高光谱遥感技术及其水利应用进展

doi:10.12082/dqxxkx.2021.200746

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

面向新时期水利行业“补短板”和“强监管”的应用需求,遥感的前沿技术高光谱遥感凭借较高的光谱分辨率和图谱合一等优势,在水生态、水环境等水利行业的应用中发挥了重要作用,同时在水灾害、水资源等层面中也存在着一定的应用潜力。本文介绍了高光谱遥感的成像原理,回顾了成像光谱仪的发展,列举了目前国内外典型的高光谱载荷。重点介绍了高光谱遥感在水利行业的应用进展,包括水华及水生植物监测、水华和水草精确区分、叶绿素浓度反演、悬浮物浓度和泥沙含量定量估算等具体工作。指出高光谱遥感在实时大范围洪涝灾害应急监测、陆表水文参数定量反演等工作存在一定的发展潜力。最后对高光谱遥感在水利行业的应用存在的瓶颈问题进行总结分析并提出展望：多平台高光谱水利要素立体监测与集成技术研发;水利典型地物要素标准波谱数据库构建;水利高光谱遥感信息智能挖掘的理论方法研究。为拓宽高光谱遥感在水利应用中的研究提供参考。

关键词: 高光谱遥感, 水利遥感, 光谱分辨率, 水环境, 水生态, 水质, 水灾害, 遥感反演

Abstract:

With the increasing application requirements of water conservancy industry in the new era, hyperspectral remote sensing has shown great potential in water ecology and water environment due to its unique advantages such as high spectral resolution and real time. It also has great potential in applications in water disaster and water resources. This paper introduces the principle of hyperspectral imaging, summarizes the development of hyperspectral payload at home and abroad, and focuses on the application of hyperspectral remote sensing to solve specific water problems, including monitoring of water bloom and aquatic plants, accurate discrimination of water bloom and water grass, inversion of chlorophyll concentration, quantitative estimation of suspended matter concentration and sediment content, real-time and large-scale flood disaster emergency monitoring, quantitative inversion of land surface hydrological parameters, estimation of evapotranspiration, and so on. In addition, the bottleneck problems in the application of hyperspectral remote sensing in water conservancy industry are summarized and analyzed. With the rapid development of hyperspectral imaging technology and increasing availability of hyperspectral data sources, the application of hyperspectral remote sensing in water conservancy will also enter a new stage. It is necessary to confront the needs of water conservancy industry at the new stage. We should enhance the research on multi-platform hyperspectral water conservancy elements stereoscopic monitoring and integration, construction of the standard spectrum database for typical feature elements in water conservancy, and new methods or new theories for water conservancy hyperspectral remote sensing information intelligent mining.

Key words: hyperspectral remote sensing, water conservancy remote sensing, spectral imager, water environment, water ecology, water quality, water disasters, remote sensing retrieval

冯天时, 庞治国, 江威, 覃湘栋, 付俊娥. 高光谱遥感技术及其水利应用进展[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2021, 23(9): 1646-1661.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2021.200746

FENG Tianshi, PANG Zhiguo, JIANG Wei, QIN Xiangdong, FU Jun'e. Progress and Prospects of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Technology and its Application in Water Conservancy Research[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2021, 23(9): 1646-1661.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2021.200746

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不同层面	高光谱遥感	多光谱遥感
光谱分辨率	5~10 nm,具有更高水平的光谱细节,对于光谱差异较小的不同地物的识别效果较好	约为70~400 nm,难以区分具有相似光谱特征的地物,不具备精细识别地物的条件
空间分辨率	星载高光谱数据的空间分辨率较低,大多在10 m以上,机载高光谱数据的空间分辨率较高,可达到2 m左右	部分多光谱遥感具有较高的空间分辨率,能满足地理国情调查、土地利用类型解译等涉及范围较广的工作
数据处理	高光谱遥感数据维度高,数据量大,专用的处理软件较少,整体处理过程较为复杂	现存的开源处理方法较多且比较成熟,影像处理速度快,整体处理过程较为简单
波段数	波段数较多(100~200个),为模型的构建提供更多选择	较少（5~10个）,且大部分波段位于可见光范围内
数据源	机载数据获取成本高,星载数据源较少,数据较为短缺	拥有高分系列、MODIS、Landsat等丰富的卫星数据库
结果精度	地物识别效果好,参数的定量遥感反演精度极高	反演精度一般,能满足部分工作需求

载荷平台	主要介绍	典型光谱仪器
地物光谱仪	可以测量水体的反射率光谱,分析水体不同组分的光谱特征,还可用于验证航空航天高光谱遥感数据的大气校正的精度	SVC便携式光谱仪（美国SVC公司） ASD便携式光谱仪（美国ASD公司） FISS（中国中科院）
机载成像光谱仪	获取的影像数据空间分辨率较高,可根据需要灵活选择航线。近几年成像光谱仪更多地搭载于无人机上,为内陆水体的遥感监测提提供了大量的数据	AVIRIS（美国）、PHI（中国） CASI（加拿大）、MOIS（中国）
星载成像光谱仪	为遥感的长期动态监测提供数据源,降低了图像获取的成本。但其重访周期和扫描幅宽有待进一步优化以满足水环境的应急监测和大范围水体动态监测等需求	Hyperion（美国） CHRIS（欧空局） HyspeIRI（美国）高光谱相机

成像光谱仪	优点	缺点
地面成像光谱仪	成本低,操作简单,方便用于野外调查	灵活性低,图像处理繁琐,耗费大量人力
机载成像光谱仪	时效性强,空间分辨率高,受天气影响小	观测面积有限,飞行成本高
星载成像光谱仪	图像费用低,便于长期动态大范围监测	时效性差,扫描幅宽窄,重访周期长
无人机载成像光谱仪	扫描成像易实现,空间分辨率高	受天气影响大,观测面积小,工作时间短

成像光谱仪	制造方	启用年份	光谱分辨率/nm	空间分辨率/μm	光谱范围/μm	波段数
AVIRIS	美国	1987	10	20	0.40~2.50	224
HYDICE	美国	1995	7~14	0.75	0.40~2.50	206
TRWIS-Ш	美国	1996	VNIR:5 SWIR:6.25	1.8	0.38~2.45	—
HYMAP	澳大利亚	1999	15~20	—	0.40~2.50	126
PHI	中国	1997	—	—	0.40~0.85	244
MOIS	中国	2001	VNIR:5 SWIR:6.25	6	0.46~12.50	—

卫星	成像光谱仪	制造方	发射年份	光谱分辨率/nm	空间分辨率/μm	重访周期/d	光谱范围/μm	波段数/个
EO-1	Hyperion	美国	200	10	30	16	0.40~2.50	242
PROBA-1	CHIRIS	欧空局	2001	VNIR:1.3 SWIR:12	17	2	0.40~2.50	63
MOR	CRISM	美国	2005	6.55	18	4	0.36~3.94	544
HJ-1A	HSI	中国	2008	5	100	4	0.40~0.95	115
ISS	HICO	美国	2009	5.7	90	—	0.36~1.08	128
高分五号	可见短波红外高光谱相机	中国	2018	VNIR:5 SWIR:10	30	2	0.40~2.50	330
珠海一号	高光谱相机	中国	2018	2.5	10	2.5	0.40~1.00	32
ALOS-3	HISUI	日本	2019	VNIR:10 SWIR:12.5	30	35	0.40~2.50	185
EnMAP	EnMAP HSI	德国	2019	VNIR:6.5 SWIR:10	30	—	0.42~2.45	244
资源一号02D卫星	高光谱相机	中国	2019	VNIR:5 SWIR:10	30	3	0.40~2.50	166