The advantage of P2P structure is fast at discovering and getting service.And the advantage of GeoOntology Repository is helpful to make semantic reasoning and to solve the conflict of geographical semantics.So,in order to alleviate "single point of failure" of central system based on SOA,this paper combines semantics P2P with SOA to publish distributed web services instead of using UDDI of SOA to central publishing service.By creating the geographical ontology and introducing geographical semantics P2P into SOA,this paper extends the service bus of SOA into geographical service bus(GSB).The service discovery of GSB is based on semantic P2P,and the new service discovery mechanism is implemented in GSB.All these details are encapsulated in GSB,so it is transparent for each service attached to GSB.The communication way among services is the same as the way using SOA.This way can let the legacy system upgrade smoothly.So our prototype not only holds the advantages of SOA on interoperability and transparent use of services under distributed heterogeneous geographical information sharing systems but also utilizes semantics P2P to complete the auto discovery task.Our method also provides an innovative idea for large scale sharing geographial data and services of science data sharing platform.

The existence of speckle noise on the ASAR(Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) images has exerted passive effect on the extraction of any quantitative information from the ASAR images,hence making the ASAR images ineffectively utilized.In this paper,based on radar signal transmission theory,the power probability distributing function of ASAR is deduced.For the multiplying noise model,it is validated by theoretic deduction and experiment data.Based on the noise model,different methods and filtering windows are used to reduce the noise.Comparing each filtering result with smooth index,edge keep index and so on,it is found out that the best effect is 7 pixel ×7 pixel of the Enhanced Lee filtering method.

Nowadays geographical data working in GIS is mostly from digital map.The classification and encoding for the mapping elements on the digital map are very significant to building GIS,so the digital map data must be coincident with the geographical data which share GIS.The mapping elements are not equivalent to the geo-information features,or geo-information feature elements.The mapping elements and geo-information features are on different levels ontologically.To encode for the mapping elements,we must tell the difference of classification and codes for digital mapping elements from the geo-information feature's as well as give a system and encoding method of digital mapping elements which follows the geo-information feature's classification and codes.In the paper,the digital mapping elements are divided into two categories including "pure mapping elements" which are a set of mapping elements minus geographical feature elements,and "GIS′ elements" which are a set of mapping elements intersect the the geo-information feature elements;the concepts of virtual element,pseudo code and virtual code are introduced for the co-operation to the relations between the mapping elements and the geo-information features.The principle to design the classification and encoding method for the mapping elements on digital maps in the paper is to carry out the national standard of specifications for feature classification and codes of geo-information in the stage of digital mapping.The maneuverability of the classiication and encoding for the mapping elements in the paper is flexible and efficacious.The paper gives an example of the image from the mapping elements to the geographical features as well.

Ore body modeling is one of the most important contents of mine visualization.In the process of ore body modeling,model editing is the most crucial step.From the perspective of software development,this paper explores the 3D wire-frame model ore body editor of the designs and introduces development methods,development environment,modeling methods,spatial data models,key technologies in model editing,and then discusses the concrete implementation process of HCI editing of the ore body wire-frame model.The editor has been able to map the ore body profile contours in 3D interactive visualization environment,and rapidly builds the contours of the ore body wire-frame model.Finally,as examples,mine ore section photograph demonstrates the effectiveness and easy operability of the editor.

This paper reviews the study process of the land use and land cover change and thinks that the development of the study on land use,which took land use survey as the dominant way in the early 1980s,was slow.Until the late 1980s,the study on land use developed quickly because of the development of remote sensing from experiment to actual use as well as the advantages of the geographical information system.The research of land use initiated by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme(IGBP) and the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme(HDP) also promoted the development of the study.At present,the study hotpots such as technology applying trend and driving force study trend,landscape ecological research trend promote the study of many subjects in land use and land cover change.This paper also points out the problems in the land use and land cover change,such as giving emphasis on technology but neglecting theory,insufficient in microcosmic mechanism and target of the sustainable land use evaluation,ignoring substitutional study of land use, and unitary study of the service of the object.The study of land use and land cover change is conducted based on these problems mentioned above.After frontier extension,case accumulation,and technology preparation,the study on land use and land cover change should aim at these problems to strengthen the theory,grope for model and mechanism construction,extend the using frontiers,and bring the multi-subject into play.The land use and land cover change contributes to modern geography,brings geography into play,and extends a wide frontier for application in theoretical construction,math model expression,mechanism probing and so on.

Being the primary data source,3D points cloud is also an important means to describe and express the geographic objects and phenomena in 3D GIS as well as to perform model building.And the effective organization of the points is the basis for its operation and analysis.Therefore,in this paper,3D points are arranged and sorted according to a specified rule,and then organized by a compound structure of spatial octree and balanced binary tree,which greatly speeds up the query process based on the 3D coordinate,and lays a solid foundation for the further analysis of 3D points data.This paper also unifies the compound structure in both memory and database.And a case study has proved its validity.

In order to prevent and reduce the expense of lives and belongings of people which coming from landslide,on the basis of the demands of disaster prevention and mitigation,this paper analyzes the research actuality of the evaluation of natural disaster losses.On the basis of traditional method of evaluating disaster losses,and analyzes the method that has been existed of evaluating disaster losses and puts forward a quickly evaluating method of coast disaster losses based on multi-sources geographical spatial data.This paper discusses integrative analysis method of coast disaster for multi-sources geographical spatial data.The method was demonstrated in Yanhua factory in Wushan,the Yangtse River Gerges,and summarizes the method of evaluating model of coast disaster losses.Finally,a comparison between two results of model calculational and traditional investigation was made,and the method of model calculation was demonstrated in its feasibility and applicability in multi-sources geographical spatial data.Depending on softwares such as ArcGIS,Oracle and ArcObjects,the paper carries out the method of establishing database based on multi-sources and the model of loss evaluation.

It is known that land-use and land-cover changes paly an essential role in environmental and ecological changes and furthermore contribute to global change.To understand how land use/cover change affects and interacts with earth systems,information is needed on what changes occur,where and when they occur.Despite ongoing research efforts on land-use and landcover patterns,there remains a need for developing basic land-cover datasets to provide quantitative,spatial land-cover information.In terms of land use and related researches,topographical maps have been the important information sources.Based on topographical maps,integrated with graphics method and expert experience,we tried to extract the land use information without the image.In a typical study area,taking the arable land information extraction as sample,precision was tested and the error was less than 5%,which was compared with statistic data and image data.The result showed that rebuilding the land information based on topography is feasible,which can meet the need of cartography and analyze land use on the same or small scale.

The application of remote sensing technology to the monitoring of urban sprawl has become an important field of study.This paper presents a general method using remote sensing technology to monitor urban sprawl by taking Zhangzhou city in Fujian Province of China as a case.First,for ASTER remote sensing image,the built-up land can be extracted effectively and exactly by combining knowledge from unsupervised classification,multi-temporal vegetation index and terrain distribution of urban built-upland.The precision is over 90%.Secondly,for TM remote sensing image,this paper presents a scheme to improve the method for extracting the built-up land which was raised by Xu Hanqiu.The scheme combines temporal and spatial knowledge of the built-up land with Xu's method.The result shows that the precision of the built-up land,with a precision exceeding 90%,satisfies the demand for analyzing changes in urban sprawl.

In order to fulfill the promise of "Green Olympics",Beijing is joins hands with the regions surrounding Beijing-Tianjin,Hebei Province,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Shanxi,Shandong provinces,etc.,makes efforts to promote urban-rural integration and adjust industrial structure and layout;to carry out resources saving,energy-saving and emission reduction,as well as environment optimization project;to strengthen the infrastructure facilities to ensure energy and water supply;and to take measures to prevent sand storm and to purify air.Remarkable achievements have been made in ecological restoration.

Today's researches on PPGIS have been more about the effect of GIS technology on society or culture.Based on the requirement of public participation in civil informationization and sustainable development,together with the importance of spatial information technology in solving problems with geo-spatial reference,the authors present the necessity of studying spatial information service in PPGIS.In this paper,the authors mainly study spatial information service model of PPGIS from the view of Abstraction by building several models,including semantic model which includes organization model and process model,evaluation model,and so on.By doing so,the essence of service model in PPGIS is made clear.The purpose of spatial information service in PPGIS is to solve the problem by connecting information given by participants,that is to say,its information flow is two-way,and its aim is to solve those spatial problems by geo-spatial technologies which closely connect with people's daily life.The organization model mainly describes participants and their relation,and participants play two roles in this model: system users and information provider;the process model is built based on such knowledge: every difficult duty can be divided into several small easy sub-operations,including pre-evaluation,problem definition,spatial decision and decision evolution;the evaluation model is composed of data quality control and decision transparency evaluation,and service mode.The authors also discuss the system architecture for providing PPGIS-aimed spatial information service,and give an ArcIMS based example.Another part of the work of this paper is the design and development of extended spatial data engine for managing spatial data produced during participation in a PPGIS based on ArcIMS and ArcSDE.

Nowadays,the visualization of GIS spatial data is in static manner,and the data is managed on the server side concentrically.So,it is difficult to satisfy the need for the multi-source and different structure data.At the same time,it also can't meet the need for the ocean environment information data,which has a strong attribute of dynamics.With the development of web service and grid computing technology and also with the utilization of these technologies in GIS,it is possible to realize the visualization sharing of spatial data in a uniform client and manage these data in a distributed way.So,firstly,the article analyzes the requirement of visualization sharing of ocean vector fields information on network in real time and its technologic difficulties.Then the article introduces the web service and network GIS technologies,which are the theoretical base of the systeam,and discusses the method and the system structure of ocean environment vector fields network visualization system in detail.Finally,the article took ocean current data as a case study,introduces the realization of network real time visualization platform of ocean current data with the support of network service of ArcGIS and visualization of ArcEngine.The experimentation has proved that the ocean current remote visualization system based on web service can meet the requirement of data access and visualization for vector fields in network.

Chosen the land use of Xiamen Island as an experimental area,the paper analyzes the characteristics of the change of 8 landscape indices(such as NP,PLAND,TE,PAFRAC,LSI,SHDI,SHEI and CONTAG) associated with the increase of grain and confers the influence of spatial scaling effect on the landscape in order to provide reference for the researches such as the change forecast,comparison analysis and evaluation of the landuse types or landuse pattern among different grains based on the landscape indices.The result demonstrates that:(1)the characteristics of landscape types and landscape pattern of the study area change significantly with the increase of grain;and(2)in the study area,the PLAND is a pattern indices weakly sensitive to grain change that means the PLAND can be directly used under the range of reaches grains for landscape pattern study,and other indices(such as NP,TE,PAFRAC,LSI,SHDI,SHEI and CONTAG)are relative sensitive to the grain change and reflect certain spatial dependence,that means the scaling effect should be considered when studying the landscape pattern with different grains based on these landscape indices.

Waterfront resource is an important component of land resource in China,and resource evaluation is the major work in waterfront resource studies.In China,the studies began at the end of the 1980s and focused mainly on the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River.In those methods,quantitative analysis and GIS tools have been applied.It is impractical to analyze the waterfront resource only according to the natural conditions and economic conditions.In order to gain both socio-economic and ecological benefits,in terms of the characteristic of Nanjing section of the Yangtze River,the factor index in this study is established including waterfront depth,stability of waterfront,water-behind land width,water resources protection areas and scenic resort and historic sites.In accord,the steps of resource evaluation are to cut cells,to evaluate each factor,and to grade waterfront.Applying GIS and ArcGIS Engine exploring tools,this paper implements the integrative evaluation along the Yangtze River in Nanjing,on the basis of which,index of individual evaluation is evaluated and reasonable division of waterfront cells.The evaluation results show that waterfront resource is rich,of which the fine parts take up around half of the overall length;furthermore,the fine parts are very concentrated which are fit to utilization.All the jobs can provide some consultation for scientific and reasonable utilization and exploitation of waterfront resource of the Yangtze River in Nanjing.

The research about the process of urban spatial expansion and the discussion about spatio-temporal rule of urban expansion could help determine the development stage of urbanization of the city and predict the trend of urban development.Based on digitalized relief map,historical relief map,Landsat MSS images and TM images,the urban area's features of Beijing of last century,especially the change of central built-up area and the typical satellite towns were analyzed.For almost a century,the built-up area was expanded around the old town and did not present extremely visible change in a certain direction.The expansion rate varied in different periods of time and the city of Beijing experienced two fast expansion stages comparatively.The Beijing's road traffic was developing rapidly and the satellite towns around central built-up area also made great progress.

Natural language route description represents path information using the ways of linguistic and thinking in people's daily life.Route description in visualization and natural language provides path query service with both pictures and explanations.With the increasing of electronic maps in mobile equipments and Internet,natural language route description becomes one of the significant services for the popularization and humanization of electronic maps.Natural language spatial relations play an important role in route descriptions,which are related to psychology and cognitive linguistics.This paper aims to solve the problems of generating natural language route description in Chinese way-finding systems,on the basis of datasets of geographical information systems and natural language generation technology.Firstly,based on the introduction of the shortest path algorithm,this paper describes the classification of terms for Chinese route description.Secondly,four unit syntactic models are presented to describe different path units.The combined syntactic model is proposed to describe one complete path by means of linear integration of path units,which focuses on the solution of the problem of limited syntactic models in the previous approaches.Furthermore,the algorithms are discussed for the extraction of additional information such as road names,landmarks and orientations according to a given path,in order to improve the understandability of route descriptions.Finally,one prototype system is developed to implement the proposed approach with the case of naming electronic map.It indicates that our proposed approach can achieve satisfactory performance.This system can simultaneously visualize the shortest path and generate its natural language description based on query requirements.

With urban development,the quality of eco-environment in city is being paid more and more attention.This paper takes Nanjing city as an example.On the basis of analyzing TM image in 2000 and CBERS-2 image in 2004,the land cover information in different years can be extracted by man-machine interaction.The result of analysis of the variations of land covers and eco-environment show that in 2000,the main parts of land use are residential area,paddy field and dry land while in 2004,the main parts are residential area,dry land and woodland.The paddy field reduces greatly and the inhabitant area increases obviously.The main parts of change in land use types are paddy field and dry land.In terms of changing rates of land covers,paddy field and transportation land change most quickly,and their dynamic degrees are-8.61 and 5.17.The different category changes are complex,and 20 pairs of transformation relations exist in eight major classes(except naked rock).The values of EV in these two years have been computed,being 0.3871 and 0.3799.The results show that eco-environmental quality in Nanjing is descending slightly.Moreover,biological abundance index increases by 10.43,indicating that the biological diversity changes a lot positively during four years.Vegetation cover index decreases by a big margin,indicating that the vegetation cover reduces obviously.

The human-induced land use changes have a great impact on the global climate changes and thus is the focus of the various studies.Currently,the study on the dynamics of land use usually takes the advantages of the remote sensing technology and Geographical Information System.In this study,the land use changes in Fuzhou city and adjacent areas during the last 20 years were investigated using remote sensing technology based on three Landsat TM images acquired in 1986,1996 and 2006,respectively.A Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm was applied to classify the images and the classification accuracy was further enhanced with the assistance of the high spatial resolution SPOT Pan images and the Geographical Information System.The change detection technique has been used to reveal the changed land use areas and to obtain conversion matrixes of land use classes using the post-classification comparison method.The result clearly reveals that the land use changed dramatically during the study period due to the rapid economic development and urbanization process of the area.The main land use classes,such as built-up land,arable land and forest land,have changed at various degrees.The rapid spatial expansion of the urban areas has resulted in the sharp decrease in arable land,making a distinct character of the land use change of Fuzhou District.Further combination of the remote sensing data with the socio-economic data of the study area indicates that the main driving forces to the land use changes of the area are fast industrialization,population growth and the government decision making.

The 3D scene is the main interactive interface of 3D GIS,and has an Earth scene and a valley scene,taking terrains and rivers as their two basic elements.It displayed DEM and river network on the 3D scene of the system.The water flow is displayed dynamically by reading the data of river network on sequential time,which represented the historic trace of tense-GIS.Also,we could add models which can be selected,transformed,removed and so on anytime on the scene by the integration of it with virtual reality.The functions of the query of terrain position at will and water level,water flow velocity and direction of any node of the river network at different time intervals were implemented which have a good capability of interactivity.

Collaborative Forest Fire Fighting Decision-Making experts may come from different organizations or different fields,having different knowledge structure and preferences,which gravely hinders the effective communication in the decision-making group.In this paper,ontology was introduced in Collaborative Forest Fire Fighting Decision-Making to solve semanteme compatibility during collaborative decision-making procedure.The prevalent construction methods of domain ontology were analyzed.According to the accomplished methods and in light of engineering method and life cycle approach in software development,the construction method of forest fire ontology was presented,which includes three phases of specification,conceptualization and formalization.Taking forest fire fighting decision-making application as an orientation,according to the analysis of decision-making content and the discussion among domain experts,based on the classification system and combined structure of conception,modeling primitives including concepts,relations,functions,rules,etc were abstracted from relative fields such as forestry,meteorology,fire fighting,and geography,and shareable,comprehensible,reusable,and conception models were built.Forest fire fighting domain ontology was built with ontology modeling tools. Parsing and visualization tool of ontology was designed and developed,Semantic Network Graphic and tree diagram visualization approaches were applied to the tool,with which users can display the relationship of conceptions(such as the inheritance relationship,the relationship of classes and instance and the relationship of classes and property et al.) by realistic visualization fashion and query connotation of them.The result of research serves as a basis for the communication between different disciplines or domains for effective cooperation.That would provide a reference for study on forestry and fire fighting informatization,would provide an important way in semantic level for forest fire management and the emergency demand decision-making.

Beijing has been the Capital of the People's Republic of China for 60 years.Especially in the last 30 years after China carrying out the opening up policy,Beijing has become not only the political and cultural center of China,but also the center of transportation and communication of China.Beijing is orienting to the whole world.The city's radiation and agglomeration construction is boosting up constantly.Beijing joins with Tianjin,Shanghai and other coast cities by advanced network of air,rail,road and telecommunications..The flow of people,logistics,information and capital extends in all directions.Beijing is developing so fast that Hi-tech development zones,central business district and financial centers are emerging like the rain-after bamboo shoots in spring.Satellite towns have been formed around Beijing and new housing projects and ecological resorts have been built up.Beijing,as a metropolitan,is now ready to host the 2008 Olympic Games.

Due to its opening and self-described format system,abundant spatial data expression technology,flexible application mode generation method,GML quickly plays an important role in many GIS research and application directions such as spatial data modeling,transmission and exchange,integration and sharing after several years of development.This paper deeply analyses research development of GML in China on aspects of domestic GML related research project,doctoral and master's degree thesis as well as published Chinese papers by core journals.In addition,this paper proposes challenges confronting domestic GML research and application and crucial problems to be resolved in the direction of GML development from three aspects: GML specification research,GML technology research and GML application research.From the analysis of research subject,the focus of GML research has changed from the initial expression of GML data,spatial data modeling of industry,spatial data conversion and integration and visualized research of GML,to GML's internal mechanism which based on the principle of the core technology of GML,the way to realize GML and interoperability between applied technologies.From the analysis of doctoral and master's degree thesis and the Chinese papers published on core journals,we can see that the research of GML was emphasized on application before 2004 but at of GML technology and combination between it and space services after 2004.The research of GML application was mainly concentrated on the support of WebGIS framework,spatial data sharing and interoperability and so on,while that of GML technology focused on GML's storage,index,query,compression and pattern matching and so on.Papers and studies on GML put forward the challenges and urgent problems in domestic GML research and application from three aspects: the GML specification,GML technology and GML application.In GML norms aspect,China should promote the institution of national relevant sharing standards based on GML.In technical research aspect,domestic researchers should strengthen the technique and method's study on GML resolution,GML storage,GML query,GML index and GML compression and transmission.In applied research aspect,it is very necessary for professionals in GML field to establish professional application mode,fractionize the applied layers of spatial data,and improve the shared obstacles in GML application system.

The inherent uncertainties in the real world and the limitation of human cognition are the primary factors of the abundance of uncertainty existing in the judgment of sciences to objectivities.An amount of uncertainties exist in the spatial data describing the spatial entity,including temporal-relative location data and attribute data,some of which may seriously distort the reliability of products.The remotely sensed imagery contains uncertainties caused by unexpected factors during the acquiring process.If only measuring the degree of uncertainty but ignoring the spatial-temporal distribution features,it is not easy to describe accurately and completely the uncertainty in remote sensing information.Representing uncertainty information from the point of view of visual sensation is one of the important sections of modeling uncertainty.The uncertainty visualizing techniques will help users to explore uncertainty in raw data and size,distribution,special structure and tendency of uncertainty.Using existing computer visualization technologies to express uncertainties is an intuitive and effective way.In this paper,these visualization techniques include three types of visualization: static visualization,dynamic visualization and feature visualization.Based on the Landsat-5 TM remote sensing image covering the Chinese Yellow River delta area and its classified data,we investigated several techniques discussed above.

A near-lossless,adaptive watermarking algorithm based on DCT is presented to protect DEM from theft and illegal reproduction.The contribution of this work is twofold: ①In order to improve robustness,the methodology is designed to embed a watermark in terrain lines.②As for the watermark embedding strength,it is decided theoretically in DCT domain by jointing the elevation precision of DEM and Watson perceptual model.And since different precision requirements are given to different relief forms,the watermark embedding strength is adaptive to relief forms.The experiments show satisfying results are not only in watermark transparency,but also in near-lossless of DEM precision and contour derived from watermarked DEM.In addition,this algorithm shows robustness towards JPEG compression,JPEG2000 compression and cropping attacks.

There are several optical and radar small satellites in HJ constellation which is developed in China,and they will be launched gradually since the end of 2007.In the constellation,HJ-1C is planned to be launched in 2008,on which an S-Band SAR is loaded.The S-Band SAR will work at 3.2GHz,VV-polarization and incidence angle range is 25°～47°.Backscattering coefficient retrieved by radar is very sensitive to soil moisture,because soil dielectric constant has a strong influence on backscatter coefficient,and soil moisture content is a determined factor to soil moisture.Because the number of influencing factors is larger than the number of observations,inversion become an "ill" problem,the result is that conventional physical model can not be used to obtain the model inputs directly.So,physical model must be simplified for acquiring an input from the model output.Following this method,based on the configuration parameters of HJ-1C and SAR sensor,soil moisture change retrieval method is studied using AIEM（Advanced Integral Equation Model） simulation data in this paper.Firstly,the applicability of traditional method（based on Simple Scattering Model） for soil moisture change retrieval using single-polarization SAR data is analyzed at S-Band（totally four bands data is checked,namely,Ku-band,C-band,S-band and L-band）,the result shows the method is applicable at S-band,ever has better outcome than using C-band data.Then,a comparison is performed when using different soil moisture parameter as input in the method,the result shows the best result achieved when vertical-polarization amplitude is used.Finally,the validation is done using simulated data,the result shows that almost 80% of the data has an error less than 5%.The result of this paper will benefit to the quick-application of HJ data after its launched.

We reviewed the actualities of the map browsing software in the mobile client,and then summarized the functions of the current map browsing software in the mobile devices and the developing technologies.We summed up the advantages of the way to use Eclipse and Mobile SVG on mobile devices,and proposed that how to design map application on the 3G phones based on Eclipse,EclipseME and SVG Tiny.In the paper we integrated J2ME and SVG into mobile GIS,using Eclipse as development platform,employing SVG as map expression language and applying XML to describe attributes.We inquired basic functions of the map browsing software in the mobile client,and then realized the browsing function and simple query function on the 3G phones.To manage the local data effectively we employed the simulation indexing mechanism and serializing means.We believe that this technology can be widely applied to mobile map service in the future.

1999年10月14日,中巴地球资源卫星01号升空,2006年中国资源卫星应用中心自主研发的数据处理实验系统投产,迅速提高了数据产品的生产能力和效率。通过对IRMSS图像的去噪声干扰,CCD图像的M IF补偿。在敦煌定标场连续两年开展CBERS-02星CCD与法国SPOT-4 HRVIR1的交叉定标试验,及时将结果上网公布,拓展了数据定量化应用的广度和深度。2007年7月数据产品分发已突破20万景①。在CBERS图像应用中,贵阳市率先应用于1∶10万森林调查,扬州市开展了主要农作物的长势监测,北京市进行了密云水库蓄水面积的变化监测,北京市绿地动态监测等。

To put Geographic Information System(GIS) technology innovation stratagem in practice,can not only satisfy the requirement of geographic information better,but also promote the development of geographic information industry.In this paper,three modes of GIS technology innovation were analysed firstly,that is technology push mode,requirement pull mode and mixed mode.Introducing the other technology and the deepening of application were the main causes of GIS technology innovation.Then,the methods of how GIS company actualizes technology innovation were presented,such as to absorb new science and technology in the process of GIS research;put oneself in right place according to GIS market situation and real requirement of users;cooperate with users and scientific research institutions,the other GIS companies,and related sector of society;and perfect the mechanism of GIS technology innovation.Finally,the function of government in carrying out GIS technology innovation stratagem was expatiated,such as to support baisc research in GIS domain,cultivate new type of technical personnel in GIS technology innovation,build up technology innovation platform for middle and small GIS companies,and create good environment for GIS technology innovation activities.

This paper analyzes a newly proposed remote sensing index—the Enhanced Water Index(EWI),by Yan et al.(2007) and discusses the creation of a water index.The EWI was constructed by the ratio of the green light band to the sum of the near infrared(NIR) band and midddle infrared(MIR) band,i.e.,EWI=[(Green-(NIR+MIR))/[(Green+(NIR+MIR)).The evaluation of the EWI was through the application of the index in two images,one without atmospheric correction and the other with the atmospheric correction,and then the comparison of the results of the two enhanced images.Furthermore,the EWI-enhanced water images were also compared with the MNDWI-enhanced water images.The evaluation shows that the EWI failed to effectively enhance and extract the water features in the atmospheric-corrected image,while the MNDWI can work effetely in either corrected or uncorrected images.Many small open water bodies,such as ponds,lakes and city inner rivers,were omitted in the EWI-enhanced/extracted image.Obviously,the neglect of the atmospheric effect on the image resulted in the failure.In addition,the construction of the index is not reasonable.The increase in the concentrations of the suspended solids and algal chlorophyll can notably raise the reflectance of the NIR and MIR bands by water.Therefore,the difference in the reflectance between the green bands and the sum of the NIR and MIR bands can be significantly reduced and the EWI values of many such water bodies can be close to zero or even can be negative.Consequently,instead of being enhanced,these water features were depressed and even removed from the EWI-enhanced image,and thus resulted in the omission of the water features in the extracted EWI-water images.Therefore,in order to avoid uncertainty,any new water index to be created should be tested using atmospherically-corrected image beforehand.Moreover,the water components have also to be taken into account when constructing a water index.

From a perspective of ecological civilization construction,regional economic development and macroeconomic coordination,this paper suggests that the Grand Canal project is a successful example in developing wetlands and lakes in the great plains of eastern China.It is the main water line for transportation in ancient time,a landmark project in the era of national farming civilization,a political,economic and cultural artery that guaranteed North-South reunification since Sui and Tang dynasties,a main artery of China's historical development and a symbol of great ecological civilization in China.The approximate length of the Grand Canal is 3 500 km,it is a compliance among natural environment,stream pattern of landscape and micro-topography of the plain.After 2,500 years of hard work,it has become a great water transportation system in China.At present,about 900 km are still at service.More than 300 million tons of cargos are handled every year.It is still a main route for transportation between the north and the south.The Grand Canal runs through nearly 6 provinces,2 municipalities and 33 cities in eastern China,of which 18 are famous historical and cultural cities.These cities have changed simultaneously with the rise and fall of the Grand Canal.Water culture and landscape along the canal are still the characteristics and highlight of those cities and are basic factors making these cities suitable to live and eco-tourism cities.