尼泊尔土地覆被遥感制图及其空间格局分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.01384

地球信息科学学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (10): 1384-1398.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.01384

尼泊尔土地覆被遥感制图及其空间格局分析

曹小敏^1,²(), 李爱农^1,*^*(), 雷光斌^1,², 谭剑波^1,², 张正健¹, 严冬^1,², 谢瀚^1,³, 张帅旗^1,⁴, 杨勇帅^1,², 孙明江^1,⁴

1. 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,成都 610041
2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
3. 西南交通大学,成都 610031
4. 成都信息工程大学,成都 610225

收稿日期:2015-03-16 修回日期:2015-04-30 出版日期:2016-10-25 发布日期:2016-10-25
作者简介:
作者简介：曹小敏（1990-）,女,硕士生,主要从事土地覆被遥感制图与变化检测研究。E-mail: llcxm24@163.com
基金资助:
中国科学院国际合作局对外合作重点项目(GJHZ201320);中国科学院重点部署项目课题(KZZD-EW-08-01);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项子课题(XDA05050105)

Land Cover Mapping and Spatial Pattern Analysis with Remote Sensing in Nepal

CAO Xiaomin^1,²(), LI Ainong^1,^*(), LEI Guangbin^1,², TAN Jianbo^1,², ZHANG Zhengjian¹, YAN Dong^1,², XIE Han^1,³, ZHANG Shuaiqi^1,⁴, YANG Yongshuai^1,², SUN Mingjiang^1,⁴

1. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
2. University of ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
4. Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China

Received:2015-03-16 Revised:2015-04-30 Online:2016-10-25 Published:2016-10-25
Contact: LI Ainong

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

尼泊尔作为兴都库什-喜马拉雅区域的重要组成部分,是一个从平原到山地再到高原的典型过渡地带,具有多样且复杂的土地覆被类型。开展尼泊尔国家尺度的土地覆被研究,对该国的国土资源管理、生态环境保护具有重要的科学和实践意义,同时也能为中国倡导的“一带一路”国际区域经济合作战略提供基础数据保障。本文选用Landsat TM影像为数据源,基于面向对象与决策树相结合的土地覆被遥感制图方法,生产了尼泊尔全境2010年土地覆被产品（NepalCover-2010）,该产品包括8个一级类和32个二级类。同时,本文基于Google Earth高分辨率影像获取验证样本开展了NepalCover-2010产品的精度验证工作,并进一步分析了该国土地覆被类型的数量结构特征和空间格局特征与地形、气象要素间的关系。研究结果表明：① NepalCover-2010产品一级类总体分类精度达94.83%,Kappa系数为0.94;二级类的总体分类精度达87.17%,Kappa系数为0.85,能够准确地反映尼泊尔土地覆被类型的空间分布格局,是同类土地覆被产品中精度最好的。② 林地是尼泊尔最主要的土地覆被类型,其面积约占尼泊尔国土面积的41%。耕地次之,其面积占比约为25%,其中水田和旱地的面积分布比例约为2:3。③ 地形和气象要素对尼泊尔的土地覆被类型空间分布格局具有显著影响,自南向北随着地势的抬升,各土地覆被类型出现顺序表现出水田、常绿阔叶林、旱地、常绿阔叶灌木林、常绿针叶林、草原、稀疏植被和冰川/永久积雪的垂直地带性特征。

关键词: 一带一路, 尼泊尔, 土地覆被, 空间格局, 遥感

Abstract:

Nepal, located in the core region of the Hindu-Kush-Himalayan region, has complicated and diverse land cover classes. Meanwhile, its topography shows a typical transition pattern from plain to mountain, and then to plateau. Land cover mapping of Nepal not only has a great scientific and practical significance to its land resource management and eco-environmental protection, but also contributes greatly to the basic data collection in this area, which will support China’s international regional economic cooperation strategy of “the Belt and Road Initiative”. In this paper, the land cover product of Nepal in 2010 (hereinafter referred to as the NepalCover-2010) was produced from Landsat TM image data sources, based on the combined cartographic method of object-oriented methods and decision trees. The product contains 8 primary categories and 32 secondary categories. Besides, the accuracy validation of the NepalCover-2010 was performed using samples obtained from high-resolution Google Earth imagery. The quantitative structural characteristics of Nepal and the relationships between the spatial distribution of typical land cover classes and the topographical and meteorological elements were analyzed. The results demonstrated that: (1) the overall accuracies of the primary and secondary categories for the NepalCover-2010 are 94.83% and 87.17% respectively. The Kappa coefficients are 0.94 and 0.85 respectively. The NepalCover-2010 can reflect the spatial distribution characteristics of land covers in Nepal. The comparison between the NepalCover-2010 with similar land cover products indicated that the NepalCover-2010 has the best accuracy. (2) Forest is the major land cover class in Nepal, and it accounts for 41% of the total land area of Nepal. Cultivated land accounts for 25% and the area ratio of paddy field to dry land is about 2:3. (3) The topographical and meteorological elements impact greatly on the spatial distribution of land cover classes. The spatial distribution of each land cover class possesses the characteristics of vertical zonality, and the appearance pattern of the typical land cover classes from the south to the north is paddy fields, evergreen broadleaf forests, dry lands, evergreen broadleaf shrubs, evergreen needleleaf forests, steppes, sparse vegetation, snow and ice, along with the increase in altitude.

Key words: the Belt and Road Initiative, Nepal, land cover, spatial pattern, remote sensing

曹小敏, 李爱农, 雷光斌, 谭剑波, 张正健, 严冬, 谢瀚, 张帅旗, 杨勇帅, 孙明江. 尼泊尔土地覆被遥感制图及其空间格局分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2016, 18(10): 1384-1398.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.01384

CAO Xiaomin,LI Ainong,LEI Guangbin,TAN Jianbo,ZHANG Zhengjian,YAN Dong,XIE Han,ZHANG Shuaiqi,YANG Yongshuai,SUN Mingjiang. Land Cover Mapping and Spatial Pattern Analysis with Remote Sensing in Nepal[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2016, 18(10): 1384-1398.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.01384

图/表 14

图1

图2

表1

尼泊尔土地覆被分类系统

Ⅰ级分类	Ⅱ级分类	分类依据
林地	常绿阔叶林	自然或半自然植被,终年常绿,树冠浑圆,C>60%,H>5 m
	落叶阔叶林	自然或半自然植被,冬季落叶,夏季葱绿,树冠浑圆,C>60%,H>5 m
	常绿针叶林	自然或半自然植被,终年常绿,针状叶,C>60%,H>5 m
	落叶针叶林	自然或半自然植被,冬季落叶,夏季葱绿,针状叶,C>60%,H>5 m
	针阔混交林	自然或半自然植被,C>60%,H>5 m,针阔比率大于25%,小于75%。
	乔木绿地	人工植被,位于人工表面周围,C>60%,H>5 m
灌木林	常绿阔叶灌木林	自然或半自然植被,终年常绿,树冠浑圆,20%<C<40%,0.3m<H<5 m
	落叶阔叶灌木林	自然或半自然植被,冬季落叶,夏季葱绿,树冠浑圆,20%<C<40%,0.3 m<H<5 m
	常绿针叶灌木林	自然或半自然植被,终年常绿,针状叶,20%<C<40%,0.3 m<H<5 m
	灌木绿地	人工植被,位于人工表面周围,20%<C<40%,0.3 m<H<5 m
草地	草甸	自然或半自然植被,水生,C>20%,0.03 m<H<3 m
	草原	自然或半自然植被,旱生或中旱生,C>20%,0.03 m<H<3 m
	草丛	自然或半自然植被,C>20%,0.03 m<H<3 m
	草本绿地	人工植被,位于人工表面周围,C>20%,0.03 m<H<3 m
湿地	草本湿地	自然或半自然植被,以季节半生浮水植物为主的淡水沼泽,C>20%,0.03 m<H<3 m
	湖泊	自然水面,静止,蓄水功能
	水库/坑塘	人工水面,静止,蓄水功能
	河流	自然水面,线性流动
	运河/水渠	人工水面,流动,输水、分洪、排涝、给水等功能
	河漫滩	自然形成,位于河流周围,洪水期淹没,枯水期出露
耕地	水田	人工植被,土地扰动,以水生作物为主,兼有水旱轮作方式,收割过程
	旱地	人工植被,土地扰动,以旱生、抗旱作物为主,收割过程
	乔木园地	人工植被,具有经济效益,C>60%,H>5 m
	灌木园地	人工植被,20%<C<40%,0.3 m<H<5 m
人工表面	居住地	人工硬表面,居住建筑
	工业用地	人工硬表面,生产建筑
	交通用地	人工硬表面,线状地物
	采矿场	人工挖掘形成的采坑、台阶和露天沟道等
裸露地	稀疏植被	自然或半自然植被,4%<C<20%,0.03 m<H<3 m
	裸岩	自然形成,裸露坚硬地表,无植被生长
	裸土	自然形成,裸露壤质地表,植被稀少
冰川/永久积雪	冰川/永久积雪	自然形成,固体水库,终年覆盖地表

表1

图3

图4

图5

表2

图6

图7

图8

表3

图9

图10

图11

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验证点		土地覆被类型
验证点		A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	总计	制图精度/(%)
	A	188		8	3	4							1					204	92.16
	B		85	2	1	1												89	95.51
	C	27	1	163	3	1												195	83.59
	D	4		1	21								6					32	65.63
	E	2	6			33			2				3					46	71.74
	F					3	12	1	2									18	66.67
	G							11										11	100.00
	H								134				5		6		3	148	90.54
	I									13		2						15	86.67
	J										12							12	100.00
	K	3									1	142	14					160	88.75
	L	11	4	4		5		2	3	2		16	328					375	87.47
	M											1		26				27	96.30
	N							1	9						39		1	50	78.00
	O														3	16	4	23	69.57
	P			1		1	1	2	7						2		109	123	88.62
	总计	235	96	179	28	48	13	17	157	15	13	161	357	26	50	16	119	1528
	用户精度/(%)	80.00	88.54	91.06	75.00	68.75	92.31	64.71	85.35	86.67	92.31	88.20	91.88	100.00	78.00	100.00	93.16
总体分类精度/(%) 87.17 Kappa系数 0.85

Ⅰ级分类	面积/（km²）	比例/（%）	Ⅱ级分类	面积（km²）	比例/（%）	Ⅰ级分类	面积/（km²）	比例/（%）	Ⅱ级分类	面积/（km²）	比例/（%）
林地	60 009.27	40.66	常绿阔叶林	26 794.78	18.16	湿地	2945.41	2.00	草本湿地	101.56	0.07
			落叶阔叶林	8 965.31	6.08				湖泊	71.77	0.05
			常绿针叶林	23 803.30	16.13				水库/坑塘	42.08	0.03
			针阔混交林	440.75	0.30				河流	1057.57	0.72
			乔木绿地	5.14	0.00				运河/水渠	17.05	0.01
灌木林	12 811.13	8.68	常绿阔叶灌木林	5 271.21	3.57				河漫滩	1655.37	1.12
			落叶阔叶灌木林	6 224.20	4.22	人工表面	512.67	0.35	居住地	427.35	0.29
			常绿针叶灌木林	1 314.64	0.89				工业用地	4.61	0.00
			灌木绿地	1.07	0.00				交通用地	79.07	0.05
草地	15 898.78	10.77	草甸	1 533.97	1.04				采矿场	1.65	0.00
			草原	13 880.24	9.41	裸露地	10 29.96	7.00	稀疏植被	6978.82	4.73
			草丛	475.67	0.32				裸岩	373.14	0.25
			草本绿地	8.90	0.01				裸土	2978.01	2.02
耕地	36 901.96	25.01	水田	13 938.75	9.45	冰川/永久积雪	8160.79	5.53	冰川/永久积雪	8160.79	5.53
			旱地	22 846.88	15.48
			乔木园地	114.90	0.08
			灌木园地	1.43	0.00

尼泊尔土地覆被遥感制图及其空间格局分析

Land Cover Mapping and Spatial Pattern Analysis with Remote Sensing in Nepal

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