乌江上游地区森林生态系统水源涵养功能评估及其空间差异探究

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.00987

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

乌江流域是西南地区重要经济中心的生态和安全屏障,其上游地区长年面临水土流失和土地石漠化等问题,严重影响到当地和长江沿岸人民的生产生活。本文基于贵州省毕节地区2010年森林二类调查小班数据,运用综合能力蓄水法对乌江上游地区森林生态系统水源涵养量进行估算,分析了水源涵养能力的空间分异特征,并使用线性回归和相关分析法对森林水源涵养能力与林地海拔、坡度和土地退化类型之间的关系进行了深入探讨。结果表明：（1）2010年,研究区森林生态系统的水源涵养总量为563.05 $×$ 10⁶ m³,单位面积水源涵养量达774.73 t/hm²,水源涵养能力分布表现为东部地区自东北向西南逐渐减弱、西部地区强弱相间的碎片化分布特征;（2）随着林地海拔的升高,森林单位面积水源涵养量表现出显著的下降趋势 $(P < 0.01)$ ,海拔平均每上升1000 m,单位水源涵养量相应减少90.56 t/hm²左右;（3）森林水源涵养能力与坡度呈显著的负相关 $(P < 0.01)$ ,坡度平均每增加1°,单位水源涵养量相应减少2.44 t/hm²;（4）土地退化对森林水源涵养功能的影响较大,退化土地的森林水源涵养能力较非退化土地平均下降23.50%。正确认识森林生态系统的水源涵养功能及其空间差异,对了解当地森林生态系统现状,以及制订实施更有针对性、更高效的水资源可持续利用和生态环境恢复及建设等相关政策具有重要意义。

关键词: 水源涵养, 乌江上游, 森林生态系统, 立地条件, 土地退化, 综合蓄水能力法

Abstract:

As the longest tributary on the right bank of upper Yangtze River, while also occupying the largest basin area in Guizhou Province, Wujiang River is of great importance to the economic and ecological environment in Yangtze Basin and Southwest China. However, the upper reaches of Wujiang River are suffering from long-term soil erosion and land degradation, which has threatened the local safety and development. This paper, based on the forest resource inventory data of Bijie prefecture in Guizhou Province in 2010, aims to estimate the water conservation of forest ecosystem in the upper reaches of Wujiang River and to analyze its spatial variation. The relationship between the unit water conversation of forest ecosystem, which is regarded as the Forest Water Conservation Capacity (FWCC) in this paper, and elevation, slope and land degradation types was deeply explored. The integrated storage capacity method and the linear regression was employed. The results show that: (1) In 2010, the water conservation of forest ecosystem in the study area was 563.05 million cubic meters in total, yielding a water conservation of 774.73 t/hm² per unit area. FWCC presented a pattern of gradually decreasing from northeast to southwest in the east region, and an uneven pattern in the west region. (2) A significant $(P < 0.01)$ negative correlation was found between FWCC and elevation, that FWCC decreased by 90.56 t/hm² with every 1 km increase in elevation. (3) FWCC significantly $(P < 0.01)$ decreased by 2.44 t/hm² with every 1 degree increase in slope. (4) Land degradation showed a strong negative effect to FWCC, and the FWCC of degraded land dropped by 23.50% on average compared with the non-degraded land. A better understanding of the water conservation function and its spatial variation of forest ecosystem would be helpful to learn the status of local forest ecosystem, and to formulate and implement the sustainable utilization of water resources, as well as the restoration and construction of ecological environment, under the guidance of more targeted and efficient policies.

Key words: water conservation, Wujiang River basin, forest ecosystem, site condition, land degradation, integrated storage capacity method

唐玉芝, 邵全琴. 乌江上游地区森林生态系统水源涵养功能评估及其空间差异探究[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2016, 18(7): 987-999.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.00987

TANG Yuzhi,SHAO Quanqin. Water Conservation Capacity of Forest Ecosystem and Its Spatial Variation in the Upper Reaches of Wujiang River[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2016, 18(7): 987-999.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.00987

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森林类型	海拔范围/m	平均郁闭度	平均胸径/cm	活立木蓄积量/（m³/hm²）	平均土层厚度/cm	主要优势树种
温性针叶林	786~2854	0.394	8.239	15.890	42.36	华山松、柳杉
暖性针叶林	714~2566	0.475	12.003	36.826	39.09	马尾松、云南松、杉木
暖性针阔混交林	782~2450	0.419	10.302	24.944	42.00	针阔混交林
落叶阔叶林	705~2472	0.399	9.443	19.197	42.27	桦类、椴类、杨树
常绿落叶阔叶混交林	722~2677	0.532	9.097	20.827	36.67	栎类
常绿阔叶林	777~2618	0.523	9.301	25.185	38.04	樟类、楠类
暖性竹林	804~2074	0.703	4.368	0.003	52.92	毛竹、杂竹
经济林	738~2442	0.311	3.597	2.838	44.44	梨桃类、核桃、板栗
灌丛	708~2886	0.489	0.003	0.004	31.70	杂灌、茶叶、火棘

森林类型	林冠层截留率/（%）	枯落物层单位最大持水量/（t/hm²）	土壤层非毛管孔隙度/（%）	文献来源
温性针叶林	28.73	25.67	10.16	[32]、[33]、[4]
暖性针叶林	28.50	37.69	8.91	[32]、[34]、[4]
暖性针阔混交林	24.33	34.08	12.13	[34]、[33]、[34]
落叶阔叶林	20.19	32.46	9.15	[34]、[33]、[34]
常绿落叶阔叶混交林	22.57	32.66	15.32	[32]、[33]、[4]
常绿阔叶林	18.14	18.62	10.31	[34]、[34]、[34]
暖性竹林	18.83	20.69	11.77	[32]、[33]、[4]
经济林	29.32	23.8	8.65	[35]、[31]、[36]
灌丛	24.56	15.97	9.80	[35]、[33]、[37]

代码	森林类型	林地面积/（10³hm²）	林冠截留量/（10⁶m³）	枯落物层持水量/（10⁶m³）	土壤蓄水量/（10⁶m³）	水源涵养总量/（10⁶m³）	单位面积水源涵养量/（t/hm²）
Ⅰ	温性针叶林	135.086	56.702	3.468	58.334	118.503	877.245
Ⅱ	暖性针叶林	125.837	52.397	4.743	44.942	102.081	811.216
Ⅲ	暖性针阔混交林	9.427	3.351	0.321	4.754	8.426	893.807
Ⅳ	落叶阔叶林	67.856	20.016	2.203	26.279	48.497	714.705
Ⅴ	常绿落叶阔叶混交林	64.007	21.106	2.090	37.225	60.421	943.975
Ⅵ	常绿阔叶林	4.173	1.106	0.078	1.700	2.883	690.942
Ⅶ	暖性竹林	0.202	0.056	0.004	0.129	0.189	934.861
Ⅷ	经济林	3.103	1.329	0.074	1.172	2.575	829.922
Ⅸ	灌丛	317.078	113.775	5.064	100.635	219.473	692.174

代码	森林类型	回归方程	相关系数R²	P
Ⅰ	温性针叶林	y = -2.5116x + 938.62	0.765	*
Ⅱ	暖性针叶林	y = -0.8702x + 831.01	0.378
Ⅲ	暖性针阔混交林	y = -3.8570x +1002.48	0.583
Ⅳ	落叶阔叶林	y = -2.6220x + 787.02	0.803	*
Ⅴ	常绿落叶阔叶混交林	y = -0.8110x + 948.23	0.106
Ⅵ	常绿阔叶林	y = -1.2000x + 727.78	0.348
Ⅶ	暖性竹林	y = -7.1497x + 991.73	0.744	*
Ⅷ	经济林	y = -4.8133x + 998.49	0.582
Ⅸ	灌丛	y = -0.5153x + 687.96	0.136
	研究区整体	y = -2.4350x + 828.09	0.910	**