基于DEM的黄土崾岘提取及其地形特征分析

doi:10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180358

地球信息科学学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (12): 1710-1720.doi: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180358

• 地球信息科学理论与方法 • 上一篇下一篇

基于DEM的黄土崾岘提取及其地形特征分析

薛凯凯^1,^2,³(), 熊礼阳^1,^2,^3,^*(), 祝士杰⁴, 汤国安^1,^2,³

1. 南京师范大学虚拟地理环境教育部重点实验室,南京 210023
2. 江苏省地理环境演化国家重点实验室培育建设点,南京 210023
3. 江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心,南京 210023
4. 浙江省测绘科学技术研究院,杭州 310012

收稿日期:2018-07-31 出版日期:2018-12-25 发布日期:2018-12-20
通讯作者: 熊礼阳 E-mail:kai_soul@outlook.com;xiongliyang@163.com
作者简介:
作者简介：薛凯凯（1993-）,男,陕西榆林人,硕士生,主要从事研究DEM数字地形分析研究。E-mail: kai_soul@outlook.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目（41601411、41671389）;江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目

Extraction of Loess Dissected Saddle and Its Terrain Analysis by Using Digital Elevation Models

XUE Kaikai^1,^2,³(), XIONG Liyang^1,^2,^3,^*(), ZHU Shijie⁴, TANG Guoan^1,^2,³

1. Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
2. State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution, Nanjing 210023, China
3. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
4. Zhejiang Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Hangzhou 310012, China

Received:2018-07-31 Online:2018-12-25 Published:2018-12-20
Contact: XIONG Liyang E-mail:kai_soul@outlook.com;xiongliyang@163.com
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41601411, 41671389;Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

崾岘是将要被切穿的鞍部,是正负地形矛盾斗争的结果,也是重要的地形控制点。典型的崾岘多位于黄土高原黄土地貌区,又称黄土崾岘,其对识别沟间地与沟谷的斗争程度有一定的指示作用。本文以黄土高原样区为例,基于1:1万DEM（5 m分辨率）和影像分辨率为0.95 m的遥感影像,利用流域边界算法和缓冲区标定,分析窗口选择5×5,实现了崾岘点位的半自动化提取。并对各崾岘点位求取坡度等地形因子,总结崾岘的空间格局和地形特征。结果显示,崾岘多分布在主流域边界和垂直于主沟道的最宽部分,地形控制作用明显。崾岘的坡度、起伏度、切割深度等值均大于鞍部值,同时,高级流域区的崾岘值大于低级流域区的崾岘值,反映出崾岘具有侵蚀程度强、表层完整性低、地表破碎度高的特点。总体而言,崾岘受沟道蚕食度高,从侧面反映了黄土地貌的发育阶段,是黄土地貌发育到中期的标志性产物。

关键词: DEM, 崾岘点, 黄土地貌, 空间格局, 流域

Abstract:

Dissected saddle, as an important terrain control point, is the result of the struggle statue between positive and negative terrains. The width of the dissected saddle ranges from only a few meters to about twenty meters, which represents the critical stage of gully capture. That is, the headward erosion of gullies on both sides of watersheds are going to erode and dissect the boundary of the watershed. Thus, the division of positive terrains and the connection of negative terrains are achieved. The typical dissected saddle is located in the loess landform in the Loess Plateau, also known as the loess dissected saddle. This dissected saddle could act as an important indicator for distinguishing the extent between loess interfluve area and loess gully area during the landform evolution process. In this paper, taking the typical loess landform as an example, and on a basis of DEM data and remote sensing images, the semi-automatic extraction of dissected saddles is conducted. The terrain characteristics of these extracted dissected saddles, i.e., slope, relief, depth of cut, were then calculated based on the DEM data. Moreover, the spatial pattern of the dissected saddle was summarized. The experimental results show that the dissected saddles are distributed at the boundary of the main stream and perpendicular to the widest part of the main channel, indicating an obvious terrain controlling effect. The quantity and distribution of dissected saddles determine the development and the shape of the watershed to some extent. The results of slope, relief, and depth of cut for dissected saddles are all larger than that for the normal saddles. At the same time, the value of the high-hierarchical watershed is greater than the value of the lower-hierarchical watershed, which reflects that the dissected saddle has characteristics of strong erosion and high surface fragmentation. In summary, the dissected saddle is highly eroded by the channel, which could help to demonstrate the development stage of the loess landform. Along with the development of the landform, the dissected saddle could be regarded as a symbol, indicating the development of the loess landform has reached the metaphase of the landform evolution process.

Key words: DEM, dissected saddle points, loess landform, spatial pattern, watershed

薛凯凯, 熊礼阳, 祝士杰, 汤国安. 基于DEM的黄土崾岘提取及其地形特征分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2018, 20(12): 1710-1720.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180358

XUE Kaikai,XIONG Liyang,ZHU Shijie,TANG Guoan. Extraction of Loess Dissected Saddle and Its Terrain Analysis by Using Digital Elevation Models[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018, 20(12): 1710-1720.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180358

图/表 15

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表1

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地形因子	公式	意义
坡度	$Slop = arctan f x 2 + f y 2 × 180 π$	$f x$ 为X方向高程变化率, $f y$ 为Y方向高程变化率
地形起伏度	$R F i = H max - H min$	$H max$ 是分析窗口的最大高程值, $H min$ 是分析窗口的最小高程值
局部割裂度	$S d = A n A$	$A n$ 是局部流域范围内的负地形面积, $A$ 是局部流域面积
地表切割深度	$D i = H mean - H min$	$H mean$ 是分析窗口的平均高程值, $H min$ 是分析窗口的最小高程值
切割指数	$PDI = H max - H Dis R F i$	$H max$ 是分析窗口的最大高程值, $H Dis$ 是崾岘高程值, $R F i$ 是地形起伏度
最邻近指数	$R = D ? obs × 2 N / A$	$D ? obs$ 为各崾岘点与最邻近点的平均距离,N为崾岘个数,A为流域面积
分布均衡度	$D = lg N ε - b lg ε$	$ε$ 为划分正方形边长, $N ε$ 为包含崾岘点的正方形数目,b为系数
空间关联度	$C r = 1 N 2 ∑ i, j = 1 i = j N H r - x i - x j, H x = 1, x > 0 0, x < 0$	$N$ 为崾岘个数, $r$ 为设定的距离临界值, $x i - x j$ 为 $i, j$ 两点间距离

	最大值/m	最小值/m	平均值/m	标准差/m	中位数/m	平均离差/m	变异系数
鞍部	514.42	11.18	167.76	77.15	156.21	60.62	0.46
崾岘	1234.15	97.08	510.59	260.67	466.31	215.23	0.51

级别	高程差	坡度差	地形起伏度差	局部割裂度差	地表切割深度差	切割指数差
1	-1.55	-1.38	-1.01	0.02	-0.61	-0.11
2	-1.97	0.01	0.44	0.06	0.31	0.01
3	-0.71	0.25	0.70	0.05	0.46	0.04
4	-2.51	3.25	1.26	0.28	0.44	0.07
5	-6.07	3.69	1.76	0.32	1.33	0.06

基于DEM的黄土崾岘提取及其地形特征分析

Extraction of Loess Dissected Saddle and Its Terrain Analysis by Using Digital Elevation Models

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