长江三角洲地区制造业集群辨识及空间组织特征

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2015.01511

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文基于投入产出表的主成分分析和企业空间分布数据的聚类分析,从产业功能联系和空间联系角度辨识长江三角洲地区主要的制造业集群,并从企业、产业、区域3个维度刻画和比较不同类型制造业集群的空间组织特征。研究表明,长江三角洲地区存在冶金及装备、电子信息、纺织及服装等12个垂直联系紧密的制造业群组,并高度集聚于沿沪宁线、沪杭线、杭甬线的“Z”字形区域。冶金及装备、电子信息和纺织及服装3个制造集群分别呈现轮辐式、卫星式和马歇尔式产业集群组织方式。上海和江苏的制造业集群在集群规模、大型企业占比、外资企业占比等方面,要明显高于浙江的制造业集群。

关键词: 制造业集群, 产业联系, 地理临近, 集群识别, 长江三角洲地区

Abstract:

Industrial vertical linkage and geographical proximity are not only the basic characteristics of industrial clusters, but also the main foundation to identify the clusters. With the applications of principal component analysis based on input-output table and spatial clustering analysis based on firm-level spatial distribution data, this paper quantitatively identified the major manufacturing clusters in the Yangtze River Delta region. Then the paper depicted and compared different spatial organization types of manufacturing clusters from three different scales, including the enterprise, industry and the regional scale. Results showed that: firstly, the Yangtze River Delta has formed 12 vertical close-knit manufacturing groups, such as metallurgy and equipment manufacturing, and information and communication technology manufacturing, which heavily aggregate along the "Z" shaped area enclosed by Shanghai-Nanjing railway, Shanghai-Hangzhou railway and Hangzhou-Ningbo railway; secondly, the regional manufacturing clusters have presented different organization patterns, which were highly affected by the industrial and regional characteristics; thirdly, the capital-intensive clusters represented by metallurgy and equipment manufacturing, the technology-intensive clusters represented by information and communication technology manufacturing and the labor-intensive clusters represented by textile and garment manufacturing have exhibited different industrial cluster organization patterns, including: the Spoke pattern based on large enterprises, the satellite pattern based on foreign capital enterprises and the Marshall pattern based on small and medium-sized enterprises; fourthly, Shanghai’s and Jiangsu’s manufacturing clusters were significantly greater than Zhejiang’s according to the cluster size and the proportion of large and foreign enterprises. Moreover, an obvious industrial specialization existed between different regional labor-intensive manufacturing clusters, while the industrial structures between the capital-intensive and technology-intensive regional clusters were similar.

Key words: manufacturing clusters, industrial linkage, geographical proximity, cluster identification, the Yangtze River Delta region

袁丰, 陈雯, 宋正娜. 长江三角洲地区制造业集群辨识及空间组织特征[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2015, 17(12): 1511-1519.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2015.01511

YUAN Feng,CHEN Wen,SONG Zhengna. Identification and Description of Manufacturing Clusters: A Case Study of Yangtze River Delta Region[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2015, 17(12): 1511-1519.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2015.01511

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	马歇尔式产业集群	卫星式产业集群	轮辐式产业集群
主要特征	中小企业为主;专业化程度;密集的竞争与合作关系网络;基于信任关系	中小企业为主;对外部企业(母公司)依赖性强;基于低廉劳动力成本的产业低端环节	大型企业与中小企业共存、共生; 内部等级结构明显
优势	柔性专业化;较强的创新和学习能力	经营成本和风险小;通过母公司易于获取技术	经营成本低;技术扩散成本低
劣势	路径依赖与锁定;对剧烈的外部环境变化相应迟缓	生产和创新过于依赖外部企业;技术水平低	大型企业依赖;技术创新热情较低
发展轨迹	向轮辐式产业集群演变;部分活动外包给其他区域;衰弱或消亡	向马歇尔产业集群演变;企业向其他区域迁移而逐渐消亡	向卫星式产业集群演变;部分活动外包给其他区域;鼓励技术创新与对外合作

因子	特征值	解释方差(%)	累计方差(%)	核心投入行业(%)	核心产出行业(%)
1	21.93	29.64	29.64	钢压延加工业(25.50)	钢压延加工业(17.17)
2	10.71	14.47	44.11	电子元器件制造业(52.20)	通信设备制造业(21.28)
3	7.54	10.19	54.30	棉、化纤纺织及印染精加工业(32.82)	纺织服装、鞋、帽制造业(24.33)
4	7.34	9.92	64.22	基础化学原料制造业(20.51)	合成材料制造业(19.44)
5	3.75	5.07	69.29	电力、热力的生产和供应业(77.90)	电力、热力的生产和供应业(55.24)
6	3.16	4.28	73.57	造纸及纸制品业(65.35)	造纸及纸制品业(89.60)
7	2.91	3.93	77.50	其他食品加工和食品制造业(54.84)	其他食品加工和食品制造业(65.09)
8	2.30	3.10	80.60	木材加工及木、竹、藤、棕、草制品业(80.93)	家具制造业(38.54)
9	1.97	2.67	83.27	塑料制品业(53.69)	其他电气机械及器材制造业(44.60)
10	1.51	2.03	85.30	汽车零部件及配件制造业(74.46)	汽车制造业(52.44)
11	1.34	1.81	87.11	有色金属冶炼业(42.87)	其他电气机械及器材制造业(55.73)
12	1.10	1.48	88.59	饲料加工业(61.98)	饲料加工业(85.50)

集群	所属群组	所在地区	总就业人数		前3位产业占比**(%)	国企占比(%)	外企占比(%)	企业规模情况*(%)
集群	所属群组	所在地区	(万人)		前3位产业占比**(%)	国企占比(%)	占群组***(%)	小型	中型	大型
1	冶金及装备制造	江苏沿江	59.9	60.7	21.5	3.3	17.4	2.4	9.6	88.0
2	冶金及装备制造	上海	46.5	64.9	16.7	14.9	26.9	4.1	9.6	86.3
3	冶金及装备制造	杭州	8.8	82.1	3.2	1.9	4.4	1.4	9.2	89.4
4	冶金及装备制造	宁波、慈溪、余姚	8.0	67.5	2.9	0.8	19.6	2.9	14.0	83.2
5	冶金及装备制造	温州、乐清、瑞安	7.8	71.9	2.8	2.7	18.5	1.7	6.1	92.2
6	电子信息制造	上海、苏锡常	94.3	73.3	58.1	1.0	77.6	23.0	42.0	35.1
7	电子信息制造	南京	7.9	73.0	4.9	8.4	50.8	22.2	46.8	30.9
8	电子信息制造	杭州、富阳	5.5	73.2	3.4	1.9	55.0	25.7	49.0	25.3
9	电子信息制造	宁波、慈溪	2.0	86.2	1.2	1.0	37.6	68.9	31.1	0.0
10	电子信息制造	台州、温岭	1.5	92.5	0.9	0	6.0	61.8	38.2	0.0
11	纺织及服装制造	上海、苏锡常、南通	219.5	67.0	62.6	2.1	44.5	40.8	40.9	18.3
12	纺织及服装制造	杭州、绍兴、海宁	57.7	49.8	16.4	0.9	32.5	45.0	48.2	6.8
13	纺织及服装制造	温州、乐清、瑞安	24.4	91.2	7.0	0.1	17.2	37.7	55.3	7.0
14	纺织及服装制造	嘉兴、平湖、嘉善	20.8	87.2	5.9	0	36.4	39.0	57.7	3.3