It is very important to study the characteristics of spatial pattern and variation of soil nutrients and analyze the effect of topographical factors on the spatial distribution of soil nutrients for the effective use and management of soil nutrients. In this paper, the combination of GIS and Geostatistics methods were applied to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and variation pattern of soil nutrients (organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphors and available potassium) in the agricultural land of southeast hilly area of Fuzhou. We further studied the correlation between soil nutrients content and topographical factors (topography degrees, elevation, topographic wetness index, deposition and transport index and gradient). The results showed that: the range of organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphors and available potassium contents were between 1.10~89.5 g/kg, 1.00~461 mg/kg, 0.300~298 mg/kg, 4.00~399 mg/kg and the range of variation coefficients were 35.3~99.0%, which belonged to moderate variability. There was obviously different in the spatial abundance of soil nutrients in the cultivated land. In most of the area, the organic matter and available phosphors content were abundant, available nitrogen content was a little above average level and available potassium content was relatively scarce. The nugget coefficient of organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphors and available potassium were 32.0%, 37.3%,50.0% and 50.0%, respectively. They were medium spatial autocorrelation, indicating that they were controlled by structure and randomness. Spatial autocorrelation scale of organic matter and available nitrogen were large. They change smoothly in each direction (0°, 45°, 90° and 135°) when the step length was less than 0.3 km.and are isotropic. The variation of effective phosphorus and available potassium was small. Their direction of change was complex and they are anisotropy. These results suggested that the government needed to strengthen guidance of fertilization. Nitrogen fertilizer amount should be maintained and the potash should be increased reasonably. The organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilization should be decreased.. In addition, in the subsequent investigation, the setup of sample points should consider density and direction and appropriately increase the sampling of effective phosphorus and available potassium while nitrogen and organic matter and alkali solution sampling can be reduced based on the study.

Multi-source remote sensing data fusion is the development trend of remote sensing technology in depth. This paper analyzes in detail algorithmic application characteristics of multi-source remote sensing data from three levels of pixel-based, feature-based and decision-based fusion processings. Take Fengning County for example, specific applications of remote sensing data fusion methods in information extraction are illuminated. The data used in this study is firstly pre-processed, then the principal components of Landsat TM data in 1999 are analyzed, the first three principal components account for 97.8% of the total information, the resulted image of inversed principal components transformation is clearer and has more abundant levels. To extract information from remote sensing image, we select the fusion image from Landsat TM pan and multi-spectral bands after principal components transformation, color composition scheme of bands 4, 3, 2 and bands 5, 4, 3, and vegetation index and greenness index after tasseled cap transformation are analyzed, the remote sensing image information fusion with DEM and spatial data of GIS database can also improve the accuracy of remote sensing information extraction. Problems to be resolved and future direction of multi-source remote sensing data fusion are put forward.

The paper analyzes three plans on extraction of vegetation cover rate using remote sensing, i.e., experience model plan,vegetation index plan and mix-pix analytical plan and identifies their force, precision and existing problems in actual application. It points out what affects the wide application of precision of vegetation index transform plan abroad is the choose of the maximum NDVI - complete vegetation cover.Based upon this it introduces an improved model of vegetation index transform plan using the maximum NDVI value of the high resolution satellite image as the homogenous pixel's NDVI value to replace the NDVI value of the middle resolution satellite image, set up vegetation cover extraction model so as to develop a method for obtaining large scale vegetation cover with the aid of middle resolution satellite image. Practice proves this method is simple and practical, suitable for large scale macroscopic monitoring by applying middle resolution satellite image.

Generalization of road network is one of the focuses in map generalization. Road network generalization can be considered as the combination of two processes. One is selective omission, and the other is the simplification of selected roads. Selective omission is the key process, in which it is hard to maintain the overall and key local structures of original networks. Many solutions have been proposed for road selective omission. But previous solutions cannot maintain these structures in the process of selective omission. It will solve the problem if we can build the hierarchical structure of road networks and make selection based on the structure. This paper presents a novel method for selective omission. The method first builds the hierarchical structure of road networks. It is based on Hierarchical Random Graph (HRG) which transforms a graph into a dendrogram, which is widely used in complex networks. HRG goes beyond simple clustering and provides clustering information at all levels of granularity for visualization. But HRG is over detailed for multi-scale representation as its dendrogram usually contains tens or even more layers. So, after building HRG of road networks, we propose a measure named Accumulated Probability Number (APN) to simply HRG hierarchy. APN reflects the importance of each road in the whole network. It should be noted that we use road ‘strokes' as vertices and the connections between them as edges when transforming a road network into a graph. The proposed approach is validated with case studies of road network generalization. Different patterns of road networks are considered including grid, ring-star-hybrid, grid-star-hybrid, irregular patterns. The corresponding Google Map is used as the reference for evaluation of road selection. The results of APN-based selection match well with the reference.

Spatial-temporal trajectory classification aims at predicting the category of a spatial-temporal trajectory. The classification of spatial-temporal trajectories plays an important role in urban planning, personalized user recommendation and so on. The process of trajectory classification includes three stages: trajectory preprocessing, feature extraction and classification. This paper reviews the recent research progress on trajectory classification. Firstly, we introduce the process of trajectory classification. Then, the trajectory classification algorithms are classified into three categories according to the method of feature extraction, including the trajectory classification algorithm based on motion feature, the trajectory classification algorithm based on classification rule and the trajectory classification algorithm based on image signal analysis. We also discuss the basic ideas, advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms. Thirdly, we compare the existing classification algorithms according to the sensors, feature extraction and classifiers used in these algorithms. Finally, we introduce the challenges of the existing trajectory classification algorithms.

Land use mapping using remote sensing techniques supplies essential datasets for scientific researches including global climate change, regional sustainable development and so on. The evaluation information on the accuracy of the land use mapping determines the integrity, reliability, usability, controllability and shareability of the land use maps obtained by the applications of remote sensing techniques. In this paper, the methods, processes and results of multiple temporal land use mapping for China's coastal zone using remote sensing techniques were overviewed, and the land use maps in 2010 and 2015 were selected for accuracy evaluation. The validation samples were collected based on Google Earth and the confusion matrices were established for the whole coastal zone and its sub-regions, respectively. Then, the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were calculated. Main findings are as follows: (1) Results of land use mapping in 2010 and 2015 using remote sensing techniques achieved high accuracy. For the entire coastal zone in China, the overall accuracy came to 95.15% and 93.98%, with the Kappa coefficients of 0.9357 and 0.9229 in 2010 and 2015, respectively. (2) The accuracy of land use mapping in China's coastal zone exhibited obvious regional differences. The best accuracy was found in the coastal area of Jiangsu province in 2010, and very high accuracy were found in the coastal area of Hebei-Tianjin, Shanghai city, Hainan province and Taiwan province in 2015, while the worst accuracy was found in the coastal area of Fujian province in both 2010 and 2015. (3) The accuracy of land use mapping in China's coastal zone exhibited obvious typological differences. The very high accuracy (both producer precision and user precision) were achieved for farmland, forest, grassland and saltwater wetlands, and the high accuracy for built-up, freshwater wetlands and human made saltwater wetland, while the worst accuracy for unused land. (4) The misclassification between cultivated land and forest land, construction land and grassland is quite significant. Inland water bodies were easily misclassified into cultivated land, forest land and construction land. Artificial salt water wetlands were easily misclassified into cultivated land and construction land, and unused land. It was easy to mistakenly classify the unused land as cultivated land. These are the issues that should be paid more attention during the continuous update of the land use maps in the future. This study provides supports for the dynamic monitoring and scientific researches on coastal land use changes.

Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) classification products play an indispensable role in ecosystem assessment, climate change simulation, national geographical condition monitoring, and macro-control policy analysis at the global scale; consistency analysis is the precondition of applying various LULC classification products. This paper assessed the area consistency and spatial consistency of five LULC classification products - MCD12Q1-2010, GlobCover2009, CCI-LC2010, FROM-GLC2010 and GlobeLand30-2010- in the global coastal zones. The five products were compared in terms of the deviation coefficient, correlation coefficient, error matrix, and spatial confusion of LULC types. The main findings are as follows: (1) The spatial patterns of LULC in five products demonstrate relatively strong overall consistency, but can have significant local inconsistency. (2) The five products are qualitatively consistent yet quantitatively inconsistent in classifying the LULC in the global coastal zones ? in terms of structure, water ranks top one, followed by forest and unused land, next are farmland, grassland and shrubland, and lastly wetland and artificial surface, yet the exact area of each LULC type differs among different products. (3) For the correlation coefficient, overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient, MCD12Q1-2010/GlobCover2009 have the minimum values, 0.8814, 67.46% and 0.5748, respectively; while GlobCover2009/CCI-LC2010 have the maximum values, 0.9869, 81.50% and 0.7505, respectively; it is because GlobCover2009 and CCI-LC2010 obtained from the same production organization have the same classification system, while MCD12Q1-2010 is different from GlobCover2009 in terms of the production organization, data source, classification system, and classification method. (4) For the spatial confusion/misclassification between any two different products, grassland, shrubland, and wetland have the highest mix-up ratios, followed by farmland and artificial surface, and lastly forest, unused land, and water; this difference is because forest, unused land, and water have distinctive spectral characteristics and clear spatial textures, while grassland, shrubland, and wetland have similar spectral characteristics and fuzzy spatial distributions. (5) There are 28.81% land area in the global coastal zones with relatively low consistency, i.e., with severe spatial confusion; specifically, the misclassification of farmland, forest, grassland, shrubland, wetland, and unused land has direct influence on the spatial consistency of the five products. This paper is hoped to serve as a reference of selecting data from the five available LULC products for researching coastal zones.

Based on the principle of the CLUE-S (the conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent) model, taking Yangzhou City area as an example, we firstly collected the required data, including basic geographic data (vector data and image data) and statistics data, then preprocessed the image data, including ETM images in 2001 and ALOS images in 2007, and took use of object-oriented information extraction method to obtain a land use map for two periods (2001 and 2007). We selected the driving factors and used GIS spatial analysis tools to get a variety of spatial distribution of all the driving factors, set the model parameters, and took the land-use map in 2001 as the model input data to simulate the spatial pattern of land use of 2002-2007 in Yangzhou City area. Finally, we obtained the actual land use map of 2007 in Yangzhou City area by using the object-oriented data extraction method, and tested the simulation results of 2007 in Yangzhou City area and analyzed the applicability of the CLUE-S model. The result shows that the CLUE-S model could simulate preferably the spatial distribution pattern on a small-scale. Therefore, it could provide guidance for small city planning. So the CLUE-S model is one of the land use/land cover change models that worth to be made more widespread.

Energy fixation and organic matter production of forest ecosystem were dominated by plants, which are impacted by their growth environment. The forest ecosystem has the characteristic of long life-span, which makes its research laborious and costly using field experiment. The virtual geographical environment can provide a new way for its research due to its character of trying to exceed the limit of time and space. In order to estimate the biomass and evaluate relationships among tree and environments, an L-systems based functional-structural model was developed for simulating the development of tree architecture, taking into account tree physiology and environment. The L-systems was used to represent the morphological development of tree. The basic growth unit was described in line with the development of young Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). LSTree system integrated the photosynthesis, photosynthates allocation and morphogenesis models. The spatial distribution of solar radiation in tree canopy was simulated for calculating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) of each leaf obtained. PAR is a key parameter for photosynthesis model to estimate biomass. The dynamic growth of an individual 3-to-4-year-old Chinese fir in Fuzhou was simulated in growing season. Based on the 2010 Fuzhou weather and Chinese fir photosynthetic characteristic, net photosynthesis rate and product were calculated for each stage. The amount of photosynthates allocated to the growth of new segments and leaves or branches and leave amplification are based on source-sink theory. The growth of tree is driven by available photosynthetic products after respiration losses were accounted for. The morphogenesis change in the young Chinese fir in response to environment was simulated dynamically in three dimensional representations. The result of net photosynthesis was compared to the previous field observation research, and it showed the simulation result was reasonable. The methodology has promising benefits to depicting the interaction of plant and environment, which will be valuable for estimation of organic matter production too.

The world's largest dam project and Chinese Western Region Development project was implemented in recent decades in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area (TGRA). These human activities lead to and influence widespread cropland change. In this study we used remote sensing data for dynamic monitoring of cropland in TGRA over 15 years before and after the Three Gorges Project and found that cropland plantation index become 0.25 in 2007 in TGRA, cropland of 0.069 hectare per capita in 2007 is lower than 0.089 hectare per capita of critical line based on estimate of the national total cropland control of 18 billion Mu (1.2 billion hectare). Cropland lost 59 655 hectare during the Three Gorges Project construction, that is to say, annual loss of cropland is 3 977 hectare. With the change of cropland, the ratio of the cropland occupied to the cropland reclamation is 26∶1, such an unbalanced situation means a rapid decrease in land capacity. Meanwhile, high-yield cropland accounts for 61% of cropland loss, resulting to a decline in entire cropland quality. It aggravated the deterioration between cropland supply and food requirement. However, the urbanization process decreases rural population and alleviates the pressure of cropland resources per capita. The driving forces of cropland decline included urban development, "Grain for Green" Project, reservoir submergence and orchard plantation, among them urban development is a key factor. The reservoir submergence accounts for 16% of total cropland loss. Up to now, cropland on slopes more than 25 degree accounts for 20% of total cropland area, that means a high risk of serious soil erosion. As for the long run "Grain for Green" Project which aims at improving the ecological environment, there is still many to do in the future.

The spatial distribution of population at fine-scale has increasingly become research hotspot and a difficulty issue in the field of population geography. It has practical application value and scientific significance for relevant researches, such as disaster assessment, resource allocation and construction of smart cities. The population is concentrated in the urban area. Revealing the population distribution difference in this area is the core content of spatializing population data at the fine scale. In this paper, the urban area of Xuanzhou District was selected as the research area. The population distribution vector data at residential building scale was established by proposing a spatialization method based on urban public facility elements. The method classified residential building patches. And it treated residential building patches as population distribution locations in geographical space with community boundary and community-level demographic data as the control unit. A multiple regression model of patch area and population was constructed. The spatialization method used in this study can reveal the detailed information about the population distribution in urban area. Results show that: ① The population distribution data, obtained by adopting urban public facility elements, is proved to be high accurate and reliable. The number of patches with estimated population in a reasonable range is 35.4% of 779 residential building patches. And the proportion of patches with relative errors of ±20% in population estimation is 61.2%. Moreover, the Chengdong community and Sijia community served as accuracy verification units, the absolute relative error of population estimation in these communities is less than 9%; ② Urban public facility elements, especially primary and secondary schools and kindergartens, vegetable markets and fruit shops, are important factors for accurate estimation of population within a residential building. Their estimation accuracy of number of people is high ifor multi-storied building, but lower for moderate high-rise building.

引言二十一世纪是人类全面认识、开发利用和保护海洋的新世纪。《中国21世纪议程》把海洋资源的可持续开发与保护作为主要行动方案领域之一,提出“要建立可持续利用海洋资源的综合管理体系,及海洋生态系统监测与保护体系和环境预报服务体系,我国拥有约300万平方公里的海洋国土。在我国陆上资源越来越匾乏,生存发展空间潜力愈来愈小的情况下,海洋提供了广阔的发展空间和丰富的资源。所以建立一个较为完善的实用性的海洋决策支持系统非常必要。

This paper primarily demonstrates the scientific foundation of circular economy which includes physics foundation,ecology foundation,system science and regional scientific foundation.Then it analyzes the support by each scientific foundation to circular economy and the relationship of each foundation. This paper takes the process of plus entropy and minus entropy and the dynamic balance as its basis,and advances the basic framework for running circular economy.Finally,this paper expounds the structure of information minus entropy and main content in detail.

《地理信息系统引论》( Introduction to Geographic Infor mation Systems)教材是 GIS入门的好教材。系由美国爱达荷大学张康聪 ( Kang- tsung Chang)教授长期从事地图学与 GIS的教学与研究 ,在积十几年教学经验的基础上悉心编著的。该教材 2 0 0 1年 8月由美国 Mc Graw- Hill高等教育出版公司出版后 ,第一版即售出 60 0 0多册 ,被美国 2 0 0多所大学采用。美国同行教授评价该教材是“第一本通过实例如此透彻地阐明GIS,且对初学者和已有 GIS经验者皆适用的著作”。

Traditionally, tourism itinerary planning is implemented as a spatial arrangement issue, which lacks the consideration of the spatiotemporal coupling and the flexibility for tourists to make choices. In this paper, the understanding of the itinerary planning problem was extended from the perspective of space to the perspective of tourist activities. From the time-space coupling relationship and reconstruction mode of tourism nodes, the multi-dimensional attributes such as time, space, and topic involved in the travel were organically organized, and then the travel's spatiotemporal chain was proposed. The conceptual model and the method of space-time convergence of the stroke elements. The proposed method was applied to the case study of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province of China. Results show that the match between the model and the traditional itinerary design method in terms of node name, number of nodes, and node order exceeds 80%, indicating good methodological reliability. Compared with existing itinerary planning studies, this research took the basic information of the itinerary (such as travel time, cost budget, departure place, destination, etc.) as the precondition, and considered the travel itinerary from the perspective of tourists. Specifically, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the tourist nodes were organically integrated. While satisfying the spatial order of tourist routes, the rationality of the time arrangement of each tourism element was also considered. The proposed algorithm is mainly used to serve independent tourists. Meanwhile, this algorithm has the advantage of arranging route and schedule flexibly. It should be noted that the specific application of the model is still constrained by the basic travel itinerary conditions. The flexibility of the proposed model for meeting tourists' individualized needs is currently not strong. Considering that tourists' demands are in reality often changing during traveling, it is necessary to further optimize the adaptability, flexibility, and stability of the proposed model.

Ecological restoration is an important way to adjust the structure and function of ecosystem in order to cope with the excessive interference of land use. Scientific mastery of restoration pattern and farmland pattern evolution has a profound significance on the management of regional ecological environment and the conservation of vegetation in Loess Plateau. This study, taking Yan'an City in Loess Plateau as a typical area, explores the spatial differentiation characteristics of farmland variation and restoration status from the overall characteristics of ecological restoration, topographic factors and regional differences since ecological restoration. The results show that the arable land of Yan'an City decreased from 11752.80 km² to 9149.93km² due to the ecology restoration during 2000-2013. The returned farmland is 2756.85 km², and the returned farmland index is 22.15%. The cultivated land was mostly converted to forest and grassland accounting for 95.29% of the total amount. Farmland and the returned farmland area was mainly distributed in slope (6~25°) and the altitude level of II（925~1115 m）, III（1115~1275 m）, IV（1275~1442 m）, which accounted for more than 70% of the area. The degree of farmland returning increased gradually with the increase of slope, with the land reclamation rate decreased gradually with the increase of slope and elevation. The highest degree of ecological restoration is the altitude level of IV, and the least is altitude level of III. The ecological restoration rate of 2005-2013 was higher than that of 2000-2005. The area and extent of restoration in county decreased from north to south. The center of farmland returning and cultivated land is located in the boundary of Ansai county and Baota District which are in the north of Yan’an City. The center of ecological restoration was changing from northeast to southwest while the center of cultivated land was changing from north to south. This study may provide more scientific and reasonable reference for ecological conservation and construction of ecological civilization in Loess Plateau by the analysis of spatial-temporal differentiation characteristics of ecological restoration in Yan'an city.

Marine GIS has become one of the important developing domains of GIS sciences Both scholars in GIS and in oceanography are interested in it The basic representation is considered as one of the most important problems This article presents a data model to solve the problem It includes three database: basic database, data warehouse and database for marine phenomena; two data analyzing mode: data pre disposing and feature analyzing It uses multi level extended grid data structure with two kinds of global grid scheme One is equal angle, the other is equal area grid scheme They have some new marine chara cteristics.

Path planning is a process to find the optimal path from the starting node to the destination node.Tens of algorithms have been designed to resolve the shortest path problem,in which the Dijkstra algorithm is always thought to be the most mature and classical one.However,its higher time complexity greatly restricts its practical application.Besides,for most path planning algorithms,the road network is considered as an ordinary plane network and the spatial distribution characteristics are ignored,therefore,the path planning algorithm can not do well in real road network.In order to improve the searching efficiency of the traditional Dijkstra algorithm and to meet the requirement of real-time vehicle navigation,a path planning algorithm based on SuperMap is designed by utilizing the network editing function of SuperMap GIS platform.Firstly,with the spatial distribution characteristics,a road network is built in SuperMap.In this process,we take three-dimensional transport and one-way road network into consideration,making the road network built in SuperMap able to reproduce the real road network.For three-dimensional transport,we set the parameters of non-broken lines and make sure the roads not in the same plane have no intersections;for one-way roads,the forward resistance and reverse resistance are set with different weights.Secondly,in order to improve the searching efficiency of the traditional Dijkstra algorithm,we propose a method to restrict the searching area.According to the coordinate relationships of the starting node and the destination node,we create a hexagon area,which contains the staring node and the destination node,as the restricted searching area,and make the algorithm able to search the shortest path within the restricted searching area on the theoretical basis of the classic Dijkstra algorithm.Thirdly,based on the actual needs,the path planning algorithm with certain constraints is designed.The constraints are prohibit a certain way and must pass through a certain point.At last,we apply the algorithm proposed in this paper to urban road network and compare it with traditional Dijkstra algorithm.The results show that,due to the searching area is restricted reasonably,the two algorithms get the same shortest path,but the time spent by the algorithm proposed in this paper is much less.Besides,the algorithm proposed in this paper can do well in path planning with constraints.Thus,the improved Dijkstra algorithm based on SuperMap GIS has a strong practicability,and can be used in real-time vehicle navigation.

This article estimated the precision of the precipitation simulated by 15 IPCC AR5 (the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC AR5) GCMs (Global Climate Models) and the multi-model ensemble (MME), based on the observed precipitation from 660 stations in China during 1996 to 2005. We firstly extracted the model simulation value at the corresponding position of the meteorological station, using the bilinear interpolation method, and took the average value of different models at the same station as the multi-model ensemble simulation value, then estimated the precision of the precipitation simulated by 15 IPCC AR5 GCMs and MME based on the observation of meteorological station. There were four evaluation parameters, including Corr (correlation coefficient), Bias, MRE (Mean Relative Error), and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error). Results show that the biases of the average daily precipitations simulated by IPCC AR5 GCMs present a gradually downward trend from northwest to southeast, and the RMSEs show a gradually increasing trend from northwest to southeast, while MREs in the east are less than those in the west. 82.3% of the average daily precipitations simulated by MRI-CGCM3 have relatively small biases, ranging from -0.5 to 0.5. The precisions of average daily precipitations simulated by BNU and MIROC-ESM are lower than that of others. Compared with other models, the MME simulation has the largest percentages of which the correlation coefficients are more than 0.5, MREs are less than 0.5, and RMSEs are less than 4mm, which accounted for 64.8%, 25.8% and 86.4% respectively. And the percentage of the biases ranging from -0.5 to 0.5 is relatively large, which is 56.7%, indicating that the simulation precision of MME is better than that of any other GCMs, and the MME can reduce the uncertainty of a single GCM simulation in future scenarios. Therefore, it is more scientific and reasonable to select the precipitation simulated by MME as the climate change condition, while studying subjects related to climate change.

Land surface temperature (LST) and fractional vegetation coverage （FVC） are important indicators of ecological environment changes. Studying the temporal and spatial variations of LST and FVC as well as their interaction in Fujian Province are of great significance to the evaluation of ecological environment construction and improvement of regional ecological environment. In this study, the temporal and spatial variations of LST in Fujian Province and the interaction between LST and FVC are analyzed, based on the reconstruction time series data of MODIS 11A2 LST and 13Q1 NDVI from 2001-2015. The results showed that: (1) The overall LST in Fujian Province presented a slight downward trend from 2001 to 2015, and the downward trend of LST is more pronounced after 2010. The spatial distribution of LST and FVC had a good negative correlation consistency, which implies the LST value is lower in the higher area while the LST is higher in the lower FVC area. (2) LST is negatively correlated with FVC, DEM and latitude. And their negative correlation was increased or decreased regularly with the change of months in a year .The negative correlation between FVC and LST was higher in summer and became lower in winter with the correlation coefficient reduced from 0.7 to 0.4. (3) The decreasing trend of LST with the increase of FVC is piecewise linear and has an obvious "FVC inflection point". In front and behind "FVC inflection point", the decreasing trends of LST with the increase of FVC are "slowly first and fast afterwards" in summer and "fast followed by slow "in winter. Moreover, the difference of LST decreasing rate with the increase of FVC becomes smaller in spring and autumn. In summer, when FVC is greater than 0.4, the LST can reduce about 0.77 °C with FVC value increase 0.1, and the cooling effect is about twice as much as that when FVC is less than 0.4. Therefore, if we want to effectively reduce LST in summer, we should make the surface vegetation cover more than 40%。Only in this way can vegetation play a better role in cooling. (4) From January to August, the negative correlation of FVC on LST has a lag, and vegetation change has a greater impact on the spatial and temporal distribution of the next month's LST. This study has a certain significance for the construction and evaluation of ecological environment in Fujian Province, and provide an important reference for the development of vegetation to suppress regional high temperature.

Terrain position is the basic morphologic feature on the surface of the Earth. The classification and extraction of terrain position have been widely applied in many research fields such as landform evolution, digital soil mapping and landscape ecological mapping. Proposed by Kang X et al. (2016), the multi-scale Geomorphons method maps terrain position by recognizing the morphology of each interest cell in a DEM according to its relative altitudes within the neighboring window. Multi-scale Geomorphons method can avoid the shortnesses of other classificaton methods, which are caused by different terrain attributes and a single analysis scale. However, there are still some drawbacks in the multi-scale Geomorphons method. For example, the classification results are fragmented and the domain of the analysis scale is difficult to determine. To solve the above problems, this paper presents a new method to classify terrain position, which is based on object-oriented segmentation and multi-scale Geomorphons. First of all, we propose an approach of determining the domain of optimal analysis scale of the multi-scale Geomorphons method. Then, the multi-scale segmentation and classification methods are constructed according to the initial terrain position data via the multi-scale Geomorphons method. At last, the presented method is evaluated by the experimental data of the DEM with 5 m resolution in the loess plateau region of northern Shaanxi. The experimental results show that: (1) the method of mean change-point analysis can effectively solve the problem which is difficult to determine the domain of the analysis scale of the multi-scale Geomorphons method. The domain of optimal analysis scale of the sample area is 5×5 to 33×33 cells. (2) The layer of each terrain position type with the value 0 for non-type cells and 255 for type cells is suitable for multi-scale segmentation. The parameters (i.e. scale, weight of shape and weight of compactness) for multi-scale segmentation have deep influence on segmentation results. There is optimal segmentation parameters for a experimental region. There is optimal segmentation parameter for an experimental region. (3) Comparing with the multi-scale Geomorphons method, the classification results of the present approach are more integrity and reasonable in the aspects of morphology correspondence and geological interpretation.

With rapid development of city construction,emergency events that endanger national security and people's safety occurred on occasion.It is necessary to establish an emergency management system and comprehensive emergency information system.Pipe analysis is a main application of GIS in the City Emergency Management Model.We can manage urban underground pipeline network and store information into computer orderly for data updating and resource sharing.The pipeline data in Guangzhou higher education mega center are used to demon- strate the application.A city emergency management model is built in the study by including three analysis modules (section analysis,vertical distance analysis,and analysis of pipe burst),and Guangzhou higher education mega center is selected as a study area for the three analyses by the visualization platform,By studying the Guangzhou higher education mega center pipeline network the authors analyze the three modules on the scope of application at the same time.The administrators of the pipe management can also make analysis of pipe burst,which is the most important spatial analysis function in pipe network analysis.The three modules of the emergency management model can be applied in pipe design,construction and service.

In order to improve the phenomenon that different objects perform the same spectral characteristics in land use mapping of high spatial resolution data and the “mixed pixel” problem caused by lower spatial resolution in land use mapping of medium spatial resolution data, this study took GF-1 and OLI as a case and proposed a method of combining high spatial resolution data and medium spatial resolution data for fuzzy classification of land use. Firstly, texture information of GF-1 and spectral information of OLI were compressed and strengthened by principal component analysis (PCA), respectively. Compressed texture information of GF-1 and compressed spectral information of OLI were layer stacked. The combined data of three bands feature was received. Then, the feature combined data was segmented into three different levels of 60, 80, 100 based on texture and spectral characteristics of the different land use types in feature combined data. Finally, the fuzzy logic membership functions of the land use types were built based on texture and spectral difference of the different land use types. In this way, the fuzzy land use classification of the study area was carried out. Results shows that the PCA method compressed and strengthened GF-1 and OLI of study area effectively and the proposed method classified the land use of study area successfully receiving a high total accuracy of 93.52%. The method proposed in this paper offered a new idea for classification feature selecting in object-oriented classification and had some significance for other classification research of combining high spatial resolution data and high spectral resolution data.

Real-time and accurate short-term traffic flow prediction, a critical technical problem in traffic control and guidance which is challenging and needs to be solved urgently in related research fields and engineering practice, still remains because of the hardship caused by the uncertainty and the temporal variability in traffic flow datasets acquired in different times. In order to improve the performance of the short-term traffic flow prediction, a new method based on similar data aggregation techniques and a modified KNN algorithm with varying K-value (KNN-SDA) was proposed and the related algorithm was also implemented and tested on actual measured datasets in this paper. Firstly state vectors were generated from the preprocessed traffic flow datasets by calculating the optimal time delay with the help of the mutual information theory. Each of our state vectors is composed of two parts, the first one of which is a regular state vector and the second one of which is a modified state vector which makes a contribution to a higher similarity between our state vectors and those in training datasets. Subsequently a historical traffic flow database of temporal series was constructed on the basis of results mentioned above for further experiments. After that, the proposed similar data aggregation techniques were applied to aggregate and clean data to obtain 144 training data sets in different times from historical traffic flow database, which would effectively improve the prediction accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. At last, the optimal K-values, each of which corresponded to a moment, were determined through the cross validation method. So far, the overall process of the KNN-SDA algorithm with varying K-value has been completed. In order to verify the performance of the proposed method, we compared the experimental results derived from our method with those from three other ones. It turns out that the KNN-SDA algorithm with varying K-value proposed in this article can improve the prediction accuracy significantly and ensure high execution efficiency as well.