中国大城市的城市组成对城市热岛强度的影响研究

doi:10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180257

地球信息科学学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (12): 1787-1798.doi: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180257

中国大城市的城市组成对城市热岛强度的影响研究

王美雅^1,²(), 徐涵秋^1,^2,^3,^*()

1. 福州大学环境与资源学院/福州大学遥感信息工程研究所,福州 350116
2. 福建省水土流失遥感监测评估与灾害防治重点实验室,福州 350116
3. 福州大学空间数据挖掘与信息共享教育部重点实验室,福州 350116

收稿日期:2018-05-30 出版日期:2018-12-25 发布日期:2018-12-20
通讯作者: 徐涵秋 E-mail:286097145@qq.com;hxu@fzu.edu.cn
作者简介:
作者简介：王美雅（1991-）,女,博士生,主要从事环境资源遥感应用研究。E-mail: 286097145@qq.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划专项课题(2016YFA0600302)

Analyzing the Influence of Urban Forms on Surface Urban Heat Islands Intensity in Chinese Mega Cities

WANG Meiya^1,²(), XU Hanqiu^1,^2,^3,^*()

1. College of Environment and Resources; Institute of Remote Sensing Information Engineering; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116, China
2. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Soil Erosion and Disaster Prevention, Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116, China
3. Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining & Information Sharing of Ministry of Education; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou 350116, China;

Received:2018-05-30 Online:2018-12-25 Published:2018-12-20
Contact: XU Hanqiu E-mail:286097145@qq.com;hxu@fzu.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Project of China, No.2016YFA0600302.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市的快速扩张诱发并加剧了城市热岛效应,对人类健康和生存发展提出严峻挑战,因此,探索城市组成对城市热岛的影响具有重要意义。本研究在传统城市热岛影响因子的基础上,重点分析城市组成与城市热岛的关系。以13个中国大城市为研究区,利用2015年夏季（6-8月）白天和夜间的MODIS LST数据计算城市热岛强度,并结合土地覆盖数据、人口、区位和气象数据,分析热岛强度和城市地表组成、地表空间格局、人口和区位4类因子的关系。研究结果表明：中国的13个大城市均存在不同程度的热岛效应,城市白天的热岛效应比夜间显著。影响城市白天热岛强度的主要因子为城市建筑用地和林地面积比例、城市建筑用地和林地平均斑块面积、城市建筑用地聚集度和人口密度。城市建筑用地和林地平均斑块面积、城市建筑用地聚集度和林地斑块密度是夜间热岛强度的主要影响因子。城市建筑用地面积和乡村林地面积的增加会导致城市热岛情况的加剧,而通过调节城市地表空间格局（减少平均建筑用地斑块面积和降低建筑用地斑块聚集度）可以更好地降低城市地表温度,减缓城市热岛效应。

关键词: 大城市, 热岛强度, 城市组成, 地表温度, 土地覆盖

Abstract:

The rapid urban expansion has induced and aggravated the urban heat island phenomenon, which makes it a big challenge for human health and human survival environment. Research is needed to explore the impacts of urban form on the surface urban heat island. Taking 13 mega cities in China as the study area, this study mainly focuses on the relationship between urban forms and urban heat islands beside the traditional impact factors of surface urban heat islands. Using the MODIS land surface temperature products of the daytime and nighttime in summer 2015 (including June, July and August), along with the land cover, population, demographic and meteorological data of these 13 cities, the relationship between urban heat island and four factors, i.e. land covers composition, spatial configuration of land covers, population and location, were explored. Furthermore, the urban heat island intensity (UHII) index was employed to evaluate the urban heat island effect, which represents the mean LST difference between the urban region and the rural region. The results indicate that the urban heat island effect varies considerably among the 13 mega cities, showing a higher mean UHII in the daytime than that in the nighttime. The factors controlling annual mean daytime UHII are the area ratio of built-up area, the area ratio of forest, the mean patch area of built-up area, the mean patch area of forest, aggregation index of built-up area and population density. The nighttime UHII is significantly influenced by the mean patch area of built-up area, the mean patch area of forest, aggregation index of built-up area and the patch density of forest. Increasing the built-up area and the forest area will both increase UHII. Measures to mitigate the urban heat island include decreasing the built-up area or increasing green urban areas. Moreover, the urban heat island effect can be mitigated by altering the form of cities, such as, reducing the mean patch area of built-up area or reducing patch aggregation.

Key words: gega cities, UHII, urban forms, land surface temperature, land cover

王美雅, 徐涵秋. 中国大城市的城市组成对城市热岛强度的影响研究[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2018, 20(12): 1787-1798.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180257

WANG Meiya,XU Hanqiu. Analyzing the Influence of Urban Forms on Surface Urban Heat Islands Intensity in Chinese Mega Cities[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018, 20(12): 1787-1798.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180257

图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

景观格局指数"

景观指数	计算公式	值范围	生态涵义
斑块数量PN	PN=n	(1,+∞)	某类景观斑块总数
平均斑块面积PA	$PA = (∑ i = 1 n a i) / n / 10000$	(0,+∞)	表示斑块的平均面积
最大斑块面积LPI	LPI=max $i = 1 n$ (a_i)/A×100	[0,100]	量化了某类景观的最大斑块占该类景观总面积的比例
斑块分形维度FD	$FD = [∑ i = 1 m (2 × ln (0.25 × p i) / ln a i)] / n$	[1,2]	描述斑块形状的复杂性,值越接近1表示斑块形状越简单,值越接近2表示斑块形状越复杂
形状指数SI	$SI = [∑ i = 1 n (p i / a i)] / n$	[1,+∞)	描述斑块形状的复杂性,正方形的值为1,值越大表示斑块形状越复杂
斑块连通度CI	$CI = ∑ i = 1 n ([(∑ r = 1 z c ir / a i) - 1] / (v - 1)) / n$	[0,1]	描述斑块间的连通性,值为0表示斑块为单个像元,值越大,表示斑块的连通性越好
斑块密度PD	PD=n/A	(0,+∞)	反映斑块破碎程度,值越大表示斑块越小,破碎化程度越高。
聚集度AI	AI=[g_ii/g_iimax]×100	[0,100]	反映斑块间的聚集程度,值越大表示斑块的聚集度越高

表1

表2

表3

城市热岛影响因子间相关性检验结果"

人口	相关性r	常住人口													人口密度
	常住人口	1													0.249
	人口密度														1
区位	相关性r	纬度					平均高程			年降水量				年降水天数				最热月份平均气温				平均日照时间
	纬度	1					0.114			-0.585*				-0.509				-0571				0.633*
	平均高程						1			-0.123				0.260				-0.125				-0.052
	年降水量									1				0.785**				0.536				-0.228
	年降水天数													1				0.150				-0.345
	最热月份平均气温																	1				-0.489
	平均日照时间																					1
地表组成	相关性r	农业用地面积比例			林地面积比例					草地面积比例			水体面积比例					建筑用地面积比例			未利用地面积比例			城市面积
	农业用地面积比例	1			0.576					0.578			0.524					0.536			0.893**			0.917**
	林地面积比例				1					0.559			0.443					0.412			0.561			0.802**
	草地面积比例									1			0.559					0.502			0.648*			0.851**
	水体面积比例												1					0.441			0.830**			0.839**
	建筑用地面积比例																	1			0.628*			0.693*
	未利用地面积比例																				1			0.889**
	城市面积																							1
地表空间格局	相关性r	建 PN	建 PD	建 LPI		建 mean PA		建 meanSI	建 mean FD		建 mean CI	建 AI				林 PN	林 PD		林 LPI	林 mean PA	林 mean SI	林 mean FD	林 mean CI		林 AI
	建PN	1	0.374	-0.655*		-0.747*		-0.615*	-0.435		-0.580*	-0.684*				0.334	-0.478		-0.205	-0.023	-0.625*	-0.782*	-0.679*		0.005
	建PD		1	0.021		-0.047		0.089	0.300		0.128	0.078				-0.590*	-0.019		-0.412	-0.519	-0.644*	-0.576*	-0.594*		-0.329
	建LPI			1		0.865**		0.698*	0.511		0.622*	0.702*				-0.490	0.417		0.105	-0.156	0.333	0.507	0.366		-0.019
	建mean PA					1		0.890**	0.770**		0.884**	0.400				-0.584*	0.234		0.039	-0.196	0.311	0.488	0.421		-0.217
	建mean SI							1	0.938**		0.968**	0.737*				-0.676*	0.220		-0.195	-0.334	0.130	0.303	0.322		-0.467
	建mean FD								1		0.959**	0.723*				-0.700*	0.098		-0.255	-0.403	-0.064	0.074	0.131		-0.554
	建mean CI										1	0.793**				-0.707*	0.094		-0.175	-0.339	0.071	0.233	0.274		-0.478
	建AI											1				-0.529	0.164		0.104	-0.183	0.210	0.332	0.249		-0.214
	林PN															1	-0.129		0.347	0.495	0.260	0.072	-0.002		0.496
	林PD																1		-0.388	-0.507	0.023	0.305	0.036		-0.309
	林LPI																		1	0.929*	0.756*	0.480	0.627*		0.821**
	林mean PA																			1	0.707*	0.382	0.595*		0.793**
	林 mean SI																				1	0.916**	0.884**		0.674**
	林mean FD																					1	0.450		0.480
	林mean CI																						1		0.459
	林AI																								1

表3

图3

图4

图5

表4

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因子类别	因子	最终模型中是否保留
人口	人口数量/万人	是
人口	人口密度/(人/km²)	是
区位	纬度	是
	平均高程/m	是
	年降水量/mm	是
	年降水天数	否
	最热月份平均气温/℃	是
	平均日照时间/h	否
地表组成	农业用地面积比例/%	是
	林地面积比例/%	是
	草地面积比例/%	是
	水体面积比例/%	是
	城市建筑用地面积比例/%	是
	未利用地面积比例/%	否
	城市面积/km²	否
地表空间格局	城市建筑用地PN	否
	城市建筑用地PD(number per 100 ha)	是
	城市建筑用地LPI/%	否
	城市建筑用地mean PA /ha	是
	城市建筑用地mean SI	否
	城市建筑用地mean FD	否
	城市建筑用地mean CI	否
	城市建筑用地AI/%	是
	林地PN	是
	林地PD(number per 100 ha）	是
	林地LPI/%	否
	林地mean PA/ha	是
	林地mean SI	否
	林地mean FD	是
	林地mean CI	是
	林地AI/%	否

因子类别	因子	与白天UHII相关性r	与夜间UHII相关性r
人口	人口数量	0.052	0.215
人口	人口密度	0.608*	0.361
区位	纬度	0.218	0.548
	平均高程	0.171	-0.250
	降水量	-0.149	-0.446
	最热月份平均气温	-0.453	-0.369
地表组成	农业用地面积比例	0.098	0.027
	林地面积比例	0.628*	0.372
	草地面积比例	0.056	0.361
	水体面积比例	-0.235	-0.265
	城市建筑用地面积比例	0.752**	0.502
地表空间格局	城市建筑用地PD	-0.416	0.173
	城市建筑用地mean PA	0.663*	0.578*
	城市建筑用地 AI	0.665*	0.601*
	林地PN	0.546	0.507
	林地PD	0.391	0.637*
	林地mean PA	0.611*	0.617*
	林地mean FD	0.143	-0.209
	林地mean CI	0.123	-0.166

中国大城市的城市组成对城市热岛强度的影响研究

Analyzing the Influence of Urban Forms on Surface Urban Heat Islands Intensity in Chinese Mega Cities

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