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  • 2008 Volume 10 Issue 4
    Published: 25 August 2008
      
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  • ARTICLES
    Editorial Beijing welcomes you
    2008, 10(4): 409-410.
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  • ARTICLES
    Saving Energy and Decreasing Consumption Has a Long Way to Go
    CHEN Shupeng
    2008, 10(4): 411-418.
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    China's National Economy has maintained successive and rapid growth in the Period of "the Tenth-Five Year Plan".But the extensive mode of economic growth,which has the feature of high energy and material consumption and heavy pollution,has not been changed.In the industrial field,the energy consumption extraordinarily increased.Coal still played a chief role in the energy structure.While a lot of energy was consumed,a large quantity of pollutants discharged.Some eco-agricultural constructions have partially mitigated the conflicts between rural economic development and environmental protection,but the material and energy recycling only achieved at a low level.At the same time,the development of organic agriculture was relatively slow.If we continue to follow the traditional mode to achieve the industrial and agricultural modernization at the expense of large amounts of resources consumption,the economic development will be unsustainable.To alleviate the pressure of economic growth on the supply of resources,the circular economy must be developed to make efficient and recyclable use of resources.In this article several possible ways to develop such a circular economy for China were analyzed,including:solar energy utilization,wind power development,straw electricity technology,energy saving and green construction technology,water saving and rainwater collection,soil pollution monitoring and prevention and natural ecosystems restoring through artificial means.The author concludes that as a fundamental way to mitigate restrictions of resources,save energy and reduce resources consumption,cyclical economy is an arduous task for China,and a long way to go before success.
  • ARTICLES
    A Research for the Security Risk System of Energy——A Case Study of Coal and Oil
    ZHAO Jianan, LANG Yihuan
    2008, 10(4): 419-425.
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    Coal and oil have been the primary traditional energy that began to be used extensively in the world since the mid 20th century.The security risks of coal and oil are resulted from the imbalance of demand and supply of coal and oil and exist in the process of production,transportation,marketing and consumption.For understanding,discerning and avoiding the risk and reducing the damages,it is necessary to do some research work on the security risks of coal and oil.According to the difference of standards,the security risks of coal and oil can be divided into different classes and levels.First,based on the difference of risk sources,the security risks of coal and oil are divided into five classes including resources risks,production risks,transportation risks,marketing risks and consumption risks.Second,based on the difference of risk bearing bodies,the security risks are divided into five classes including the risks of second energy industries,the risks of intensive energy industries,the risks of lower energy industries,the risks of human social systems and the risks of ecological environment systems.Third,based on the probabilities of risks occurrence,the security risks are divided into five levels including the extreme lowest,the lower,the moderate,the higher and the extreme highest.Forth,based on the risks damages,the security risks are divided into five levels including the extreme highest risks,the higher risks,the moderate risks,the lower risks and the extreme lowest risks.The goal of our research is to set up and strengthen the management mechanism of energy security risks to avoid risks or to reduce the damages when the risks occur.
  • ARTICLES
    The Characteristics of the Concentrations of Fine Particles and Their Composition in Beijing
    REN Xiyan, JI Dongsheng, WANG Yuesi, HU Bo, SUN Yang
    2008, 10(4): 426-430.
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    Sulfate and nitrate are the main components of fine particles in the urban atmosphere.Utilizing the rapid collection of atmospheric particles and the chemical component in line analysis system,the concentrations of sulfate and nitrate in fine particles from 2004 to 2007 in Beijing were observed.The results show that the average decline rate of nitrate is 7 %,about 0.7μg/m3,and the concentrations of sulfate declined from 28μg/m3 in 2006 to 18μg/m3 in 2007.There is a special analysis on regional meteorological characteristics,the characteristics of the concentrations of fine particles pollution,and the main chemical components of fine particles in the surrounding areas of Beijing from August 17 to 20 in 2007 when Beijing began a four-day test scheme to take 1.3m vehicles off the city's roads.The variations of the concentrations of sulfate and chloride combined with the backward trajectory calculations show that as the tracer of the pollutants in the surrounding areas of Beijing,the sulfate moves to Beijing with the weak south air mass,and as the tracer of sea air mass of south east China Sea,the wet air mass and chloride moves to Beijing with the airflow from south east.It proves that the south air mass helps tp transport the fine particles in the surrounding areas of Beijing to Beijing.
  • ARTICLES
    A Research on the Scheme of Regional Combination in Contamination Control in China
    ZHOU Chenghu, LIU Haijiang, OU Yang
    2008, 10(4): 431-437.
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    The trend of regional pollutant dispersion requires pollution controlling be performed at regional scale.However,there is a conflict between this trend and the present environmental management system which carries out contamination control planning mainly limited to specific administrative area.It is necessary to study how to control contamination effectively at regional scale.The mode of several administrative areas combination is a feasible way to control environmental pollution.In the present study,we refer to lots of data about regional geography,economic geography and some case study of environment management system.At the sometime,the spatial differences of natural environment and social economic development are also considered.Then a scheme of regional environmental protection agency distribution was brought forward,including 5 branch bureaus directly governed by national environmental protection agency and 12 local branch bureaus governed by different provincial environmental protection agencies.This scheme takes into consideration not only the current regional environment situation,but also the future economic development.It may be valuable for reform of environmental management system in the future.
  • ARTICLES
    Monitoring and Analyzing the Environmental Characteristics of Beijing Olympic Venues with Multi-source Remote Sensing Data and GIS
    CAO Guangzhen, HOU Peng, MAO Xianqiang, LI Guicai, ZHENG Zhaojun
    2008, 10(4): 438-446.
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    31 Olympic venues,the road cycling field and the Olympic park of Beijing Olympic Games changed the urban land surface.In order to study the environmental characteristics and the influence of these buildings,several indexes,such as,normalized difference building index(NDBI),normalized difference water index(NDWI),seasonal day and night land surface temperature(LST)and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)were analyzed with different spatial and temporal resolution multi-source remote sensing data and GIS,which is helpful to achieve the goal of Green Olympic Games.LANDSAT TM5 remote sensing data with 30m spatial resolution and 16 days temporal resolution was used to extract the information about the NDBI and NDWI,which are not sensitive to time.EOS MODIS remote sensing products with 250m/1km spatial resolution were used to extract the information about the day/night LST and NDVI,which are sensitive to time.The study area for each venue was defined from its center to 1 km outside with the buffer zone analysis of GIS.By classing the Olympic venues into different types based on the building time,the geographical location and the open air states,the indexes of different kinds of venues were analyzed with their mean values and the standard variance.The results lead to the following conclusions:(1)The environmental characteristics of the 31 Olympic venues are different with the difference of their building time,geographical locations and the open air states.It is necessary to take all these factors into consideration in landscaping and the programming of the activities in these venues.(2)The environment characteristics of the road cycling field are close to that of the Olympic park of Beijing Olympic Games.They both present high building index,negative water index and high day/night land surface temperature in summer and autumn.And it is better to add some water body around them to increase the environment quality.
  • ARTICLES
    New Features of Beijing Construction
    MI Weng
    2008, 10(4): 447-452.
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    The construction of Beijing is experiencing a surprising speed and Beijing has become one of the largest metropolitans in the world.However,the features of an 800-year old capital still remain.This article analyzes the pattern of East and West Chang'an Street,north and south central axes;local color of subway line selection and design;ancient trees and city memories so as to help the readers understand the harmony and perfection of our cultural inheritance during the process of modernization.
  • ARTICLES
    Study on the Development of Leisure Agriculture and Rural Tourism in Beijing
    GUO Huancheng, SUN Yihui, REN Guozhu, LV Mingwei
    2008, 10(4): 453-461.
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    As the capital of China,Beijing is one of the first groups of cities that developed agritourism and rural tourism in our country.With rich history and culture,Beijing also has pleasant climate and colorful agricultural resources.All these provide excellent conditions for the development of leisure agriculture and rural tourism.According to statistics,until the end of 2007,there were 1302 agritourism parks in Beijing,generating 1.31 billion yuan income.More than 13570 families and 40000 people are involved in rural tourism industry.More than 26 144 000 tourists have enjoyed their services and products.Now,three types of leisure agriculture and rural tourism have developed in Beijing:agriculture leisure,folk culture leisure and Leisure resort widely distributed in Beijing's suburbs.The present development layout of Beijing's leisure agriculture and rural tourism takes on a three-circled structure and forms ten development bases.To meet the requirements of leisure agriculture industry,Beijing is launching five new tourist routes special for rural tourism products,which provide a good opportunity for leisure agriculture and rural tourism development.Based on the research on development conditions,present situations and characteristics,development layout and tourist routes organizations;this paper gives a comprehensive analysis of the development of Beijing's leisure agriculture and rural tourism.It also puts forward some suggestions for its sustainable development:rational distribution;enhanced management;increased investment;intensive training;and effective legal protection.
  • ARTICLES
    One Dream——The Development of Urban Agglomerations of Bohai Bay
    SHI Jian
    2008, 10(4): 462-469.
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    With the support of Beijing,the country's hub of rail and air transportation,Tianjin port is the biggest man-made one in China.Coastal zone and Caofeidian have been built subsequently.Ports of Qinhuangdao and Huanghua have become some special ports for coal transportation.Ports of Yingkou,Yantai and Dongying have their own characteristics and complementary advantages.Port of Qingdao and Dalian radiate their influence to the North-east Asia,and North-west China.They all connect with Beijing and Tianjin,forming a best-best union.In 2005,across sea train ferry began to run.Coastal highway has reached from north to south.Pilotage from Yalujiang River over sea is also in consideration.Bohai is rich in oil and gas,but is also heavily polluted.Urban environments get worse and worse.All these problems need to be addressed.Efforts need to be made to strengthen regional harmonies,restore ecosystem so as to realize the objectives of prosperity and harmony.
  • ARTICLES
    Urban-Rural Integration for Ecological Civilization Construction——Landscape Engineering on Clean Water,Blue Sky and Green Barrier in the Surrounding Regions of Beijing
    WU Jie
    2008, 10(4): 470-478.
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    In order to fulfill the promise of "Green Olympics",Beijing is joins hands with the regions surrounding Beijing-Tianjin,Hebei Province,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Shanxi,Shandong provinces,etc.,makes efforts to promote urban-rural integration and adjust industrial structure and layout;to carry out resources saving,energy-saving and emission reduction,as well as environment optimization project;to strengthen the infrastructure facilities to ensure energy and water supply;and to take measures to prevent sand storm and to purify air.Remarkable achievements have been made in ecological restoration.
  • ARTICLES
    YUE-SMPD Scenarios of Beijing Population Distribution
    2008, 10(4): 479-488.
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    Population distribution of Beijing in 2000 is first simulated at a spatial resolution of 300m×300m by means of YUE-SMPD。 It is specified in the light of analyzing relationships between population and elevation,net primary productivity,transportation infrastructure and residential distribution.Comparison between the simulation result and the fifth census of Beijing in 2000 demonstrates that YUE-SMPD works well for simulating population distribution of Beijing.Based on the above analysis,three scenarios of Beijing population distribution in 2020 are developed under consideration of Beijing master plan and ecological planning.The results show that total population of Beijing would be 46.6 million in 2020 if people would be allowed to migrate freely in China;the old city would have 6.7 million inhabitants and the central city would have 30.2 million inhabitants.If total population of Beijing would be limited to 18 million in 2020 and inhabitants could migrate freely within Beijing,the old city and the central city would respectively have 2.6 million and 11.7 million inhabitants in 2020.If Beijing master plan and greenbelt planning would be successfully carried out,the total population would be 18 million in Beijing,of which 8.5 million would be distributed in the central city and 1.1 million in the old city.
  • ARTICLES
    The Variation of Urban Land Use in Beijing in the Last One Hundred Years
    AI Wei, ZHUANG Dafang, LIU Youzhao
    2008, 10(4): 489-494.
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    The research about the process of urban spatial expansion and the discussion about spatio-temporal rule of urban expansion could help determine the development stage of urbanization of the city and predict the trend of urban development.Based on digitalized relief map,historical relief map,Landsat MSS images and TM images,the urban area's features of Beijing of last century,especially the change of central built-up area and the typical satellite towns were analyzed.For almost a century,the built-up area was expanded around the old town and did not present extremely visible change in a certain direction.The expansion rate varied in different periods of time and the city of Beijing experienced two fast expansion stages comparatively.The Beijing's road traffic was developing rapidly and the satellite towns around central built-up area also made great progress.
  • ARTICLES
    The Cohesion of China towards the World——Capital Beijing,the National Hinge of Traffic and Telecommunications and the Top of Finance and Science & Technology
    WANG Hua
    2008, 10(4): 495-502.
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    Beijing has been the Capital of the People's Republic of China for 60 years.Especially in the last 30 years after China carrying out the opening up policy,Beijing has become not only the political and cultural center of China,but also the center of transportation and communication of China.Beijing is orienting to the whole world.The city's radiation and agglomeration construction is boosting up constantly.Beijing joins with Tianjin,Shanghai and other coast cities by advanced network of air,rail,road and telecommunications..The flow of people,logistics,information and capital extends in all directions.Beijing is developing so fast that Hi-tech development zones,central business district and financial centers are emerging like the rain-after bamboo shoots in spring.Satellite towns have been formed around Beijing and new housing projects and ecological resorts have been built up.Beijing,as a metropolitan,is now ready to host the 2008 Olympic Games.
  • ARTICLES
    Site Selection for Wenchuan Reconstruction after the Earthquake and Historical Anti-seismic Experience in Beijing
    MAO Feng, MA Jinfeng, ZHOU Wengshen
    2008, 10(4): 503-510.
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    The Wenchuan Earthquake of May 12,2008(Mw 8.0)caused great loss in property and lives.The damage caused by the earthquake has a strong spatial correlation with the geological structure of earthquake-stricken areas.Historical seismicity in this area show explicit temporal-spatial pattern,indicating that multidiscipline must be employed prudently in identifying areas for resettlements in the disaster area.Wenchuan earthquake is similar to the Pinggu-Sanhe Earthquake(Mw 8.0)of 1679 in Beijing.It is therefore necessary to conduct a more in-depth study of the Beijing area that has repeatedly experienced seismic events,together with an analysis of its geological structure.Some historical experiences about mitigation of seismic risk in Beijing are also presented in this paper as reference,especially for future development of Wenchuan disaster area.
  • ARTICLES
    Great Ecotypic and Cultural Project——Re-cognition of Grand Canal
    MAO Feng, NIE Yueping, CHEN Shupeng
    2008, 10(4): 511-519.
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    From a perspective of ecological civilization construction,regional economic development and macroeconomic coordination,this paper suggests that the Grand Canal project is a successful example in developing wetlands and lakes in the great plains of eastern China.It is the main water line for transportation in ancient time,a landmark project in the era of national farming civilization,a political,economic and cultural artery that guaranteed North-South reunification since Sui and Tang dynasties,a main artery of China's historical development and a symbol of great ecological civilization in China.The approximate length of the Grand Canal is 3 500 km,it is a compliance among natural environment,stream pattern of landscape and micro-topography of the plain.After 2,500 years of hard work,it has become a great water transportation system in China.At present,about 900 km are still at service.More than 300 million tons of cargos are handled every year.It is still a main route for transportation between the north and the south.The Grand Canal runs through nearly 6 provinces,2 municipalities and 33 cities in eastern China,of which 18 are famous historical and cultural cities.These cities have changed simultaneously with the rise and fall of the Grand Canal.Water culture and landscape along the canal are still the characteristics and highlight of those cities and are basic factors making these cities suitable to live and eco-tourism cities.
  • ARTICLES
    Spectral Fidelity in High-resolution Remote Sensing Image Fusion
    LI Chunhua, XU Hanqiu
    2008, 10(4): 520-526.
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    An effective image fusion technique can not only improve spatial details but also preserve the spectral information.Many research papers have reported the limitations of exiting fusion techniques.The most significant problem is spectral distortion.For IHS fusion,a common strategy is to match the Pan to the I band before the replacement,stretch the H and S bands before reversing HIS transform,or stretch individual I,H or S band with respect to individual data sets.In PCA fusion,the solutions are stretching the principal components to give a spherical distribution,or discarding the first principal component.By selecting these proper fusion techniques,successful results can be achieved for the fusion of SPOT Pan with MS images.However,these techniques are not efficient for the new high-resolution satellite images,such as IKONOS and QuickBird images.This study analyses the reasons for spectral distortion in the new high-resolution image fusion.The research reveals two major reasons.One major reason for the distortion is the wavelength extension of the new satellite Pan image.The radiometric difference between different sensors is also an important reason if the fusion images are from different sensor systems.Four image fusion algorithms have been employed to resolve the spectral distortion problem in the study of QuickBird image fusion.These are the filter-based algorithms such as Wavelet and SFIM transforms,and statistics-based algorithms such as Gram-schmidit and PCI pansharp modules.The experimental results show that although all these four algorithms have good spectral fidelity property,the statistics-based algorithms are generally more efficient than filter-based algorithms through the quantitative statistical analysis of spectral fidelity and the ability of gaining high frequency information.But the research result is only for QB image.
  • ARTICLES
    Habitat Mapping in Rugged Terrain using IKONOS Satellite Images
    WONG Man Sing, Nichol Janet Elizabeth
    2008, 10(4): 527-532.
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    Ecological mapping in the tropics is difficult due to the heterogeneity of the vegetation,the nature of the terrain which is often highly dissected,and general problem of determining ecological boundaries which may be indistinct,even to a field observer.There are no studies in the literature discussing the successful mapping of vegetation or habitats over large areas.In the last 20 years,two habitat surveys in the form of vegetation maps have been completed by Hong Kong government departments and private consultants,with inadequate accuracy and poor results.Since these previous projects used only medium spatial resolution sensors:Landsat and Satellite pour l'Observation de la Terre(SPOT),it may be possible to produce more accurate ecological maps using the new generation of Very High Resolution(VHR)satellite sensor images.Traditionally,habitat mapping has used Aerial Photographic Interpretation(API).However,45 air photos are required to cover the study area,Shing Mun and Tai Mo Shan country parks in Hong Kong,compared with a single IKONOS scene.Additional advantages of IKONOS include spatial,spectral and temporal consistency.Therefore,if a suitable methodology for automatic habitat mapping can be developed,reduced costs and less processing time would be required.This study attempts to develop a methodology for detailed ecological mapping based on a suite of integrated image processing techniques,and with stated accuracy levels,for IKONOS images-"Multi-scale object-oriented segmentation with decision tree classification"(MOOSC).The results show that 95% overall accuracy was achieved using API and 94% was achieved using MOOSC method when the results were referenced to GPS field data.These findings support the applicability and feasibility of MOOSC method,and it was only one third of the cost comparing with API.
  • ARTICLES
    Digital Photogrammetric Techniques as a Tool for Estimating Sediment Production of Gully Erosion in a Semi-arid Catchment of the Loess Plateau,China
    HU Wensheng, CAI Qianguo, CHEN Hao
    2008, 10(4): 533-538.
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    Soil erosion not only represents the intense geomorphologic process of the Loess Plateau but also the symbol of the environment deterioration,soil erosion and the geomorphologic evolvement are interdetermined.Present research shows gully plays a leading role in the catchment morphologic evolution and ground surface dissected extension.The semi-arid cathchment of the Loess Plateau of China is severely affected by soil erosion as it is revealed by the commonly occurring deep and wide gullies.Recent studies in the loess hillgully terrain area show gully erosion has a very significant contribution to total soil loss.Traditionally,gully erosion had been measured using field survey techniques,the advances in computing powering digital photogrammatric solution are now offering an affordable and cost effective way of estimating the gully erosion.This paper used the digital elevation models(2 m grid),which constructed from multi-date(1959-1981 and 1999)aerial photographs(1∶55 000,1∶20 000 and 1∶35 000)as a tool to compute the sediment yield by gully erosion in a small catchment of 9.06 km2 located in the Loess Plateau of China.Soil loss of two periods:1959～1981 and 1981～1999 was estimated from computed gully volumes using soil bulk density,compared the measured data with the estimated result of which,valued the DEM-based techniques for estimating soil loss,indicated that it should be possible to rapidly estimate soil loss,and recommendations were made for future applications of DEMs for assessment of soil loss as well.Based on the estimated results the impacts of human activities were analyzed:human activities is a double-edged sword which can improve the environment and accelerate the erosion at the same time,people still needs to do more to reduce soil erosion.Combined the statistic data with the DEM-based spatial analysis,it is clear that most of the soil loss are due to overland flow,mass movements and gully deepening。
  • ARTICLES
    The Uncertainty of Slope Spectrum Derived from Grid Digital Elevation Model
    WANG Chun, TANG Guoan, LI Fayuan, ZHU Xuejian, JIA Yini
    2008, 10(4): 539-544.
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    Slope Spectrum is a new method in geomorphologic research in the Loess Plateau.It can be used to describe not only the spatial variation of loess landform features,but also the rules and the development process of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau.The uncertainty is inherent law of the Slope Spectrum,which directly restricts the application of the Slope Spectrum.The concept and influencing factors of the uncertainty of Slope Spectrum are investigated with the theory and methodology of the geo-information.The Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi province is taken as a research area.More attentions are paid to the investigation of the key factors affecting the uncertainty of Slope Spectrum,such as scale effect of terrain description based on DEM,classification method,description and modeling and sample area of the slope spectrum.The critical area in which the slope spectrum can exist stably is not only the foundation of extraction corrected slope spectrum,but also the reflection of the comparability of topographic feature between the local and globe.