中国道路网引起的景观破碎格局及其对保护区的影响

doi:10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.190059

地球信息科学学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (8): 1183-1195.doi: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.190059

• 地理空间分析综合应用 • 上一篇下一篇

中国道路网引起的景观破碎格局及其对保护区的影响

黄梦娜^1,²,马廷^1,^2,^*()

^1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室,北京 100101
^2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049

收稿日期:2019-02-14 修回日期:2019-04-30 出版日期:2019-08-25 发布日期:2019-08-25
通讯作者: 马廷 E-mail:mting@lreis.ac.cn
作者简介:黄梦娜（1993-）,女,硕士生,河北定州人,主要从事地理空间分析与空间数据挖掘研究。E-mail: huangmn@lreis.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41771418)

Assessing the Impacts of China's Road Network on Landscape Fragmentation and Protected Areas

HUANG Mengna^1,²,MA Ting^1,^2,^*()

^1. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
^2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2019-02-14 Revised:2019-04-30 Online:2019-08-25 Published:2019-08-25
Contact: MA Ting E-mail:mting@lreis.ac.cn
Supported by:
Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771418)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

道路的修建往往带来景观破碎、生态系统功能受损等后果。有关道路网络的生态影响格局及其影响因素,是当前道路生态学、地理空间分析等领域共同关注的问题。本文利用2015年全国道路网络数据,采用定量空间分析方法,刻画了当前中国铺装道路所引起的陆表景观破碎的格局特征,并分析了道路网络对自然保护区的干扰及与多变量的影响关系。结果表明：① 全国铺装道路的生态影响面积占陆地面积的10%,将陆表切割成3万多个斑块,并呈现小斑块数目众多,大斑块数目较少的分布特点;同时,陆表破碎化程度呈现明显的东西分异规律,空间格局与人口分布、经济发展水平等影响因素的地理分布规律趋同;② 全国约58%的自然保护区受到道路干扰,保护区的受干扰情况存在高等级保护区受干扰弱、低等级保护区次之、国家公园受干扰程度最强等差异特征,且国家公园处于受干扰高于未设保护区域的状态;③ 主要人类活动因素与保护区受干扰程度呈正相关,保护区面积、地形因素与受干扰程度呈负相关,具有面积小、受保护等级低、位于平原地区、气候适宜等特征的保护区更易受到道路干扰,处于已经受到人类活动破坏,生态脆弱的状态。因此,中国道路建设应追求社会发展与生态保护双平衡,同时道路干扰受到自然以及人文要素的共同作用,在相关影响机制研究和生态保护政策制定中应进行综合考虑。

关键词: 道路网络, 景观破碎, 空间格局, 保护区, 影响因素, 中国

Abstract:

Road construction often leads to landscape fragmentation and damages ecosystem functions, such ecological impacts and consequences have been widely studied in the field of road ecology and geospatial analysis. This paper aims at exploring the influences of the road network in China. With spatial data analysis and the data set of nationwide roads in 2015, we characterized the landscape fragmentation patterns caused by paved roads, estimated the impacts on protected areas, and then explained the relationship between the degree of impacts and multiple environmental variables. The results show that: (1) The area affected by the paved roads in China have reached 10% of the terrestrial areas. The land surface have been cut into over 30 000 patches. The number of small patches is numerous, and the number of large patches is less. The extent of land surface fragmentation presents obvious east-west differentiation, and the spatial pattern of the roadless patches is similar to the population distribution and economic development level. (2) About 58% of the protected areas suffer from road influences. The degree of influence increases as the level of establishment of the protected areas decreases. The national parks have been interfered stronger than the unprotected areas. (3) The main human activity factors were positively correlated with the degree of disturbance on the protected areas, and the size of protected areas and topographic factors were negatively correlated with the degree of interference. Small areas, low level protected areas, plain areas, climate-friendly protected areas are susceptible to road disturbances and are in a state of being affected seriously by human activities. Therefore, China's road construction should achieve a balance between social development and ecological protection. Road disturbances are affected by natural and human factors, which should be considered comprehensively in the study of relevant impact mechanisms and the formulation of environmental protection policies.

Key words: road network, landscape fragmentation, spatial patterns, protected areas, influence factors, China

黄梦娜,马廷. 中国道路网引起的景观破碎格局及其对保护区的影响[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2019, 21(8): 1183-1195.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.190059

HUANG Mengna,MA Ting. Assessing the Impacts of China's Road Network on Landscape Fragmentation and Protected Areas[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2019, 21(8): 1183-1195.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.190059

图/表 13

表1

图1

表2

表3

本研究选用的景观指数"

景观指数	计算公式	含义
斑块数量	$N$	表征区域内无路斑块的个数
斑块面积	A	表征无路斑块的面积。一般来讲,大斑块能够为动植物提供栖息地,生态服务价值高
面积占比	P	表征区域内道路缓冲区或无路区的面积占比
平均斑块面积	$A ? = A i N i$	表征区域内无路斑块的平均面积。其中 $A i$ 为区域总面积; $N i$ 为区域内无路斑块数量。 $A ?$ 越小,道路网越密集,破碎化程度越高
人工干扰指数	$HD = A H A N$	反映道路对该区域的干扰程度。其中, $A H$ 为区域内人工景观—道路网络的面积, $A N$ 为区域内自然保护区面积。HD值越大,该保护区被道路干扰程度越深
斑块密度	$PD = ∑ N i A$	反映单位面积上无路斑块的数量。 $N i$ 为区域内无路斑块数量, $A$ 为区域总面积。PD值越大,陆表被道路切割破碎化程度越高
形状指数	$D = 2 × log P 4 log (A)$	表征斑块周长的复杂性。描述斑块的几何形状特征,一定程度上表征人类活动对景观斑块的干扰强度。干扰强度大时,斑块几何形状趋于简单,形状指数较低;自然形成的斑块形状趋于曲线化,形状指数较高。一般取值在1~1.5之间

表3

图2

表4

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

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原始一级类型	重分类类型
林地、草地、水域、未利用土地	自然用地
耕地	农耕用地
城乡、工矿、居民用地	人工用地

道路级别	道路特征	缓冲带宽/m
高速公路	4个或4个以上车道,中央有分隔带	1000
一级公路	连接重要政治经济文化中心干线公路	500
二级公路	连接政治、经济中心的干线公路	250
三级公路	沟通县或县以上城市的支线公路	100
四级公路	沟通县或乡镇的支线公路	50
等外公路	乡或乡级一下道路	12.5

变量类型	变量名称	含义
因变量	保护区受干扰程度	保护区受道路网络干扰强度
保护区内地理环境变量	保护区面积	保护区面积
	坡度	保护区地形条件
	高程	保护区地形条件
	降水量	保护区气候条件
	温度	保护区气候条件
保护区内人类活动强度	人口活跃度	保护区人类访问密度
	夜光辐射强度	保护区社会经济水平
	耕地开发强度	保护区内农耕用地占比

中国道路网引起的景观破碎格局及其对保护区的影响

Assessing the Impacts of China's Road Network on Landscape Fragmentation and Protected Areas

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