunay triangulation.The key originality of this algorithm is the triangulation method which results in high efficiency with the average time complexity of O(n) and the advantage of simplicity of this algorithm.
  • ARTICLES
    FENG Yongjiu, LIU Miaolong, TONG Xiaohua
    2008, 10(1): 26-33.
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    In the early 1990s Frankhouser discovered the powerlaw relationship between the length L(r) of railway networks and the radius(r) of an area,and calculated the radial dimension value when he investigated the sub-railway in Stuttgart.Because of the scale-invariance in a statistical sense,fractal theory is a suited method for the distribution of highway transportation networks.Based on GIS technology,radial dimensions(DL),ramification dimensions(Db) and correlation coefficient(R2) of the distribution of highway transportation networks are measured and calculated in the 21 municipalities of Guangdong Province.According to the spatial pattern of highway transportation networks and the development characters of infrastructure,the province is zoned into four sub-areas(Pearl River Delta Area,East Coast Area,West Coast Area and Northern Guangdong Area) for analyzing the fractal characteristics of highway transportation networks.Pearl River Delta Area is the region with the biggest density,most complex structure,best connectivity and most mature function of transportation networks in the whole province.The fractal dimensions of highway transportation networks decay with distance from the Pearl River Delta Area to the fringe areas,while the decaying degree is lower in Coast Area and higher in North Guangdong Area.The fractal dimension value approximate 1.7 is likely a suitable indicator for the perfectness of transportation networks morphology,structure and function.The fractal dimension of Dongguan(1.6287) is greatly approaching the indicator;therefore,it can be determined that the transportation network is rather mature in this municipality.The results obtained show clearly,the combination of radial dimensions and ramification dimensions enables the comprehensive analysis of spatial pattern characteristics of density,structure,connectivity and function of transportation networks.
  • ARTICLES
    SHUAI Fangmin, WANG Xinsheng, ZHU Chaoping, YU Ruilin, ZHANG Hong, SUN Yanling
    2008, 10(1): 34-38.
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    The fractal dimensions,shape indices and compactness of the boundaries of 32 provinces(regions) of China have been calculated in this paper based on GIS software.The results show that the provinces with irregular shapes calculated with the method of fractal dimensions are provinces of Fujian,Zhejiang,Guangdong,Chongqing,Guizhou,etc.The provinces with regular shapes are in the order of Hainan,Xinjiang,Inner Mongolia,Tibet,Taiwan,Shanxi,etc.The provinces with large fractal dimensions are almost all located in southern China,which show obvious differences between the North and the South.The provinces with irregular shapes based on shape index come out as below: Hebei,Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Chongqing,Ningxia,and those with irregular shapes include Zhejiang,Guangxi,Hunan,Qinghai,Hainan and other provinces.Although no obvious differences can be shown the same as fractal results,yet some differences between the East and the West are identified.Those with irregular shapes based on compactness are in the order of Fujian,Gansu,Guangdong,Inner Mongolia,Chongqing,and other provinces with regular shapes are Shanghai,Xinjiang,Shanxi, Taiwan,Tibet and other provinces,which also show marked differences between the East and the West.Those with complex shapes(edge complex and greater fragmentation) are mostly concentrated in the eastern and coastal areas;and the other provinces with compact shapes are mainly concentrated in western regions,such as Xinjiang,Tibet,Qinghai.Between eastern provinces and western provinces,there are greater differences in the shape features.This paper studies the reasons and concludes that the root cause is the geographical and climate environment and historical human characteristics,and preliminarily analyzes the effects of the traffic,and other organizations impacted by the features.Meanwhile,the planar provincial outline can also reflect the transport connectivity and development level of inter-and intra-provinces.Quantitative study of the provincial space form is one of the important contents of research in regional geography and urban/regional planning.It is also an important direction of the regional research.
  • ARTICLES
    JIANG Huixian, LIN Guangfa, ZHANG Wenkai, HUANG Wanli
    2008, 10(1): 39-44.
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    This paper presented a case study on how to integrate virtual reality(VR) technology with geographical information system(GIS) for simulating the soil erosion process in Dongzhen Reservoir of Fujian Province,China.The research work was divided into three parts: (1) building a three dimension simulated environment of the whole reservoir area with remotely sensed image SPOT5 and digital elevation model(DEM) driven from contour relief map;(2) modeling the soil erosion process and visualizing the dynamic process on a computer,and(3) predicting the farther evolution of erosion process via changing the affecting factors and visualizing the future scenario of the reservoir area.Taking Dongzhen Reservoir of Fujian Province as a typical case,the environment condition and basin status around the reservoir area are simulated for display based on the VRGIS technology,the 3D simulation scene of soil and water erosion status and dam is built by the project of water and soil conservation simultaneity.Through this method,combined the integration of flood analysis feature and 3D spatial visual data,using the special function of GIS in spatial data processing and analysis,the unified data and graph of monitoring and predicting system of water and soil erosion is also realized,the scientific characteristic of monitoring and prediction of water and soil erosion is also strengthened,providing a reliable information source for reducing the harm of water and soil erosion.
  • ARTICLES
    TAO Yingchun, CHEN Xiuwan, WU Caicong, ZHANG Bin
    2008, 10(1): 45-49,54.
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    With the increasing use of information technology in hydraulic engineering and the proposal of digital hydrology and watershed,hydro-information gradually turns into a main development trend in hydraulic engineering.The information and data,which are transferred and calculated in the digital hydrology and watershed system,could be collected,stored,extracted and transacted for the advantage of more accurate simulation of hydrologic and hydrodynamic process.Therefore,the system should play an important role in engineering design,flood control,disaster mitigation and water resource allocation.The floods in Qindao city's Daguhe River Basin always come fiercely with high flood tides and large flow rates,and may rise and fall suddenly and sharply.A flood management information system for the basin was developed to forecast the floods and supply the inquiry information for the flood prevention administration.Supported by MAPX GIS tools,databases and numerical simulations,the system stores all kinds of integrated information.Also the system uses the 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional numerical models for flood calculation and shows the results in a visual and brief way.The database design not only meets the demands of system development,but also makes connection to the existing Precipitation and Flow Automatic Inspection System in Daguhe River Basin.Accordingly,the integrality and veracity of data is in security.1-dimensional and 2-dimensional numerical models are integrated in the system,which calculates and forecasts elevation and velocity of flow in the main channel of Daguhe River in flood season and the flooded area out of levees if bank-break occurred.It is proved that the system has the advantage of very good practicability with friendly interface,complete functions and perfect performance.
  • ARTICLES
    ZHANG Dongshui, LAN Zhangren, LI Zheng, ZHANG Wei
    2008, 10(1): 50-54.
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    The component-based GIS system has enormous advantages in seamless integration and the flexibility of the system.It stands for the development trend of GIS.Applying the ComGIS based technology,a specific GIS system for monitoring and management of the Minjiang River Estuary wetland based on MapObjects and Visual Basic has been developed in this research.The spatial visualization analysis of the wetlands' dynamic change,in turn,can be implemented.
  • ARTICLES
    KE Ruipeng, JIA Guoning
    2008, 10(1): 55-59.
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    In comparison,we analyze the merits and demerits of several general GIS(Geographic Information System) workstations for application system designing in urban planning department.Simultaneously we set forth the characteristics of the urban planning data and management.From the points of data formation and systemic compatibility,application system designing based on MicroStation is superior compared with the one based on other GIS workstations.So we bring forward that the MicroStation has some superiority when used to design urban planning MIS.We aim at providing some referenced opinions to the application system designing in urban planning department.As a good example,the Panyu Planning MIS was given finally and the practicability of MIS designing based on MicroStation was deduced.
  • ARTICLES
    SONG Naiping, ZHANG Fengrong, WANG Lei, YANG Yang
    2008, 10(1): 60-66.
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    This paper reviews the study process of the land use and land cover change and thinks that the development of the study on land use,which took land use survey as the dominant way in the early 1980s,was slow.Until the late 1980s,the study on land use developed quickly because of the development of remote sensing from experiment to actual use as well as the advantages of the geographical information system.The research of land use initiated by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme(IGBP) and the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme(HDP) also promoted the development of the study.At present,the study hotpots such as technology applying trend and driving force study trend,landscape ecological research trend promote the study of many subjects in land use and land cover change.This paper also points out the problems in the land use and land cover change,such as giving emphasis on technology but neglecting theory,insufficient in microcosmic mechanism and target of the sustainable land use evaluation,ignoring substitutional study of land use, and unitary study of the service of the object.The study of land use and land cover change is conducted based on these problems mentioned above.After frontier extension,case accumulation,and technology preparation,the study on land use and land cover change should aim at these problems to strengthen the theory,grope for model and mechanism construction,extend the using frontiers,and bring the multi-subject into play.The land use and land cover change contributes to modern geography,brings geography into play,and extends a wide frontier for application in theoretical construction,math model expression,mechanism probing and so on.
  • ARTICLES
    WANG Zongming, ZHANG Bai, SONG Kaishan, LIU Dianwei
    2008, 10(1): 67-73.
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    It is known that land-use and land-cover changes paly an essential role in environmental and ecological changes and furthermore contribute to global change.To understand how land use/cover change affects and interacts with earth systems,information is needed on what changes occur,where and when they occur.Despite ongoing research efforts on land-use and landcover patterns,there remains a need for developing basic land-cover datasets to provide quantitative,spatial land-cover information.In terms of land use and related researches,topographical maps have been the important information sources.Based on topographical maps,integrated with graphics method and expert experience,we tried to extract the land use information without the image.In a typical study area,taking the arable land information extraction as sample,precision was tested and the error was less than 5%,which was compared with statistic data and image data.The result showed that rebuilding the land information based on topography is feasible,which can meet the need of cartography and analyze land use on the same or small scale.
  • ARTICLES
    YOU Liping, LIN Guangfa, YANG Chenzhao, LIN Qiaoying, YANG Liping
    2008, 10(1): 74-79.
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    Chosen the land use of Xiamen Island as an experimental area,the paper analyzes the characteristics of the change of 8 landscape indices(such as NP,PLAND,TE,PAFRAC,LSI,SHDI,SHEI and CONTAG) associated with the increase of grain and confers the influence of spatial scaling effect on the landscape in order to provide reference for the researches such as the change forecast,comparison analysis and evaluation of the landuse types or landuse pattern among different grains based on the landscape indices.The result demonstrates that:(1)the characteristics of landscape types and landscape pattern of the study area change significantly with the increase of grain;and(2)in the study area,the PLAND is a pattern indices weakly sensitive to grain change that means the PLAND can be directly used under the range of reaches grains for landscape pattern study,and other indices(such as NP,TE,PAFRAC,LSI,SHDI,SHEI and CONTAG)are relative sensitive to the grain change and reflect certain spatial dependence,that means the scaling effect should be considered when studying the landscape pattern with different grains based on these landscape indices.
  • ARTICLES
    YE Lin, XU Hanqiu
    2008, 10(1): 80-87.
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    The human-induced land use changes have a great impact on the global climate changes and thus is the focus of the various studies.Currently,the study on the dynamics of land use usually takes the advantages of the remote sensing technology and Geographical Information System.In this study,the land use changes in Fuzhou city and adjacent areas during the last 20 years were investigated using remote sensing technology based on three Landsat TM images acquired in 1986,1996 and 2006,respectively.A Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm was applied to classify the images and the classification accuracy was further enhanced with the assistance of the high spatial resolution SPOT Pan images and the Geographical Information System.The change detection technique has been used to reveal the changed land use areas and to obtain conversion matrixes of land use classes using the post-classification comparison method.The result clearly reveals that the land use changed dramatically during the study period due to the rapid economic development and urbanization process of the area.The main land use classes,such as built-up land,arable land and forest land,have changed at various degrees.The rapid spatial expansion of the urban areas has resulted in the sharp decrease in arable land,making a distinct character of the land use change of Fuzhou District.Further combination of the remote sensing data with the socio-economic data of the study area indicates that the main driving forces to the land use changes of the area are fast industrialization,population growth and the government decision making.
  • ARTICLES
    GE Yong, LI Sanping
    2008, 10(1): 88-96.
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    The inherent uncertainties in the real world and the limitation of human cognition are the primary factors of the abundance of uncertainty existing in the judgment of sciences to objectivities.An amount of uncertainties exist in the spatial data describing the spatial entity,including temporal-relative location data and attribute data,some of which may seriously distort the reliability of products.The remotely sensed imagery contains uncertainties caused by unexpected factors during the acquiring process.If only measuring the degree of uncertainty but ignoring the spatial-temporal distribution features,it is not easy to describe accurately and completely the uncertainty in remote sensing information.Representing uncertainty information from the point of view of visual sensation is one of the important sections of modeling uncertainty.The uncertainty visualizing techniques will help users to explore uncertainty in raw data and size,distribution,special structure and tendency of uncertainty.Using existing computer visualization technologies to express uncertainties is an intuitive and effective way.In this paper,these visualization techniques include three types of visualization: static visualization,dynamic visualization and feature visualization.Based on the Landsat-5 TM remote sensing image covering the Chinese Yellow River delta area and its classified data,we investigated several techniques discussed above.
  • ARTICLES
    WEI Xiaolan, LI Zhen, CHEN Quan
    2008, 10(1): 97-101,108.
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    There are several optical and radar small satellites in HJ constellation which is developed in China,and they will be launched gradually since the end of 2007.In the constellation,HJ-1C is planned to be launched in 2008,on which an S-Band SAR is loaded.The S-Band SAR will work at 3.2GHz,VV-polarization and incidence angle range is 25°~47°.Backscattering coefficient retrieved by radar is very sensitive to soil moisture,because soil dielectric constant has a strong influence on backscatter coefficient,and soil moisture content is a determined factor to soil moisture.Because the number of influencing factors is larger than the number of observations,inversion become an "ill" problem,the result is that conventional physical model can not be used to obtain the model inputs directly.So,physical model must be simplified for acquiring an input from the model output.Following this method,based on the configuration parameters of HJ-1C and SAR sensor,soil moisture change retrieval method is studied using AIEM(Advanced Integral Equation Model) simulation data in this paper.Firstly,the applicability of traditional method(based on Simple Scattering Model) for soil moisture change retrieval using single-polarization SAR data is analyzed at S-Band(totally four bands data is checked,namely,Ku-band,C-band,S-band and L-band),the result shows the method is applicable at S-band,ever has better outcome than using C-band data.Then,a comparison is performed when using different soil moisture parameter as input in the method,the result shows the best result achieved when vertical-polarization amplitude is used.Finally,the validation is done using simulated data,the result shows that almost 80% of the data has an error less than 5%.The result of this paper will benefit to the quick-application of HJ data after its launched.
  • ARTICLES
    FENG Min, ZHU Yunqiang, ZHANG Mingzhi, ZHAO Hui, YU Mengliang
    2008, 10(1): 102-108.
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    This paper introduces the "Band/Image+GridGeometry+Metadata" structure which is brought forward to solve the multi-source remote sensing images management and sharing problems.A GridGeometry is a feature that represents the spatial information of a satellite image,and it can help to fulfill spatial operations without loading large volume satellite image.ISO 19115 is adopted as the metadata standard for different types of satellite images,and the metadata information is formatted into XML before storing or processing.Based on techniques mentioned above,finally,we design and implement the sharing platform for multi-source remote sensing images.The platform provides two kinds of service,i.e.direct images sharing service by the website and interoperation service by a series of accessible function interfaces which are encapsulated as web services complying with WMS,WFS,WCS,etc.
  • ARTICLES
    PAN Zhiqiang, FU Qiaoyan, ZHANG Haoping
    2008, 10(1): 109-113.
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    Mean solar spectral irradiance of satellite is an important parameter for the computation of appearance reflectance.In this paper two methods are used to compute the mean solar spectral irradiances of CBERS-02 CCD,one method is that using the radiation transfer software SBDART to simulate the curves of exo-atomosphere solar spectral irradiances,with the combination of the spectral response curve of CBERS-02 CCD,the mean solar spectral irradiances of band1 to band4 are computed;another method is to use 6S model for the computation.To valid the computing methods,these two methods are used to compute the mean solar spectral irradiances of TM and ETM,compared to the data provided by the government,it is showed that the result of the first method is better than that of the second one.Taking the scene obtained on August 24th, 2005 as an example,the appearance reflectance is computed,after the atmospheric correction using 6S model,the ground reflectance is retrieved,and compared to the measured reflectance value,the relative error of band1 to band2 is 0.01%,and the relative error of band4 is 4%.
  • ARTICLES
    WANG Tianxing, CHEN Songlin, MA Ya
    2008, 10(1): 114-120.
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    Linear Spectral Unmixing(LSU) could extract endmembers such as canopy or other objects at pixel level,but the accuracy of LSU which is presently used in multispectral and relatively broad spectral range data is not available to quantitative research,so an improved technique for LSU which is based on the classification of land cover was employed in this study.First the ASTER image covered the study area was spatially segmented by five types of land cover maps.Sequentially based on the endmembers selection procedure the LSU was applied to each sub-ASTER image and full image respectively for subsequent comparative analysis.Because the number of objects in sub-image was less and the spectral variance of the same objects was smaller than the full image which is commonly used in traditional LSU,so this improved technique could break the limits of the traditional multispectral data which has less bands for hyperspectral analysis,and also,the mixed objects which occur in traditional LSU algorithm could be unmixed effectively by the new method.We concentrated our study on site of Fuzhou in Fujian Province equipped with ASTER data set.Only the first nine bands in VNIR and SWIR of ASTER were selected for subsequent analysis because the five TIR bands were not relevant to the reflectance of land surface objects. The result proved that an improved inversion accuracy of canopy abundance of-6.4% was achieved comparing with traditional Linear Spectral Unmixing(LSU).Furthermore,following the inversion of canopy abundance using the improved method,density slice was applied to the canopy abundance image and the spatial distribution of canopy abundance was subsequently analyzed.
  • ARTICLES
    LONG Xuanyao, LI Peijun
    2008, 10(1): 121-127.
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    Urban change detection using spectral information alone proves to be unsatisfactory owing to the high spectral variability of the urban area and the similarity between the urban area and the rural area.The addition of the spatial information would improve the accuracy of change detection for urban area.In this paper,a method based on image segmentation was proposed and evaluated for urban change detection with post-classification comparison technique.In this method,a component-based multi-scale multi-spectral gradient algorithm was applied in image segmentation,which was insensitive to noise and could extract the various fineness of the edges;and the combination of segmentation result and pixel-based classification was used to get a better classification result for post-classification comparison.Furthermore,it was also compared with other two methods: one with spectral data alone and the other with the addition of texture features.The results show that the method based on image segmentation provides a significant improvement in overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of urban change detection because it can not only incorporate the spatial information but also avoid the edge effect with the addition of texture.
  • ARTICLES
    LI Junjie, HE Longhua, DAI Jinfang, LI Jinlian
    2008, 10(1): 128-134.
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    Different remote sensing images have their own virtues and limits;and image fusion is designed for completely using their virtues to compose new images.Three methods-PCA,Brovey and wavelet transform are used to fuse the SPOT multispectral data and the panchromatic data on the pixel-level.The wavelet transform used the Mallat's algorithm and biorthogonal wavelet function,the virtue of the latter is that the function will not distort the image when the reverse wavelet transform is performed.The fusion results are evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively in the aspects of spectral and spatial quality;the results show that the best method of the three is wavelet transform.The wavelet transform method makes the fusion image preserve both the spatial quality of the pan image and spectral quality of the multispectral image,while the other two methods make the fusion images to distort the spectral quality of the multispectral image.At the same time,the influences of different wavelet functions used in the Mallat's algorithm on the related fusion image are compared.Different wavelet functions result in differences in reserving the spectral and spatial quality of the fusion image.If we use the biorthogonal wavelet transform to fuse image,we can select the proper wavelet basis function for the practical demand(the compromise between high spatial detail and high spectral quality preserve).