Urbanization is a major trend in recent years all around the world.China has experienced rapid development since reform and opening-up.Therefore,urban expansion has been significant in this period.Based on the RS and GIS methods,Siping City,a medium city in Jilin Province,is selected as a study case with five remote sensing images in 31 years.After a series of image processing,the five phases of urban boundaries were acquired.It is obvious that the Siping City is partially shaped by river,roads and freeway.Then,the area-perimeter fractal dimensions are adopted to calculate fractal characteristics of urban area based on the box-counting method.After that the compact ratio is calculated to describe the shape characteristic of Siping City.In this paper,the Siping Statistical Yearbook is collected to find out the relationship between economy growth and urban expansion.The process and characteristics of urban expansion are analyzed using urban area change,fractal dimension,compactness and statistical data as well as GIS technology.The results showed that there are four stages in this period.It expended fastest from 1979 to 1991.Between 2001 and 2007,it expended fast as well and emphasized more on urban connotation construction.And this is in agreement with the Siping Statistical Yearbook.Because the urban expansion is influenced by roads,railroads and freeway,the morphology of Siping City now seems like a pentacle.The city should make full use of its traffic line which extends in all directions.All these indicate that the combination of urban morphology index and statistical data can be done to satisfactorily describe the process and characteristics of urban expansion.

With the continuous progress of urbanization in China,the scale of many cities is expanding rapidly and the demand and supply of urban land is not balanced.With the resource-saving and environment-friendly strategy adjustment of social development,the traditional expansion model no longer adapts to the new situation of urban land use.Meanwhile,urban land stereoscopic development has become popular in most big cities.Therefore,to meet the demand of current urban 3D cadastre development and management,in this paper,the necessity and probability of 3D cadastre firstly are discussed by analyzing the relationship between 3D cadastre and urban 3D development.Then according to the building flow of 3D cadastre,key techniques are analyzed from the aspects of data collection,store,management,display and apply,especially about the compatible and coordinate management of 2D cadastral achievement and 3D spatial data.In addition,some policy measures and suggests about law,apply and part coordination are provided to help establish 3D cadastre in order to keep the cadastral data and management consistent and coherent.And,taking an example of Nanjing City and based on the promotion of economic,intensive and scientific urban land use,the methods for reconnaissance of underground space remise and land right registration are summed up,especially about the use of special cadastral serial number and store ways.With the introduction to the system of visiting the building by web in detail,application of geographic information science,remote sensing,global position system,photographic surveying,virtual reality,web techniques and so on in the 3D cadastre construction are discussed.Besides,the shortages of these techniques are also covered to analyze the whole establishment method of 3D cadastre.In a word,the establishment method of 3D cadastre is brought forward adapted to the present status of urban land use and technological development trend.Hence,it is obvious that urban 3D development will be more and more popular in China,and it is necessary to explore the method of 3D cadastre construction so as to improve the management of land use,while information technology will also play more and more important role in it.

Establishing and updating of geospatial database is an important part of National Spatial Data Infrastructure(NSDI),also an important foundation of Digital Earth building.However,there still exist many problems in integrating and efficiently updating geospatial data at the present time,especially,low efficiency in using multi-source geospatial data,low level in automatization and intelligentization,and lack of practical application with the guidance to complete theoretical system and technical framework.In accordance with this,the paper introduces concepts and methods of data assimilation and actively updating of geospatial database.The purpose is to improve the efficiency of multi-source data utilization and the level of automatization.The character of geospatial data assimilation is to combine a variety of mathematical models and data sources effectively,which eventually makes the new data express the objective entity more accurately.Geospatial data actively updating means the computer can respond to the corresponding geographic events actively and implement the predefined updating operations.The actively updating process is triggered by geographic events under control of the geography event-condition-action rules.This paper discusses the concepts,connotation and key techniques of multi-source geospatial data assimilation and actively updating.Key techniques includes: the acquisition,expression and management of updating rules,the discovery,description and expression of geographic component variation information,the updating of geometrical information and attribute information based on the data assimilation,and the actively updating mechanism driven by GECA rules.This paper also presents the mechanism for geospatial data actively updating which is based on data assimilation and driven by GECA(Geographic event-Condition-Action) rules.Finally,the paper applies the optimum interpolation method which is often used in data assimilation for the conflation of multi-source geography spatial data.Compared with other methods,this method can improve data precision.The actively updating mechanism is used in updating fundamental geo-information data of scale 1:500 000.Practice has proved that the updating mechanism can improve the automating and intelligent level of data updating.

In view of the distribution of massive marine environment information,the multiplicity of information type and format as well as complicated procedure,by researching the geographic information system,the grid technology,the Web service technology as well as the remote visualization technology,firstly,this paper has discussed the system construction and key technologies of the marine environment information grid service platform.Secondly,the prototype system of marine environment information grid service platform has been realized,taking the Argo data,the sea surface temperature data and the Sea Flow Field data as the empirical data,and taking the South China Sea as the experimental zone.The experimental environment consists of three web services nodes,a web services resource management center and an application service platform of marine environment information in the South China Sea.Node 1(provide web services of Argo data and sea flow field data),node 2(provide web services of sea surface temperature data) and node 3(provide web services of application models) and the application service platform of sea surface temperature information are arranged in the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese academy of science.The web services resource management center is arranged in the Northeastern University.This prototype system has provided reference for users on making full use of each kind of marine environment information and existing equipment,improving work efficiency and reducing duplicated investment,solving the problems in heterogeneity,distribution,and efficiency triggered by networking,and providing users with transparent,"One-stop" Web applications on marine environment information.On the platform,heterogeneous and distributed marine environment is encrypted,decrypted and monitored,and hence interchangeable according to international standards.Simultaneously the feasibility and practicality of the above technical solution has been well tested.

In this paper,we investigated the response of inter-annual vegetation variation to climate change in middle Inner Mongolia based on 250m MODIS NDVI data in 2000-2008 and climate data from meteorological stations during 1960-2008.After applying S-G filer process to deduct the noisy and abnormal points,the mean of 8-day NDVI in a year was calculated to indicate the vegetation status in that year.Then the trend of inter-annual vegetation variation in 2000-2008 was calculated with the linear regression coefficiency,that is the slope of a line,and analyzed through the regression significant level.The average NDVI by vegetation type was calculated according to vegetation map with a scale of 1:100 000.During the study period,79.60% of the vegetation area keeps a relatively steady state,and 17.33% changes to better.But 3.06% of the grassland is in degradation or desertification where is in the Farming-Pastoral Transitional Zone.The climate factors that caused inter-annual vegetation variance were quantified.The warmer and dryer climate change happened in this region was regarded as main reason.Between two climate factors of temperature and precipitation,the variance of precipitation has more effect on the change of NDVI than temperature.The ratio of standardized regression coefficients of precipitation and temperature is in range of 0.89(Suolun) to 11.50(Siziwang Qi).At Xilinhot,the ratio is negative which may be explained as combined influence of unmatched temperature and precipitation.However,the inter-annual variance of grassland was affected not only by climate,but also by human activity.In this paper,however,the latter factor was not analyzed though it is very important for assessing the technique on ecosystem protection and recreation.Quantificationally assessing the effect of human activity under global climate change is an interesting and challenge research field for us in future.

In this paper,we used remote sensing technology to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of large developed land areas in the shore areas of the Jin River from 1987 to 2008.The area is a fast economic development region,and therefore has witnessed fast urban expansion and population increase.The study used three multitemporal Landsat images of 1987,1996,and 2008.Firstly,the newly developed normalized difference impervious surface index(NDISI) was used to extract the impervious surface areas(ISAs) from the used Landsat images,because the developed area is dominated by the ISAs.And then,the change detection technique was employed to reveal the change of the large developed land areas from 1987 to 2008 in the studied shore areas.The result shows that during the 21 study years the large developed land area has significantly increased,up to a total area of 18097 ha of new developed lands.Most of them occur in the river shore areas near city center,especially in the downstream to estuary areas of the river.The increased large developed land areas were mainly converted from paddy fields and forested lands.Socio-economic data were integrated with the spatial data to analyze the driving forces to the increase of the large developed land areas.The result indicates that fast economic development,urban population increase,and real estate development were the three major deriving forces contributing to the large developed land area increase.

With the rapid development of Internet and WebGIS,there are more and more extensive applications of the WebGIS statistics thematic maps in recent years.ArcIMS provides a way to make the statistics thematic map and releases it through the network,but its functionality is still not perfect.It can only provide two kinds of charts,i.e.pie and column charts,the type is very limited,and the aesthetics is not strong.What's more,as the feature-map and statistical thematic chart are generated on the server side at the same time and then transfered to the client side,so the load of server is high and network transmission is slow.The aim of this study was to provide a new method for making statistical thematic maps using ArcIMS combined FushionCharts,which is a chart component.The author refered to nearly 40 kinds of SWF files provided by FusionCharts,wrote a class which was used for converting the data's format into xml,then sended the SWF file and XML to the client,analysed through the flash plug-in of the client to generate statistical thematic chart,used the spatial geological place points coordinates,overlaid to feature-map which was made by ArcIMS on the server side to form the statistical thematic maps finally.This method generates the feature-map and thematic statistical chart on the server and client side,respectively.Compared with the traditional methods using ArcIMS only,it has a more simple production process;includes nearly 40 kinds of beautiful,highly interactive types of statistical thematic charts,making the form of charts abundant and visual,meeting the user's requirements more fully.In addition,it generates the feature-map on the client side separately,without the generation of thematic statistical chart formed on the server,so it is a good way to reduce the load of the server,making double the speed of network transmission.At last,a specific example of using this method is given,showing that it can make multiform,dynamic and good looking statistical thematic maps easier and faster.

In recent years,the increasingly maturing of technology of computer network,computer graphics,virtual reality and space information gives strong support to the development of tourism in our country.China has a long history and rich culture landscape resources,but with not very well developed tourism.Through the advancement of human civilization,rural folk-custom culture landscape with regional characteristics has been paid more and more attention.The importance of rural folk-custom tourism popularization and propaganda has brought attention and consensus to more and more people in modern society.Tourism publications are of great practical significance in tourism.With the problem that currently there were few systems about rural folk-custom tourism,we can only publish and query the character on tourism in the respective of directions of tourists and tourism resources,but rarely can intuitively publish,inquiry and analyze the interrelationship between the space characteristic information and the spatial information.So the consumers have no imagic and visual realization of the scenic spot,also lack continuous display of the virtual reality space and interactive function.Considering this defect,we superpose the two-dimension electronic map to the digital elevation model to form the basic 3D simulation terrain of the demonstration zone for spatial analysis,integrate fast scheduling of the large-scale data,multiscale level of detail of the landscape information,multimedia,WebGIS and virtual reality technology to develop the adaptive component,adaptive display the tourism landscape,for rural folk-custom tourism,for the interest of tourists,enterprise and the village administrative department.This paper indicates that the three-dimensional display component for rural folk-custom tourism will provide a new tool and verifying methods in tourism and it is extensible,portable and reusable.

We start this study aimed at building a new method of spatiotemporal logistic regression model to predict urban expansion. This method first established a space Logistic regression model by adding autocorrelation structure based on the traditional logistic regression model, then built the multiple sub-space Logistic regression model Mi of urban growth simulation of different stages by Zhangzhou City's nearly 20 years (from 1989 to 2009) data. After this work, a spatiotemporal logistic regression model which took into account the spatial complexity and temporal complexity was constructed by using single exponential smoothing to treat these time series sub-model synthetically. On one hand,this novel method has overcome the traditional shortcoming that the influencing factor data is difficult to obtain in the prediction year, on the other hand, the model considers the complexity of urban growth in the long time series, that is a combination of urban expansion in different periods of different factors situation, bring it closer to the actual urban expansion, which will improve the prediction accuracy. Zhangzhou City of Fujian Province was taken as an example in the study, and the urban expansion in 2009 was forecast by using three methods, i.e. traditional logistic regression model, space logistic regression model and spatiotemporal logistic regression model. The results showed that the prediction accuracy of the new method based on spatiotemporal logistic regression model was more better than others, for which the overall prediction accuracy were 81.02%, 83.82% and 87.0% respectively, and the sensitivity of urban land use prediction increased from 63.59% to 67.35% and 73.3%. Area AUC under the ROC curve raised in size from 0.826 to 0.883 and 0.924.

Rural economy has developed greatly and rapidly in China since several years ago. The suburban countryside around metropolis is greatly affected by big cities, whose economic development has characteristics that different from the general laws of the countryside. In this paper we took rural per capita net/labor income in year 2004 to 2009 as variables to extract economic development relative index. Based on the methods of economic classification and spatial autocorrelation analysis in GIS, taking village as the basic analysis unit, we analyzed and mapped the spatial distribution of 453 villages' economic development in Fangshan District. Through analyzing the economic development zoning maps, Moran scatter plots, LISA maps and related geographic auxiliary data, the spatial pattern and differences of regional economic development were revealed. Taking year 2006 as an example, geographic data was used to analyze the correlation between rural economic development and the geographical elements. The results show that the spatial distribution of rural economic development in Fangshan District is shaped as "U", which means that the development level of the east and west regions is higher and the middle region is lowest. The development level of rural economy is significantly influenced by topographic factor, the "radiation effect" of town center and the development level of road net. And there is a strong positive spatial correlation among the economic development relative indices, and the characteristic of spatial aggregation is obvious. Through analyzing the economic development zoning maps and the LISA maps, it implies that local spatial correlation corresponds with regional economic development level, and the spatial heterogeneity problems also exist in local rural economy. And relaying on economic development relative index other than inconsistent statistical data to study rural economy reduces the barriers in measuring economic development for a certain region.

Similarity measuring of spatial topological relations is the important part of similarity measuring of spatial data, and also is the basic and key technology of spatial data retrieval and spatial scene query. Its meaning is to measure the similarity of topological relationships between multiple data entities in different sources, different sources scales of the same region. Common topological relations have been abstracted into nine topological predications. Current researches mainly focus on the topological relations similarity measuring between two simple entities, but mostly do not involve topological relations similarity measuring for the entire data sets, as well as the complex line targets. In this paper we present a method of measuring simple topological relations based on 9- intersection matrix, that is, the distance between two 9- intersection matrixes as the simple topological relations distance to measure the differences between two simple topological relations, so that we can get a simple topological relations similarity. Then considering the quantity similarity and dimension similarity between entity sets, we can get the simple topological relations similarity measuring model between entity sets. In this paper we establish a similarity measuring model of complex topological predication by using the strategy of decomposing- combination based on the simple topological relations similarity measuring model. Firstly, the complex topology relationship is broken down into a number of local topological relationships. Then through a combination of local topological relations similarity, we get the complex topology relationship similarity measuring model. At last, the method is used to measure similarity of different scales and different sources data. Experimental results show that the selection of cartographic generalization impact the topological relations similarity between entity sets mostly, and other factors with smaller impacts to the experimental data in this article. Experimental results also demonstrate that the topological relations similarity can be used to measure the changing degree of topological relations caused by the cartographic generalization.

With the development of world economy,land change and land cover in urban areas tend to change drastically over very short time due to rapid urbanization.Urbanization pushes the development of regional economy,also enhances the integrated power of the country.While at the same time,urbanization also brings negative influences for ecological environment regionally or globally,such as cultivated land occupation,ecological degradation,water shortage,etc.How to acquire urbanization information quickly and share these data in time is a key problem.With the development on Earth observation technique,remote sensing has been one of the powerful methods for urbanization monitoring.Multi-spectrum remotely sensed images are widely used because they are economical and accessible easily,such as Landsat TM/ETM+ and so on.Based on multi-spectrum images,the paper studies various land use information extraction technique flow according to urban objects' spectrum features.Based on the designed research technique flow,4 kinds of urbanization information are extracted from remotely sensed images,i.e.,the built-up urban area,water area,green belts and thermal islands.Yancheng City is selected as a case for the urban built-up area extraction.The built up area in Yancheng City was extracted automatically by means of designed method from three Landsat images in 2000,2002 and 2006.Firstly,Yancheng City's spectrum features are analyzed.Secondly,some urbanization information is automatically calculated through models of NDBI,NDVI and NDWI.Thirdly,binary processing method is used in the experiment based on the experiential threshold values of NDBI,NDVI and NDWI.Finally,the built up area in the main urban zone can be calculated and analyzed.This experiment shows that it is feasible and effective to extract some urbanization information from multi-spectrum images through remote sensing technologies,such as water area,green belts,city built up area,etc.This will enhance urbanization information rapid extraction and acquirement in more cities.Through data sharing,this information will be applied in the process of social and economic development in China.

Land planning is a comprehensive strategic deployment of land resource development,use,harness and protection;it gives geographical expression to the economic,social,cultural and ecological policies of society.The traditional means of land planning management have no longer met the requirement of the information construction for land planning management.Geographical Information System is any system that captures,stores,analyzes,manages and presents data that is linked to location.GIS is a powerful tool of spatial analysis,and computer networks can convey information and share resource very quickly.As a result,considering the characteristics of land planning,combining with GIS and network technology,this paper presents a GIS-based information system on the planning management at provincial level.Taking the Land Planning Management Information System of Guangdong Province as an example,this paper introduces the design principle,system structure and system functional modules in detail.The system contains Browser/Server based land data reporting system and Client/Server based land evaluating and analyzing system.It can help to carry out land planning,enforce land planning monitoring,and give a resolution to conflicts in land planning.Furthermore,it integrates multi-source land information to build provincial,prefecture and county level land information.It constructs and updates geographical base map of land planning,and gives technical support for land planning management and decision making.Land Planning Management System of Guangdong Province is designed and built with the final completion of the project.The construction of the system improves planning level of Guangdong,and gives an important guarantee to land planning project of Guangdong.The system satisfies the needs of the planning and different user groups,and coordinates the conflicts of land planning and other planning.Meanwhile,it gives an example to other provinces to build land planning management systems of their own.In light of the results and limitations of this study,some directions are provided for future researches.

Remote sensing classification is always a core problem in the remote sensing research field.However,traditional classification method should be caught into question when the context information is complex.Besides the classification accuracy is not ideal,there is also a classification flexibility problem.This paper introduced an evidential reasoning "soft" classification method which has a high degree of flexibility for classification.The results can be adjusted easily for improved classification accuracy based on users' knowledge and experience combined with visual interpretation.We chose a TM image of Xiaoxinganling mountain area to assess the performance of evidential reasoning classification method.The TM image spectral characteristic of typical surface categories of the study area was analyzed,and the results showed that the spectra overlap phenomenon was serious for each band.We chose the 4,5,7 band with light spectra overlap phenomenon as evidence sources.Through the combination rule of evidence,we got distribution maps of cumulative belief value for different categories.Then we produced a theme classification map with the maximum cumulative belief value as pixels divided rule.We compared classification accuracy between maximum likelihood classification(MLC) and evidential reasoning(ER) based on confusion matrix,and the results illustrated that the overall accuracy improved from 78.74% of MLC to 82.28%,the kappa coefficient also improved from 0.67 to 0.71.For a better accuracy,we set different CBV thresholds of different categories based on visual interpretation and "soft" classification mode,and produced a higher classification accuracy map with 87.80 % overall accuracy and 0.81 kappa coefficient.This study proved that the evidential reasoning method has more advantages than traditional the method,not only in its classification accuracy,but also in its flexibility in remote sensing classification processing.

The redundant image details of high resolution remotely sensed imagery may cause more distinct spectral diffusion and noise distribution.It sometimes makes traditional pixel-based image analyzing methods inapplicable.Nowadays,object-oriented image analyses have become a hot research topic in the field of remotely sensed image processing and interpretation.It is because the latter has stronger capability to deal with noise,and it can introduce more abundant image features and expertise knowledge in analyses.The first and most important step of object-oriented image analysis is image segmentation,which segments an image into many visual homogenous parcels.Based on these parcels,which are "objects",not "pixels",more features can be extracted which facilitate the succeeding image interpretation.In this study,we designed and implemented a multi-resolution image segmentation method combining spectral and shape features with reference to the basic ideas of eCognition,a famous object-oriented image analyzing software package.The algorithm includes the following steps.(1) The initial segmentation parcels,called the 'sub feature units',are obtained with rainfalling watershed algorithm,which is of very fast speed and fair segmentation precision.(2) A fast region merging technique is used to merge these sub feature units in a hierarchy way.Based on the sub feature units,a merge cost function integrating spectral heterogeneity and shape heterogeneity is designed to guide the merging of parcels.The use of the shape features is to make the merged parcels more regular in shapes.A scale parameter is used to control the merging process,which stops a merge when the minimal merging cost of parcels exceeds its power.A multi-resolution segmentation can be implemented by setting different scale parameters,for smaller scales mean less cost while merging which create smaller parcels,and vice versa.Several experiments on high spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery were carried out to validate our method.In most cases,the multi-resolution segmentation produced highly visually homogeneous image objects with arbitrary resolutions on different types of data.

Taking three periods of remote sensing images(TM/ETM+,in 1990,2000 and 2007) as the main data source,in this paper we firstly select Xiangning County of Shanxi Province which is known as "Coal Town" as the experiment area;then make an analysis and monitoring to basic elements of the ecological environment,such as land use,vegetation coverage,soil erosion and so on.Based on five remote sensing monitoring indexes which aim to evaluate ecological environment,the environmental ecological index(EI) is computed by giving weight to every index.According to the foundation of ecological environmental classification and eco-environment changing rate classification,we make scientific estimation to the ecological environmental condition of the experiment area by monitoring methods of combining GIS and remote sensing technology.Through EI calculation and evaluation in the experimental area,the result shows:(1) from 1990 to 2007,farmland decreases continuously;woodland firstly decreases and then increases,in general,it increases evidently;the area of meadow increases firstly and then decreases,conclusively,it shows decreasing tendency;the construction land increases continuously;and the unutilized land firstly increases and then decreases,conclusively,it shows decreasing tendency.(2) from 1990 to 2007,coverage of high vegetation firstly decreases and then increases,coverage of low vegetation decreases continuously,and coverage of medium vegetation increases slowly;(3) from 1990 to 2007,area in light erosion increases firstly and then decreases,conclusively,it does not have apparent change;the medium erosion area decreases firstly and then increases,conclusively,it shows increasing tendency;and the area in heavy erosion increases firstly and then decreases apparently,conclusively,it shows decreasing tendency;(4) from 1990 to 2000,the ecological environment condition in the experiment area becomes worse evidently,which is due to the increasingly augmentation of construction area,especially those for coal mining;from 2000 to 2007,the ecological environment condition becomes better evidently because of the implement of the policy — "grain for green project;from 1990 to 2007",conclusively,it firstly become worse,then better.This is the necessary result of economy development and social advancement.

The development of remote sensing technology,particularly with the wide spread of high resolution remote sensing images,and makes the Earth observation more extensively and deeply.Geographic object information extraction and target recognition from high spatial resolution remote sense images are the foundation of image understanding.In high spatial resolution images,the geographic object information is abundant and diverse,and textural feature is prominent.Nevertheless,the noises in high spatial resolution images are also evident and simultaneous.There generally exist such phenomena as "same object with different spectral features" and "different objects with same spectral feature",which resulted in lower classification accuracy,substantial redundancy of spatial data and waste of resources using traditional pixel-based image processing.The object-oriented image analysis method was studied and used for land cover classification in Lixian County,Sichuan Province.Based on the establishment of multi-scale image space and classification rule library,we extracted the spatial distribution information of houses and residential area.The results indicate that the approach is promising and precision of classification is higher than other conventional processes.It can inhibit the "salt and pepper noise" phenomenon which is common in traditional classification and generate new geographic information in GIS-ready format directly.It is obvious that this image analysis approach offers a satisfying solution to extract information quickly and efficiently.

Since the sensor of ASTER was launched,low-cost multi-spectral thermal infrared data were available.It injects energy to thermal infrared technology application on many fields.On the basis of analyzing the thermal infrared technology application potential on minerals and rocks,in this paper we apply this technology for extracting of information on granite-type uranium deposits.Taking the granite-type uranium deposits in south china as an example,based on thermal infrared data of ASTER,mosaic,radiometric calibration,atmospheric correction were made and the temperature and emissivity data were separated from the thermal infrared data.Then,we quantitatively retrieve SiO₂ content in the rocks from emissivity data by inversion algorithm simulated from different band ratio combination.According to the inversion map view,we can't extract information of small-scale silicification alteration due to the spatial resolution limitation of ASTER thermal infrared data,but the map clearly shows many large silicified fault zones,the distribution area of acid-rocks and the red beds area that have highest content of the silica.What's more,the results conform to the geological facts and they are validated in the field.Above all,the practice proves that information mining technology of thermal infrared data will play an important role in the extraction and analysis of the metallogenic essential factors even in the prospecting target of granite-type uranium deposits.

陈述彭先生一生笔耕不缀,为我国地理学事业的发展留下了大量宝贵的学术论著。本文就研读陈述彭先生早期地理论述,试从地理区域研究、综合自然区划、景观综合制图、制图综合指标、地学多维图解五个方面,对先生早期地理学术思想进行了分析,并对先生早期地理思想的现代地理学,以及地球信息科学发展的指导意义进行了思考。

3D GIS will be the next generation of geographic information system (GIS). Ideally, 3D GIS should be developed based on good theoretical foundation. Currently, many researches have been carried out both by academic groups and commercial sector to develop 3D GIS application. So far, there is no ideal 3D GIS product available on market partly due to the complicated topology of spatial objects in 3D environment, inappropriate spatial data structures and hardware limitation. Studies carried out indicated that the integration of 3D visualization technology with current 2D GIS applications could be an alternative for realizing 3D GIS. One obvious benefit of such combination is that it can take advantages of both technologies. Service-based integration aims to realize the integration of 2D GIS with 3D virtualization technology based on service framework. Data transmission speed between remote server and client is the main bottleneck of providing textures for 3D rendering engine. Thus, the key problem of this type of integration is how to maintain the frame rate of rendering in 3D client under the limited data transmission speed. This paper promotes a system architecture based on C/S framework, in which the core is consisted of a LOD-based rendering architecture and a data service architecture based on double cache mechanism, which will help overcome above problems. The double cache mechanism is designed to improve the performance of data serving at both client side and sever side by using a client data cache and a sever data cache. The prototype GIS sever is developed by ArcGIS Engine to provide data and traditional 2D GIS service, for example, spatial querying, for 3D client. The client application is developed with help of World Wind, an open source software, which acts as a user interface. The results obtained by this prototype system show that how this framework helps to overcome the key problem of the integration of 2D service GIS with 3D visualization technology, which would be extended for various applications in feature. This framework is also suitable for B/S framework simply by encapsulating 3D client into a web component.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV) images quickly processing method without other GCP(Ground Control Point) data is discussed in this paper,and the UAV images of Disaster Areas of Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan Province are used as the typical test data source.In the handling progress,only the images and auxiliary data recorded by the UAV system itself are used to stitch and rectify the image mosaics.The main work contains images,which were recorded by digital camera on the UAV and auxiliary data,which were recorded by GPS(Global Positioning Satellite) system on the UAV analyzing,flying area blocking,image auto-stitching after blocking,image rectifying and image mosaic.The image auto-stitching is the key point of the whole research.Firstly,a detailed analysis on UAV images and auxiliary data is done.With the analysis result,many questions are put out,such as the number of images is so large and UAV image distortion is worse than that of traditional photogrammetry.These bring a lot of difficulties to the work,that the normal methods can not be used.Base on this situation,a new strategy is proposed in this paper.That is,in the small area,which is determined by the experiment,the auto-stitching method base on image matching is raised,then the regional images after auto-stitched are corrected according to auxiliary data of UAV.In the image matching progress,SIFT(Scale-Invariant Features Transform) algorithm is applied in order to achieve high efficiency and high precision.Then pseudo center points collected from auxiliary data are used to rectify the regional images.From the result image after stitching and rectifying,a conclusion can be drawn that the relative accuracy is high and the mosaic image is visually dislocation-free.

With the rapid development of publishing and printing technology applied in the fields of digitalization,network and cross-media,there is a growing regard of development and application in remote technology.Nowadays,the compilation and publishing of map is gradually realizing its all-digital procedure and the traditional map production mode is change step by step,entering the integrated all-digital manufacturing-printing times.This paper analyzes the remote plate-making technology in printing field and explores the application method of the map compilation and publishing oriented remote technology based on the remote plate-making technology system framework.And through the application analysis of remote plate-making technology,we take the remote plate-making system in Xi'an Aerial Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Bureau(ARSC) Information Industry Limited Company as an example,and an innovative mode of production for map publishing based on remote network is presented as well.Under this mode,we can achieve many advantages that are formerly difficult to work out by remote terminal distributed in nationwide scope.These advantages include synchronous recurrence of printing color,WYSIWYG(What You See Is What You Get) remote-controlling,integrated synchronous map production for map designing platform,atlas compiling platform and publishing platform.In this way,efficiency is greatly improved and effectively starts and propels the development of our country's map printing industry toward the digital and intelligent direction.

As the growing of 3D Virtual Globe,it has become a popular geospatial information browser,and has been successfully applied in vast of field.However,its application in marine information still exists lot of problems such as low-level application and lack of supports from basic theory and key technology related with marine field.So in this paper,it mainly analyzes its applicability in marine information and researches in its technical roadmap to its application in marine information and the prototype system.Firstly,it reviews the problem and historical reason that exist in its application in marine,points out the advantages which show great potential for its application,also points out the challenges ahead,to which,much attention need to be paid.Secondly,based on the comprehensive analysis of the applicability,it researches into the front technologies in 3D virtual marine and the prototype realization.By taking advantage of technology of the state-of-art such as grid and semantic web,it initiates a strategy of divide and rule that deal with the front end and back end differently to realize the prototype for Digital Ocean in full use of GIS,virtual reality,grid,and semantic web technology.Finally,under the guidance of such technical strategy,a SOA-based multi-layer prototype system(VRMarine) was realized by taking full use of several key technologies such as multi-source marine environmental data exchanging based on XML,service encapsulation and publishing mechanism of marine environmental information,and virtual organization of marine environmental information service and remote visualization.VRMarine not only can reappear the realistic three dimensional scene of marine environment by integrating multi-source of marine geo-information services,but also can support high dimensional spatiotemporal analysis by dynamically integrating of kinds of functional service.Its success tested the feasibility and efficiency of the strategy proposed in previous and also exposed the deficiency in the semantics utilization which is of great significance to the future development of 3D Virtual Globe and the construction of Digital Ocean and will be researched in future.

Forest resources are extremely important natural resources.Using 3S(GIS,RS,GPS) technologies,database technology and network technology to establish forest-fire information system has significant benefits for reducing the loss due to forest fires.In this paper,taking Suining City,Sichuan Province as an example,forest-fire prevention information system of the city has been designed with the preliminary structure and functions,which is under the environment of C #,ArcEngine,SQLsever and ArcSDE.Its data source mainly includes topographic maps at the scale of 1:10 000,forest resource inventory data at the scale of 1:10 000,meteorological data from stations,firefighting forces data,forest fire observation station data,firefighting materials data,forest management institutions data,economic census data at village or township level,and remote sensing images.This system's major functions include processing and managing data,assessing forest fire risk level,monitoring forest fire,modeling and predicting forest fire trend,analyzing the best path for extinguishing forest fire,making the plan for extinguishing forest fire,making the decision of fire extinguishing,assessing the disaster damage,making the decision of post-disaster reconstruction,and making the relevant graphs,charts and reports.The SQL Server 2005 database system and ArcSDE9.2 spatial database engine are used to manage the database of the system.The components from ArcEngine are used to develop the system functions under the Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 environment.The establishment of the forest fire prevention information system has great significance in preventing forest fire and managing forest resources.

With the boom of Google Map,Virtual Earth,OpenStreetMap and other free online map services based on Web 2.0,and because of its simple,user-friendly,data-rich,and smooth access,tile map services based on pre-generated techniques are becoming a de facto standard for the new generation of WebGIS,and have posed great challenges to traditional WebGIS.In order to upgrade the WebGIS legacy systems smoothly,and improve the response speed of traditional WebGIS and user experience,this paper designs and develops a tile map service based on middleware technology.Through systematic analysis of its basic principle and system architecture,this paper gives three optimization strategies which are tile spatial index,tiling strategies and the deployment structure.Finally,we make a performance comparison between tile map service middleware and traditional OGC(Open Geospatial Consortium,OGC) standard WMS service.Experimental test data using the world map zoom level 8,under this zoom level there are 32,768 tiles in total,then randomly generated 21,000 request windows which contains 3×3 tiles,and this randomly generated test data are divided into 20 groups,each contains 100 to 2000 request windows successively.We use two kinds of experiments,the first one is sent WMS request directly to a Local GeoServer which hosts WMS services,and the other one is our tile map service middleware which uses multiple threads and simultaneously sends nine tile map requests to TMS middleware.Our experimental results show that comparing with sending WMS request to WMS server directly,the average response time of tile map service reduced by 46%.And the TMS middleware has a high efficiency when cutting map tiles dynamically because of its meta-tiling strategy.The study shows that the tile map service middleware has important application value both in improving traditional WebGIS performance and in upgrading existing legacy systems.

To establish an influenza surveillance system is an effective strategy to monitor or predicate the influenza pandemic.Many countries,such as the United States,Canada,Mexico,Brazil,Britain,the European Union,Russia,Australia,New Zealand and China have established their own influenza surveillance system.In order to improve China's influenza surveillance system,the authors analyzed the differences and characteristics of the influenza surveillance systems among the United States,Europe,and China by the geographical epidemiologic methods.The comparative analysis focused on the influenza epidemic by geographic regions and the evaluation indicators of the surveillance.Based on the consideration of the characteristics of China's topography,climate zoning and administrative management system,the authors proposed that the current surveillance system which includes only north and south regions can be refined into 8 regions:(1) Heilongjiang,Jilin and Liaoning;(2) Beijing,Tianjin,Hebei,Shandong,and Henan;(3)the areas of middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River;(4) Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan and Taiwan;(5) Inner Mongolia,Gansu and Xinjiang;(6) Shanxi,Shaanxi and Ningxia;(7) Chongqing,Guizhou,Sichuan and Yunnan;and(8) Qinghai and Tibet.Although the operational time of the system is short and the cumulated data is insufficient in China,the percentage of influenza-like illness(ILI) of total out-patient cases the mortality rate attributed to pneumonia and influenza in sentinel hospitals can be used to calculate the baseline and the influenza season epidemic threshold.Those baseline and threshold will measure and evaluate the level and severity of an influenza pandemic objectively.The study not only contributed to the applications of the landscape epidemiology theoretically,but also to the surveillance of influenza and other communicable diseases practically.

Slope length,which describes the distance of flow path from origin point,is often a vital terrain parameter in soil and water conservation,soil erosion and environmental assessment studies.A common method of obtaining estimates of slope length is based on flow directions from grid-based Digital Elevation Model(DEM) in Geographical Information System(GIS) software.This method leads to slope length estimates with variable accuracy,which depends on DEM error,DEM resolution,algorithms of flow direction and distance measurement.Error and resolution are determined for a given DEM,leaving only algorithms of flow direction and distance measurement.This thesis focuses on the effect of these two uncertain factors on slope length which is derived from DEM.Based on a series of rigorous calculation on a DEM of simulated gully network,the paper finds that the model of slope length in ArcGIS software is not suitable to calculate the slope length because the flow direction derived from D8 is deterministic and this makes the flow route become discontinuous.Although the error by which distances are calculated over raster structures is less than 8.9% and can be improved by statistical methods such as distance transforms,any method that used to low this error is meaningless if the flow direction is wrong.In order to test these conclusions,we applied non-cumulative slope length algorithm in the platform of ArcGIS for two different typical DEMs,including a sample data in ArcGIS and a 5m grid cell DEM of Jiuyuangou drainage basin in North Shaanxi Loess Plateau.Comparing with the lengths obtained from contour map,the former conclusions are verified.So,it is necessary to develop a new flow direction algorithm with vector character in order to improve the estimate accuracy of slope length derived from grid DEM.

MHSRRSI has much more rich spectral information for detecting edges than single band imagery,and thus flexibly selecting tactics on edge detection and extraction according to feature properties is more important.Since its advantages in detecting edges from monochrome imagery,Canny operator is improved by means of the strategy of output fusion so as to be suitable for detecting vector edges from MHSRRSI.The improved Canny algorithm contains the following steps.Firstly,in order to effectively wipe off geometrical details and mini-spot noise in the inner of geographical semantic feature object,we apply the Gaussian smooth filter to the original imagery.Secondly,we get the multi-dimension gradient vector imagery based on the smoothed imagery.Thirdly,we utilize the method of non-maximum restraining to acquire the primitive vector edge imagery based on the gradient vector imagery.At last,we use the technique of couple thresholds to gain the finally vector edges from the primitive vector edge imagery.Based on Visual VC++.NET platform,the algorithm is implemented to effectively extract vector edges in the multi-color space from the study area in Fuzhou.Because of discrepancies among the spectral range of those components of MHSRRSI,it will result in remarkable differences of response extent of edge detection among different kinds of geographical features.The response extent of edge detection among different kinds of geographical features in multi-color space is also analyzed.The conclusions of this article benefit feature selection for edge detection among different kinds of geographical features and the subsequent edge extraction.Meanwhile,it indicates that the parameter and the selection of color space will give remarkable impacts on the extraction of vector edges.

The bandwidth of network has been greatly improved owing to the development of network,a large number of remote sensing images released on the network as shared resources which could be accessed online.And with the development of network,the traditional remote sensing image processing methods are not well adapted to the new resource-sharing model,so,it is an easy choice to make improvement on software functions.Gird computing is being more attractive environment for parallel image processing on web because of the high bandwidth and plentifully shared computing resources available on the Grid.Grid computing is a resources sharing environment on the web,and resources dynamic changing is an essential characteristic of the Grid,not only the usage of the resources is changing but also new computing resource can join or leave dynamically.As the Grid is a frequently varied system,data updating,nodes joining or leaving,the load of node changing and the performance of the network changing will all affect the performance of the Grid services,so only these dynamic information be collected promptly and the execution plan timely adjustment be made that the high performance process could be guaranteed.The main idea is to utilize the Grid architecture WSRF(Web Service Resource Framework),choose a best plan to do parallel image processing according to the status of services,and provide efficient remote sensing image fusion service.In this paper,a service-oriented architecture for parallel remote sensing image on Grid is presented at first,and different kinds of services of the architecture are introduced briefly.There are five components for the architecture,which can trace and record resources dynamic changing on the Grid and provide an environment for parallel remote sensing image processing.Then,a parallel remote sensing image fusion algorithm on the architecture is presented in detail.The algorithm generate optimal parallel execution plan adaptively for the parallel image fusion according to the resource changes on the Grid.The equations for evaluating the costs of different execution plan are also presented.At last,a testing Grid environment is setup and the partial result image of the image fusion of a TM image and a Spot image is illustrated.

It is of great value to fuse a high-resolution panchromatic image and low-resolution multi-spectral images for object recognition.With the theory of multi-resolution analysis applied in the field of image processing,there emerged many kinds of multi-resolution decomposition-based fusion methods,such as Mallat wavelet transform(DWT)-based,à trous wavelet transform(SWT)-based and nonsubsampled contourlet transform(NSCT)-based fusion methods,or the hybrid of them.The hybrid methods include DWT-I(integrate the DWT with IHS),SWT-I(integrate the SWT with IHS),NSCT-I(integrate the NSCT with IHS),DWT-P(integrate the DWT with PCA),SWT-P(integrate the SWT with PCA) and NSCT-P(integrate the NSCT with PCA).These fusion methods were employed in two subsets from an IKONOS image,representing different land cover types.One subset is mainly covered by building,the other is covered by vegetation,water and building.The size of each subset image is 596×596 pixels in panchromatic band.The performance of each fusion method has been further quantitatively analyzed.The mean RMSE(Root Mean Square Error) and correlation coefficients of original and each fused image were used to measure spectral fidelity and high spatial frequency information gain.The study shows that all multi-resolution decomposition-based methods have high spatial frequency information gain,in which the DWT,SWT,NSCT methods are better.PCA-based hybrid methods have better spectral fidelity than IHS-based hybrid methods,but have lower high spatial frequency information gain.All hybrid methods have much better spectral fidelity than the DWT,SWT,NSCT methods and original IHS,PCA methods.The NSCT-based hybrid methods are close to the SWT-based hybrid methods in both spectral fidelity and high spatial frequency information gain.They are much better than DWT-based hybrid methods.The NSCT-P is the best in spectral fidelity.