桂林-阳朔地区DEM地形特征与岩性相关性分析及分类研究

doi:10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.190402

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地形地貌是岩性解译的重要信息,地形因子作为描述DEM数字曲面几何特征的定量指标参数,可用来定量化表达不同岩性所在地区地形地貌特征。本文以桂林-阳朔地区为研究区,研究地形因子数学、地质意义,建立岩性与地形因子组合间的定量关联,进而实现岩石类型划分。本文基于ASTERGDEM提取坡度、起伏度等12个地形因子,在分析各个地形因子地质意义基础上,通过聚类分析及方差分析的多元统计分析方法,研究各岩性地形因子特性及其关联性,建立研究区岩性之间的定量差异;此外,利用因子分析方法研究岩性分类过程中的主导因素,确定适宜岩性分类方法以实现定量化岩性分类。实验结果表明：不同岩性、不同地形地貌的地形因子（组合）之间具有显著差异,基于因子分析得到的宏观地形复杂度指数（MTI）以及微观曲率指数（MCI）对岩石类型的分类精度达77.36%。研究表明,地形复杂度等地形因子可用于岩性分类,采用因子分析方法可获取反映地形地貌宏观、微观特征的定量指标,且岩性分类效果良好。

关键词: 地形因子, 岩性分类, 聚类分析, 因子分析, DEM, 宏观地形复杂度指数, 微观曲率指数, 桂林-阳朔地区

Abstract:

Topographic and geomorphological features are important for remote sensing lithologic interpretation, but there still lacks quantitative analysis of the geological correlation between topography and lithology. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is a digital representation and simulation of topographic and geomorphological features in space. Topographic factors derived from DEM can describe the characteristics of concave and convex changes of different topographic slopes and undulations, thus quantitatively describing the characteristics of different topographic and geomorphological features. This paper focuses on studying the mathematical and geological significance of topographic factors, by establishing the quantitative correlation between lithology and topographic factors combination for classifying rock types. Based on ASTER GDEM data, this paper extracted 12 topographic factors, such as slope, profile curvature, maximum curvature, topographic relief, and elevation coefficient of variation. Based on analysis of the geological significance of each topographic factor, the characteristics and correlation of each lithologic topographic factor were studied by cluster analysis and variance analysis, and the quantitative difference between lithologies in the study area was established. In addition, the factor analysis method was used to study the dominant factors in the process of lithological classification, and to determine the appropriate lithological classification method and achieve quantitative lithological classification. Quantitative research was carried out on the two basic issues: whether topographic factors can be used for lithologic classification and how to use topographic factors to identify lithology. Experimental results show: (1) There was a significant correlation between lithology and topographic factors and the topographic factors of different lithologies could be distinguished significantly. (2) There were significant differences among the topographic factors (combinations) of different lithology and topography. The macro-topographic complexity index (MTI) and micro-curvature index (MCI) based on factor analysis had a relatively high classification accuracy of 77.36% for the rock types in the study area, highly consistent with the actual lithologic types. Our findings suggest that topographic factors such as slope and topographic complexity can be used for lithological classification, and that factor analysis can be used to obtain quantitative indicators reflecting macro-topographic complexity and micro-topographic curvature characteristics. This study can serve as a methodological reference for quantitative classification of lithology.

Key words: topographic factors, lithological classification, cluster analysis, factor analysis, DEM, macro-topographic complexity index, micro-curvature index, Guilin-Yangshuo

陈霄燕, 潘军, 邢立新, 蒋立军, 孙也涵, 仲伟敬, 范博文. 桂林-阳朔地区DEM地形特征与岩性相关性分析及分类研究[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2019, 21(12): 1867-1876.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.190402

CHEN Xiaoyan, PAN Jun, XING Lixin, JIANG Lijun, SUN Yehan, ZHONG Weijing, FAN Bowen. Correlation Analysis and Classification of DEM Topographic Features and Lithology in Guilin-Yangshuo, China[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2019, 21(12): 1867-1876.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.190402

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空间范围	名称	定义	地质意义
微观	高程	地面点沿铅垂线到大地水准面的距离	反映该点岩石地层的剥蚀程度
	坡度	曲面一点P的法线方向与天顶方向Z之间的夹角	与该点岩石地层产状密切相关
	剖面曲率	过地面点P的法矢量且与该点坡度平行的法截面与地形曲面相交的曲线在该点的曲率	反映该点在坡度方向上的凹凸、弯曲情况及岩性破碎程度,抗风化能力
	水平曲率	过p点等高线的曲率	反映该点所在地面等高线的弯曲程度及岩性破碎程度,抗风化能力
	纵向曲率	沿下坡方向的坡度变化率	反映该点在坡度方向上弯曲、变化情况及岩性破碎程度,抗风化能力
	横向曲率	与下坡方向垂直的方向上的坡度变化率	反映该点在坡度垂直方向上的弯曲、变化情况及岩性破碎程度,抗风化能力
	最大/最小曲率	计算得到整体曲率的最大值/最小值	在整体上反映地面越弯曲程度及岩性抗风化能力,并可以用来识别山脊和山谷
宏观	地形起伏度	区域内的最大高程和最小高程之差	反映该地岩性抗风化能力
	地表切割深度	区域内高程平均值和最小高程之差	反映地表被侵蚀切割情况,岩石透水性及抗风化能力
	高程变异系数	区域内高程的标准差与均值之比	反映地表破碎程度,及岩性抗风化能力
	地表粗糙度	区域地形表面积和投影面积之比	反映地表光洁程度、地形复杂程度及岩石坚硬程度,及透水性强弱

岩性	遥感影像	DEM影像
Є（寒武系杂砂岩、页岩）
D1（泥盆系砂岩、页岩、砾岩及碳酸盐岩）
D2（泥盆系碳酸盐岩、砂岩、页岩夹赤铁矿）
D3（泥盆系碳酸盐岩、硅质岩夹锰矿）
C1（石炭系碳酸盐岩、砂岩、页岩、硅质岩夹煤及锰矿）

因子/变量（地形因子）	1.000	2.000	3.000	4.000	5.000	6.000	7.000	8.000	9.000	10.000	11.000	12.000	公因子方差
X1高程	0.911	-0.120	-0.269	0.074	0.108	-0.070	-0.035	0.245	0.007	-0.002	0.000	0.000	1.000
X2坡度	0.846	0.228	0.253	0.148	0.167	0.276	0.091	0.014	0.185	-0.003	0.000	0.000	1.000
X3剖面曲率	-0.008	0.988	0.113	0.062	0.009	0.052	-0.001	0.000	0.008	0.004	-0.059	0.000	1.000
X4水平曲率	-0.278	-0.001	-0.137	-0.084	-0.945	-0.053	-0.004	-0.002	-0.003	0.000	0.000	0.000	1.000
X5纵向曲率	0.007	0.988	0.115	0.066	0.005	0.072	0.021	-0.005	0.007	-0.001	0.029	-0.004	1.000
X6横向曲率	0.007	0.988	0.115	0.067	0.004	0.073	0.021	-0.005	0.007	-0.002	0.030	0.004	1.000
X7最小曲率	0.563	0.343	0.331	0.248	0.140	0.612	0.001	-0.008	-0.002	0.001	0.000	0.000	1.000
X8最大曲率	0.183	0.125	0.061	0.967	0.079	0.074	0.006	0.001	0.003	0.000	0.000	0.000	1.000
X9地形起伏度	0.933	-0.067	0.261	0.085	0.151	0.044	-0.038	-0.100	-0.038	0.114	0.000	0.000	1.000
X10地表切割深度	0.956	-0.126	0.116	0.077	0.141	0.027	-0.088	-0.081	-0.081	-0.097	0.001	0.000	1.000
X11高程变异系数	0.215	0.270	0.916	0.070	0.154	0.112	0.011	-0.012	0.004	0.001	0.000	0.000	1.000
X12地表粗糙度	0.826	0.258	0.227	0.136	0.104	0.317	0.261	-0.029	0.032	-0.001	0.001	0.000	1.000
方差贡献	5.775	3.311	0.950	0.843	0.673	0.263	0.078	0.059	0.023	0.020	0.005	0.000	12.000