近30年刘家峡以下黄河上游河道湿地演变规律与驱动力分析

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2017.01116

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

河道湿地是流域生态系统中,位于水陆交错地带,关联陆地生态系统和水生生态系统的桥梁和纽带,对蓄水滞洪、净化水质和水土保持,以下维持生物多样性和生态平衡起重要的作用。本文采用1986、1996、2000、2006和2015年5期Landsat遥感影像数据对刘家峡以下黄河上游湿地进行湿地解译提取,并利用空间统计分析法、转移矩阵法和质心位置变化法对刘家峡以下黄河上游河段河道湿地演变规律以及驱动力因素进行研究。结果表明,1986-2015年,黄河上游河道湿地面积从17.3万hm²逐渐减少到12.2万hm²,减少了29.0%。研究区土地利用类型的转移主要发生在河流、裸滩、草本湿地与耕地的相互转化上。过去30年嫩滩湿地的变化幅度远大于老滩湿地,嫩滩湿地面积从1986年的15.46万hm²减少到2015年的10.41万hm²,减少了32.7%,嫩滩湿地演变规律为天生湿地型之间的相互演变,即河流-裸滩-沼泽湿地。而老滩湿地面积基本处在稳定状态,面积范围在1.84~2.28万hm²之间,具有天然湿地-人工湿地与天然湿地-农业用地的演变规律特征。水渠湿地、坑塘湿地和森林湿地质心位置变化较为突出,由单一类型动态度分析可知,研究区自然湿地萎缩、城镇化加速、河流水面面积减少加快。以上分析结果与研究区气温、水利水电工程、灌溉用水、凌汛期冰情以及城镇化程度均有关,与降雨量无明确关系。

关键词: 河道湿地, 黄河上游、湿地系统动态演变, 转移矩阵法, 质心位置变化法

Abstract:

In the river basin ecosystem, channel wetland is located in aquatic terrestrial ecotone. The bridge and the link between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems play an irreplaceable role in water detention, water purification, soil-water conservation, maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance. In this paper, we used Landsat satellite images of 1986, 1996, 2000, 2006 and 2015 to extract different types of river wetland systems between the Liujiaxia and Togtoh County of inner Mongolia in the last three decades. Then, we used spatial stastics analysis, transfer matrix and centroid position change method to analyze dynamic evolution and driving factors of wetland types. The results shows that, during 1986-2015 years, channel wetland area in the study area gradually decreased from 173×104 ha to 122×104 ha (~29.0%). Wetland transformation of the study area mainly occurs between the river, nude beach, herbal-wetland and farmland. In the last thirty years, the range of active channel wetland changes far greater than non-active channel wetland. The area of active channel wetland decreased from 15.46 ×104 ha in 1986 to 10.41×104 ha in 2015, decreased by 32.7%. The evolution of the active channel wetlands mainly occurs between the natural wetland types, namely, the river-bare Beach-swamp wetland. The non-active wetland area is basically stable, and the area is between 1.84-2.28 ×104 ha. It has characteristics of transformation between the natural wetland -constructed wetland and between natural wetland - agricultural land. The centroid position change of forest wetland, canal wetland and pond wetland are more prominent compared to other wetland types. The results of the single land use dynamics shows that, due to gradually accelerating urbanization pace, antrophy of the natural wetlands, increase the weight of farmland salinity, hydroelectric station system construction caused gradually decrease in the river area. The cropland to forest policy and the grassland to cropland policy result to accelerated dynamic change of forset, pounds, river, farmland, abandonedland and bareland. Through the analysis of channel wetlands, the change of active channel wetland mainly contribute to the wetland change of whole study area. The change of non-active channel wetlands was less affected by channel wetland changes. Our results are related to temperature, water conservancy, hydropower engineering and irrigation water, urbanization degree and ice flood season, but less sensitive to precipitation.

Key words: the upstream of the Yellow River, dynamic change of wetland system, transfer matrix method, centriod position change method, land use dynamics

夏热帕提·阿不来提, 刘高焕, 刘庆生, 黄翀, 管续栋. 近30年刘家峡以下黄河上游河道湿地演变规律与驱动力分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2017, 19(8): 1116-1131.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2017.01116

Xarapat Ablat,LIU Gaohuan,LIU Qingsheng,HUANG Chong,GUAN Xudong. Channel Wetlands Evolution Analysis From Liujiaxia to Togtoh County of Inner Mongolia in the Last Three Decades[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2017, 19(8): 1116-1131.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2017.01116

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一级	二级	三级	说明
湿地	天然湿地	河流	自然水面,流动的
		裸滩	主河槽内部或者两翼的裸地
		草本湿地	覆盖植被以灌木或草本为主,湿土
		森林湿地	覆盖植被以乔木为主,湿土
	人工湿地	坑塘湿地	规则四边形人工集水水面,静态
		水渠湿地	线状规则性人工流动的水面
		水库湿地	无规则形状人工集水水面
非湿地		耕地	指农作物种植地
		林地	以乔木植被覆盖地
		草地	以草本植被为主地,包括天然和人工草地
		建设用地	包括居住地、各级道路、建筑用地
		撂荒地	表层盐碱聚集,生长天然耐盐植物地
		裸地	表层为土质,基本无植被覆盖地

土地利用类型			影像特征
Ⅰ级		Ⅱ级	形态	色调	纹理	影像（432合成）
湿地	河流		具有线状特征	蓝色和深蓝色	无纹理特征,表面平滑
	嫩滩		形状不规则	暗灰色或者暗灰蓝	表面平滑
	草本湿地		呈不规则形状	红色或深红色	具有纹理特征
	森林湿地		形状不规则分布	深红色	具有明显的纹理特征
	水渠湿地		规则性线状分布	深蓝色	无纹理特征
	水库湿地		呈不规则面状特征	深蓝色	无纹理特征
	坑塘湿地		呈规则面状特征	深蓝色	不具有纹理特征
耕地			呈规则形状,方块或矩形	深红色、红色、淡红色	纹理特征显著
林地		形状不规则分布		深红色	具有纹理特征
草地		形状不规则分布		淡红色	无纹理特征
建设用地		呈不规则形状		青铜色、暗灰色	具有强烈的纹理特征
未利用地	撂荒地	呈现花瓣状,不规则形状		亮白色	无纹理特征
	裸地	形状不规则分布		灰色	无纹理特征
	裸滩	形状不规则分布		灰色或者深灰色	无纹理特征

地类		1986年	1996年	2000年	2006年	2015年
天然湿地	河流	9.18	5.50	5.32	5.47	5.14
	裸滩	2.65	2.78	3.50	2.35	2.11
	草本湿地	3.03	3.65	3.13	2.78	2.40
	森林湿地	0.84	0.53	0.39	0.51	0.71
人工湿地	坑塘湿地	0.24	0.35	0.49	0.32	0.57
	水库湿地	1.15	1.15	1.00	1.08	1.15
	水渠湿地	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.13
草地		0.62	0.46	0.26	0.34	0.25
耕地		16.24	19.94	19.85	21.26	21.45
林地		0.43	0.39	0.50	0.65	0.67
建设用地		0.39	0.54	0.66	0.80	1.39
撂荒地		0.58	0.61	0.95	0.60	0.89
裸地		2.34	1.73	1.62	1.54	0.99

地类		1996年
地类		草本湿地	草地	耕地	河流	建设用地	坑塘湿地	撂荒地	林地	裸地	裸滩	森林湿地	水库湿地	水渠湿地
1986年	草本湿地	12 363.19	299.77	11 542.83	2483.20	75.18	186.03	246.42	350.56	402.20	1902.21	488.54		165.19
	草地	891.84	2347.54	1773.80	596.66	5.62	7.98	10.86	117.34	211.93	150.08	16.53		39.91
	耕地	4542.42	94.03	142 368.78	5240.52	1594.24	929.52	2057.45	749.47	1435.26	3241.95	370.17		372.25
	河流	10 996.46	1009.25	21 367.00	40 106.10	12.47	401.46	313.46	516.54	531.80	16 086.79	286.67		282.51
	建设用地	23.39		1013.16	2.88	2741.90	61.23	4.22	33.47	1.53		32.12		14.31
	坑塘湿地	97.19	42.30	737.56	75.44	2.22	1336.26		28.11	5.80	48.31	0.11		22.34
	撂荒地	337.10	0.89	1934.56	265.34	116.74	4.71	2406.28	11.73	195.53	496.18	1.00		12.97
	林地	103.47	17.29	1737.48	170.55	400.98	16.76	13.13	1603.78	124.77	72.57	50.61		4.64
	裸地	1726.48	324.58	3914.58	884.28	412.42	47.75	700.97	272.84	14 127.74	743.41	101.75		60.65
	裸滩	4229.07	441.09	10 800.16	5053.21	14.05	176.58	356.11	91.32	212.01	4876.39	50.15		153.24
	森林湿地	1184.35	1.26	2292.88	335.50	5.15	287.59	7.39	126.22	64.63	138.20	3905.82		43.70
	水库湿地				1.86								11 532.63
	水渠湿地	120.84		976.65	35.76	25.76	31.21	59.86	43.79	8.05	41.32	27.68		502.27

地类		2000年
地类		草本湿地	草地	耕地	河流	建设用地	坑塘湿地	撂荒地	林地	裸地	裸滩	森林湿地	水库湿地	水渠湿地
1996年	草本湿地	13 515.65	553.56	13807.00	3188.86	5.59	40.57	516.91	397.24	301.75	3485.89	629.98		88.34
	草地	739.77	1396.93	1103.59	161.95	7.40	35.96	129.14	163.82	451.57	205.39	177.46		5.13
	耕地	8875.78	148.63	157 120.92	7294.61	1791.83	2482.24	5357.55	1991.53	970.04	12 483.94	447.09		415.16
	河流	3096.12	218.48	6469.09	33 691.28	77.19	299.39	84.29	143.88	163.33	10 548.15	13.02		147.85
	建设用地		2.58	1129.69	16.81	4042.25	6.46		44.04	141.35	0.02			23.54
	坑塘湿地	271.17	3.61	1162.70	176.29	24.81	1467.78	32.30	84.35	39.16	111.75	65.94		47.45
	撂荒地	363.85	0.09	2533.95	53.37	247.95		2110.57	18.07	548.79	198.09			17.31
	林地	392.16	0.18	1484.96	207.04	32.93	22.74	0.16	1622.93	58.89	66.07	21.76		35.66
	裸地	186.18	225.07	3221.50	221.53	349.30	3.38	1097.56	88.36	11 417.35	368.16	9.10	10.20	123.51
	裸滩	3016.35	76.99	8346.63	7922.22	17.43	132.43	163.82	140.89	383.07	7373.15	0.77		202.75
	森林湿地	659.45	0.37	1392.31	120.12	7.36	325.92	19.74	187.84	30.66	91.06	2434.35		62.01
	水库湿地									1565.69			9961.36
	水渠湿地	184.61		654.94	122.23	8.28	34.47	0.95	78.31	1.10	61.93	48.68		478.48