青藏高原湖泊面积动态监测

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2017.00972

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高原湖泊的动态变化对区域水循环具有重要影响。受全球气候变化的影响,青藏高原湖泊自20世纪90年代开始呈现剧烈扩张趋势。为揭示近年来青藏高原湖泊面积的时空变化规律,本文提出了一种改进的半自动湖泊提取算法,结合环境减灾卫星（HJ-1A/1B）和Landsat系列卫星影像数据,对青藏高原内流流域中面积大于50 km²的127个湖泊进行了连续6年的动态监测,并分析了该区域2009-2014年湖泊面积时空变化特征。研究结果表明,该区域湖泊整体呈现显著扩张趋势,年均变化速率为231.89 km²yr^-1（0.87 %yr^-1）,6年间湖泊面积扩张速率有所减缓。其中,扩张湖泊有104个,收缩湖泊有23个,变化速率分别为271.08 km²yr^-1（1.02 % yr^-1）和-39.19 km²yr^-1（-0.15 %yr^-1）。不同区域湖泊面积变化具有明显差异,主要表现为东部及北部大部分区域湖泊扩张,南部地区大部分湖泊面积稳定,萎缩湖泊主要分布于研究区四周。最后,本文通过分析冰川融水补给对湖泊面积变化的影响,发现存在冰川融水补给的湖泊面积变化率远大于不存在冰川融水补给的湖泊。由此可见,近年来冰川融水的增加是促进青藏高原内流流域湖泊扩张的主要因素之一。

关键词: 青藏高原, 湖泊, 遥感, 动态制图, 环境减灾卫星

Abstract:

The lakes on the high-altitude plateau play an essential role in the local water cycle. Alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau have experienced a rapid expansion since 1990s under the global climate change. In order to understand the changing pattern of alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau in recent years, this study monitored 127 lakes larger than 50 square kilometers annually on the endorheic Tibetan basin from 2009 to 2014. Based on a semi-automatic lake extraction method, we combined multi-temporal HJ-1A/1B imagery and Landsat imagery to extract lake boundaries accurately. The results have shown that the surface area of large lakes experienced a significant expansion with an overall rate of 231.89 km² yr^-1 (0.87 %yr^-1) and the trend of lake expansion is slowing down during the study period. 104 lakes expanded at a rate of 271.08 km² yr^-1 (1.02 %yr^-1), while 23 lakes shrunk at a rate of -39.19 km²yr^-1 (-0.15 %yr^-1). The spatial pattern of the lake area dynamics also have shown significant regional difference. The expanded lakes are distributed in the most of the east and north study area, while the stable lakes are mainly distributed in the south basin. Besides, the shrunken lakes are scattered at the border of the study area. Based on the comparison between the changing rates of glacier-fed and non-glacier-fed lakes, glacier-fed lakes have shown a much rapid expansion trend than non-glacier-fed lakes, which indicates that the increase of glacier wastage is one of the main factors that contributed to the expansion of Tibetan lakes.

Key words: Tibetan Plateau, lakes, remote sensing, lake dynamic mapping, HJ-1A/1B

杨珂含, 姚方方, 董迪, 董文, 骆剑承. 青藏高原湖泊面积动态监测[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2017, 19(7): 972-982.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2017.00972

YANG Kehan,YAO Fangfang,DONG Di,DONG Wen,LUO Jiancheng. Spatiotemporal Monitoring of Lake Area Dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2017, 19(7): 972-982.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2017.00972

图/表 9

图1

表1

表2

本文所使用的环境减灾卫星以及Landsat卫星影像列表

2009年			2010年			2011年			2012年			2013年					2014年
传感器	轨道号	采集日期	传感器	轨道号	采集日期	传感器	轨道号	采集日期	传感器	轨道号	采集日期	传感器		轨道号		采集日期	传感器		轨道号		采集日期
1A/CCD1	31/72	0927	1A/CCD1	31/72	0901	1A/CCD1	43/72	1012	1A/CCD1	30/72	0913	1A/CCD1	30/72		1010		1A/CCD1	33/76		1031
1A/CCD1	34/80	1013	1A/CCD1	33/76	1026	1A/CCD1	44/73	1028	1A/CCD1	32/76	1002	1A/CCD1	30/76		1010		1A/CCD1	35/72		0918
1A/CCD2	29/80	1108	1A/CCD1	34/80	1030	1A/CCD2	33/79	1014	1A/CCD1	33/68	1021	1A/CCD1	31/80		1010		1A/CCD1	45/72		1005
1A/CCD2	34/74	1024	1A/CCD2	30/80	1029	1A/CCD2	40/76	1011	1A/CCD1	42/80	1022	1A/CCD1	48/72		1016		1A/CCD2	30/78		1111
1A/CCD2	36/71	00927	1A/CCD2	31/73	1029	1A/CCD2	41/80	1023	1A/CCD1	47/72	930	1A/CCD2	34/69		1006		1A/CCD2	38/80		1112
1A/CCD2	39/80	1013	1A/CCD2	35/72	901	1B/CCD1	29/72	1028	1A/CCD2	30/80	1020	1A/CCD2	35/72		1010		1A/CCD2	40/76		0918
1A/CCD2	45/72	1006	1A/CCD2	38/76	1026	1B/CCD1	29/79	1024	1A/CCD2	31/76	0905	1A/CCD2	35/76		1010		1A/CCD2	45/76		1028
1B/CCD1	34/68	1015	1A/CCD2	44/72	1019	1B/CCD1	36/72	1013	1A/CCD2	35/72	0913	1A/CCD2	35/80		1010		1B/CCD1	29/72		1009
1B/CCD1	35/76	1015	1B/CCD1	41/76	1025	1B/CCD1	37/80	1029	1A/CCD2	35/76	0928	1A/CCD2	40/80		1026		1B/CCD1	36/68		1002
1B/CCD1	38/72	926	1B/CCD1	41/80	1025	1B/CCD1	41/72	0920	1A/CCD2	37/80	1002	1A/CCD2	42/72		1007		1B/CCD1	36/72		1006
1B/CCD2	28/76	0928	1B/CCD2	29/72	1019	1B/CCD2	30/76	0914	1A/CCD2	38/80	1021	1B/CCD1	37/72		1009		1B/CCD1	41/80		0917
1B/CCD2	28/79	0928	1B/CCD2	35/69	1008	1B/CCD2	33/72	1012	1B/CCD1	37/72	0912	1B/CCD1	37/76		1009		1B/CCD2	30/76		1113
1B/CCD2	33/72	1022	1B/CCD2	39/76	1015	1B/CCD2	34/68	1028	1B/CCD2	41/72	0927	OLI	138/39		1012		1B/CCD2	31/70		0919
1B/CCD2	39/76	1015	1B/CCD2	45/76	1025	TM	138/35	1108	1B/CCD2	43/76	1001						1B/CCD2	33/80		1005
1B/CCD2	43/72	926	TM	138/39	1020												1B/CCD2	34/76		1013
1B/CCD2	43/76	1031	TM	141/36	1025												1B/CCD2	41/72		1006
TM	138/39	0830^①	TM	143/35	1108												1B/CCD2	41/76		1006
TM	140/35	0929	TM	143/36	1108
			TM	144/36	0928

表2

表3

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

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湖泊	湖泊类型	省份	纬度/°N	经度/°E	面积/km^{2 ②}	主要补给方式
色林错^①	微咸水湖	西藏	32.1	89.1	2376	地表径流
纳木错	微咸水湖	西藏	30.7	90.6	2026	地表径流,湖面降水
昂拉仁错	微咸水湖	西藏	31.5	83.1	503	地表径流
扎日南木错	微咸水湖	西藏	30.9	85.6	1006	地表径流,湖面降水
当惹雍错	微咸水湖	西藏	31.1	86.6	846	地表径流
乌兰乌拉湖	微咸水湖	青海	34.8	90.5	634	地表径流,湖面降水
西金乌兰湖	盐湖	青海	35.3	90.2	532	地表径流
米提江占木错^①	咸水湖	青海、西藏	33.4	90.1	1038	冰川融水径流
阿雅克库木湖	盐湖	新疆	37.5	89.4	950	冰雪融水径流
阿其格库勒	盐湖	新疆	37.1	88.4	507	地表径流

湖泊	湖泊面积/km²						年变化率/%yr^-1
湖泊	2009年	2010年	2011年	2012年	2013年	2014年	年变化率/%yr^-1
色林错	2345.04	2346.92	2374.66	2381.37	2403.01	2402.71	0.56*
纳木错	2024.41	2024.58	2026.43	2026.61	2026.79	2027.22	0.03*
扎日南木错	1005.03	1005.00	1006.04	1005.76	1005.23	1006.39	0.02
当惹雍错	844.10	847.78	839.91	853.57	848.94	842.71	0.03
昂拉仁错	502.28	505.06	503.39	503.17	503.72	500.43	-0.08
乌兰乌拉湖	600.04	616.74	640.81	649.84	643.31	655.97	1.66*
西金乌兰湖	498.89	517.15	539.34	547.91	537.90	548.17	1.71*
米提江占木错	1014.70	1022.26	1036.00	1046.66	1054.94	1056.13	0.87*
阿雅克库木湖	871.57	931.37	947.93	975.92	986.22	985.80	2.30*
阿其格库勒	469.14	486.07	497.45	516.51	532.14	542.05	2.94*