林木多样性模型及生长模拟

doi:10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180101

地球信息科学学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (10): 1422-1531.doi: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180101

• 地球信息科学理论与方法 • 上一篇下一篇

林木多样性模型及生长模拟

马载阳^1,²(), 张怀清^1,^*(), 李永亮¹, 杨廷栋¹, 彭文娥³, 李思佳¹

1. 中国林业科学研究院资源信息研究所,北京 100091
2. 南京师范大学虚拟地理环境教育部重点实验室,南京 210023
3. 湖南省攸县黄丰桥国有林场,株洲 412307

收稿日期:2018-02-09 修回日期:2018-07-12 出版日期:2018-10-25 发布日期:2018-10-17
通讯作者: 张怀清 E-mail:zy_ma327@126.com;zhang@ifrit.ac.cn
作者简介:
作者简介：马载阳（1994-）,男,硕士生,研究方向为计算机可视化模拟技术。E-mail: zy_ma327@126.com
基金资助:
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金（CAFYBB2017SZ005）;国家重点研发计划（2017YFD0600905）

Diversity Model and Growth Simulation of Tree

MA Zaiyang^1,²(), ZHANG Huaiqing^1,^*(), LI Yongliang¹, YANG Tingdong¹, PENG Wene³, LI Sijia¹

1. Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
2. Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
3. Youxian Huangfengqiao State-owned Forest Farm in Hunan Province, Zhuzhou 412307, China

Received:2018-02-09 Revised:2018-07-12 Online:2018-10-25 Published:2018-10-17
Contact: ZHANG Huaiqing E-mail:zy_ma327@126.com;zhang@ifrit.ac.cn
Supported by:
Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, No.CAFYBB2017SZ005;National Key Research and Development Program, No.2017YFD0600905.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

林木生存环境复杂多变,导致林木形态千差万别,为了准确描述林木的形态多样性特征,提出了一种基于模型分解的林木生长模拟方法。首先构建多样性林木三维模型,使用林木形态的实际测量数据,基于B样条函数约束树干、树冠形态,依据削度方程模拟树干直径的变化趋势,利用Direct3D实现林木形态的三维建模;其次,按林木形态特征进行林木模型分解,将林木模型分为9个子模型;最后,使用场景节点按照拓扑结构关系对子模型进行动态组织,基于胸径、树高、枝下高、冠高和冠幅生长模型,使用多核CPU多线程并行的计算方式,获得各年龄阶段林木东、南、西、北方向形态参数,从而对子模型生长状态进行控制,实现林木不同方向生长变化的可视化模拟。结果表明：该方法可将林木三维模型与生长模型紧密结合起来,林木各方向的枝下高、冠高和冠幅严格按照生长模型进行生长,可有效模拟出林木各方向生长状态的多样性;三维场景渲染帧率（FPS）保持在25以上,平均FPS可以达到50,实现林木生长的方向异质性模拟。

关键词: 林木建模, 生长模拟, 三维模型分解, 模型动态组织, 动态可视化

Abstract:

The living environment of trees is complex and changeable, resulting in different morphologies of trees. In order to depict the diversity and complexity of tree morphology, a simulation method of tree growth based on model decomposition was proposed. Firstly, we built diversified 3D tree models. The actual data of trees were measured, and used to fit tree trunk and crown shape curves based on the B spline function. Using the taper equation, the trend of trunk diameter was simulated. Meanwhile Direct3D API was used to realize the 3D tree morphology modeling. Secondly, the tree model was decomposed into 9 sub-models on the basic of the tree morphological characteristics. Finally, according to the topology relationship, sub-models were organized dynamically by linking scene nodes. Growth models of DBH, tree height, under branch height, crown height and crown width were used to calculate the tree morphological parameters by multithread parallel technology on multi-core processor, which represented the crown morphology in the cardinal directions at different age stages. And sub-models were controlled to realize the growth simulation of forest tree. The result shows that the method combines the 3D tree models with tree growth models closely. Meanwhile the under branch heights, crown heights, crown widths of trees in different directions grow accurately by growth models driving. The growth states in each direction of forest trees is simulated. The FPS of 3D rendering is always more than 25 and the average FPS is around 50 during trees growth. The direction heterogeneity of tree growth is simulated.

Key words: tree modeling, growth simulation, 3D model decomposition, models dynamic organization, dynamic visualization

马载阳, 张怀清, 李永亮, 杨廷栋, 彭文娥, 李思佳. 林木多样性模型及生长模拟[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2018, 20(10): 1422-1531.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180101

MA Zaiyang,ZHANG Huaiqing,LI Yongliang,YANG Tingdong,PENG Wene,LI Sijia. Diversity Model and Growth Simulation of Tree[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018, 20(10): 1422-1531.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180101

图/表 18

表1

杉木生长模型表"

编号	模型名称	模型
1	胸径生长模型	$dD dt = 1.564 R S 0.515 R D 0.027 (0.133 S I 0.886 D 0.230 - 0.016 S I 0.733 D)$
2	树高胸径曲线模型	$H = 0.492 S I 0.531 D 23$
3	枝下高生长模型	$Hb = - 3.020 + 0.409 × Age + 2.601 × Pv$
4	冠高生长模型	$Hc = - 3.036 + 0.469 × Age + 2.690 × Pv$
5	冠幅生长模型	$C = 0.660 + 0.037 × Age + 0.160 × Ph$

表1

图1

图2

图3

表2

图4

图5

图6

表3

表4

图7

图8

图9

表5

表6

表7

表8

图10

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型值点	X坐标	Y坐标
1	0	东向/南向-枝下高
2	东向/南向-冠幅	东向/南向-冠高
3	0	树高
4	西向/北向-冠幅	西向/北向-冠高
5	0	西向/北向-枝下高

属性	变量类型	变量名	所属子模型编号
编号	int	ID	00、10、11、20、21、30、31、40、41
年龄	int	Age	00、10、11、20、21、30、31、40、41
名称	string	Name	00、10、11、20、21、30、31、40、41
树高	float	Height	00、10、20、30、40
胸径	float	DBH	00
枝下高	float	UBH	11、21、31、41
冠高	float	CH	10、11、20、21、30、31、40、41
冠幅	float	CW	10、11、20、21、30、31、40、41

成员变量	树干	东面树冠上部	东面树冠下部
编号id	00	10	11
高度height	Height1	Height1-CH1	CH1-UBH1
宽度width	DBH1	CW1	CW1
方位角azimuth	α	α+90°	α+90°
位置position	（x,0,y）	（x,Height1,y）	（x,CH1,y）

成员变量	树干	东面树冠上部	东面树冠下部
编号id	00	10	11
高度height	Height2	Height2-CH2	CH2-UBH2
宽度width	DBH2	CW2	CW2
方位角azimuth	α	α+90°	α+90°
位置position	（x,0,y）	（x,Height2,y）	（x,CH2,y）

形态参数	10 a				15 a				20 a
形态参数	东	南	西	北	东	南	西	北	东	南	西	北
胸径/cm	14.75				19.89				22.97
树高/m	12.44				15.18				16.71
枝下高/m	3.39	3.31	3.47	3.51	5.67	5.63	5.67	5.71	7.97	7.97	8.01	8.01
冠高/m	4.04	3.95	4.12	4.16	6.73	6.68	6.73	6.77	9.43	9.43	9.47	9.47
冠幅/m	1.54	1.41	1.75	1.62	1.73	1.60	1.94	1.81	1.91	1.78	2.12	1.99

林木多样性模型及生长模拟

Diversity Model and Growth Simulation of Tree

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图/表 18

参考文献 25

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子模型	编号
树干	00
东面树冠（冠高以上）	10
东面树冠（冠高以下）	11
南面树冠（冠高以上）	20
南面树冠（冠高以下）	21
西面树冠（冠高以上）	30
西面树冠（冠高以下）	31
北面树冠（冠高以上）	40
北面树冠（冠高以下）	41

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