River network is a kind of natural fractal. It has become more and more popular in deriving basin characteristics from DEM. The Jinjiang River basin is selected as a study area. The river networks are extracted from DEM at a scale of 1∶100 000 with ten different minimum river lengths varying from 30m to 1 500m. The extraction is based on the function of the ArcGIS8.3 and ArcVIEW3.2 which can get much more information of the dimensions of the river networks. The fractal dimensions of the river networks is investigated by the box counting method firstly,and then the relationships between different minimum river lengths and fractal dimensions based on DEM are discussed. It depicts that there is a critical minimum river length for the determination of the fractal dimension of a river network. The value of the Jinjiang River basin is 150m. The results also show that methods of both box counting method and the Horton's Law are feasible to study the fractal dimensions and it is revealed that the evolution of physiognomy in the Jinjiang River basin is in its initial stage.

Chinese fir plantation and Masson pine plantation are two fire-prone fuel types distributed in Zhangping city,their fuel loadings determine fire behavior.Based on the calculation of mean vegetation fraction of each Chinese fir plantation stand,mean canopy closures are also estimated by regressive analysis.After careful comparison with the result of field survey,the original canopy closures of some fir stands,which had changed a lot,were corrected with the aid of remote sensing.Then,canopy closure,and other factors such as age,DBH,mean stand height were used to estimate the surface fuel loadings of Chinese fir plantation stands by the existing estimation equation,and each stand's combustibility,fire intensity and fire risk ranking were evaluated according to the result.Finally,the other fuel types of Masson pine plantation's surface fuel loadings were also estimated and analyzed.

At present,the air quality simulation has become a main concern in environmental research.The article mainly presents method to the structure simulation system for urban air quality based on spatial analysis model of GIS,especially discussing the integration and application of air quality model in detail by taking Fuzhou City as an example. Air quality simulation integration system comprises three sub-systems of air-pollution spatial data base,air-quality model system,and analysis and mapping system,primarily simulating mean concentration distribution of air pollutants on urban local scale.Of the three sub-systems,air quality model system is the core of the whole simulation system integrating emission,dispersion and photochemical transformation models of three kinds of air pollution sources of point,line and area.Area-source model and photochemical transformation model of air pollutants are two important breakthroughs.Area-source model which is built based on spatially finite difference method can efficiently simulate emission and dispersion from various agricultural land uses including grassland and woodland besides urban low-point sources and resident lives.Photochemical transformation model structured on the basis of O₃-NOX system is integrated into dispersion model of point source,line source and area source,which significantly improve the simulation precision of NO₂ and indirectly solve concentration field simulation of a second pollutant of O₃. Because dispersion process of pollution sources is simulated on the basis of Quasi-stability Gauss Pattern,the application of urban air-quality modeling system must meet three premises: 1) air sources emit continuously;2) pollution dispersion is independent of circumfluence from street canyon;and 3) only three time series of two traffic summits and one non-summit are simulated within a single day.

Based on the RS and GIS methods,we analyze the land use information from 1996 and 2002 TM images,then from both spatial and temporal aspects,we analyze the situation of land use change in the study area.The results are shown as follows:1) The land use structure changed greatly in Chengdu city during 1996 to 2002.The areas of cultivated land and un-used land have been decreasing.The areas of forestland and land for housing and other construction purposes have been increasing.2)During this period of time,the inter-transitions between different types of land use are very complex,mainly occurring among cultivated land,forestland,land for housing and other construction purposes and un-used land.3)At same time,the inter-transitions between different types of land use vary in different parts of the city.Meanwhile,the inter-transitions between the same types of land use also vary in different parts of the city.

Remote sensing technology has already been an important means of LUCC(Land Use & Land Cover). When the traditional methods are used in the land cover classification recognition, the large amount of operation is needed and the accuracy is not perfect. This paper mainly discusses the method of self-organizing neural network that has been very effectively applied to the remote sensing classification processing of land cover and presents its classification algorithm implemented by MATLAB developing flat. Finally, its accuracy of classification recognition is compared to the Maximum Likelihood Classifier(MLC). The result shows that the classification accuracy of self-organizing network method is obviously higher than that of the traditional MLC method, so it is an effective land cover classification method in remote sensing field.

Wall rock alteration and structures are important to exploration.Extracting information of anomalies from,and geological interpreting of remote sensing data,combined with field investigation,can map out the spatial distribution of wall rock alterations and recognize structures.This paper studies the ore prospect in the western part of the Lushi District,Henan Province,using ASTER multi-spectral data and SPOT5 high resolution data.Using techniques including band ratioing,principal components analysis,and spectral angle mapper classification,anomaly information on mineralization and alteration were extracted and comprehensive remote sensing geological analyses were carried out on the important metallogenic sections in the district,by which new exploration targets have been generated.

A four-factor quality testing model（RSTT） was proposed based on the quality testing rule,the quality testing template,the quality testing schema and the quality testing task.The RSTT model structure and topo rule core questions are emphasitically discussed.Based on RSTT and the four-level structural model,this paper deals with the key questions concerning the design of analysis system function module division,quality testing flow and magnanimous spatial database.Taking the nimbly customization of spatial data testing schema,batch and automatic data checking and zero code expansion of testing rule as the goals,the spatial data quality testing system LR_Checker has been developed.The testing with 40G spatial data of land and resources indicates that it is possible to reduce data checking work greatly and can control data quality effectively using LR_Checker.At the same time the accuracy,validity and rationality of RSTT model are also proved.

Supported by spatial analysis method of geographic information system(GIS)and statistical method,land use data of 1990 and 2000 in the Aksu Drainage Basin were analyzed.The quantitative and spatial characters of land use change during 1990～2000 in the Aksu Drainage Basin were studied and the main types and the features of the range and speed of various types of land use change in quantity and its spatial variation were revealed.This paper may suggest related governments to construct the infrastructures to economize water resource and improve the environment in the Aksu Drainage Basin.

In this paper, after image enhancement, composite, geometric rectification, mosaic, and subset based on 1∶100 000 topographic maps, TM data covered whole China was used under ARC/INFO software run in WINDOWS on the microcomputer, by digitally interpretation with individual menu, finally added up desert, sandy land and desertified land area in different provinces of China in 2000. Land cover type adopted three levels of classification system, the first level was classified into six classes: cultivated land, forest land, grassland, water body, construction land and non-used land. TM data interpretation results showed desert, sandy land and desertified land area separately were 9 361 263 hm², 58 570 586 hm², 18 917 225 hm², and 12 340 694 hm² in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and Gansu Province in 2000. Facing the fact that regional ecological environment has been improved, but on the whole the desertified land area is increasing every year in China, so quick and correct report of land desertified area to government by remote sensing technology has great significance to help making decisions.

The informationization of geological hazard and control is a major social development trend.It is a social problem awaiting to be solved,that is,how to utilize the past experience and combine the latest science and technologies to achieve the informationization of geological hazard monitoring.According to the working experience and materials at hand,the author suggests that geological hazard can be predicted by combining the computer technology with the information obtained from satellite remote sensing,geology,geophysical and geochemical exploration,seismology,ground temperature,deep structure,regional metamorphism,and earth crust movement.

How to extract exactly urban information is always very important in the application of remote sensing.There are different methods of extracting urban land use information based on Landsat image,such as Normalized Difference Built-up Index(NDBI),Spectrum Threshold Extraction,Supervised Classification by computer and interactive visual interpretation;however,each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages in specific application.The main objective of this paper is to compare the efficiencies and accuracies between the multiple methods,and ameliorate these methods to improve their efficiency.In this study,we take Quanzhou city as study area,and utilize Landsat ETM+ image received in 2000 to extract the urban land-use information using the above-mentioned multiple methods respectively.By com-parison,the study result reveals that these ameliorated methods can work better than before,NDBI can extract information easily and quickly,and Spectrum Threshold Extraction can acquire high accuracy at the cost of complexity.

The impacts of cloud, fog, and rain greatly increase the complexity of data acquisition for earth observation, which has resulted in the lack of remote sensing data in multi-sphere monitoring, in particular the continuity, currency, accuracy, and usability of those data. In the history of the Earth observation system, the cloudy and rainy environment has been the bottle-neck for monitoring the land and ocean surface. Only after implementing the all-weather and continual observation on the cloudy and rainy areas, our country can form a real comprehensive system of remote sensing applications. In this paper we propose the concept of cloud-prone and rainy areas remote sensing (CARRS) and introduce the progress in related studies in this field in order to encourage inter-disciplinary research to tackle the "bottle-neck" problem and to advance new theories and methods on the Earth observation system for cloudy and rainy areas.

Metropolitan region, which symbolizes the human civilization, is gradually formed by the long-term interactions of both natural and social factors. Especially in China, development of metropolitan regions has become one of the most significant strategies for its future regional planning. Moreover, it is believed that the latest trend for regional development should be spatial structure adjustment in order to increase the economic benefits, as global economy competition becomes even more striking than ever before. Currently, lots of metropolitan regions on our backland successively form and grow; the number of which almost comes to 30, including the three well-known entities, i.e., the Yangtze River Delta metropolitan region, the Pearl River Delta metropolitan region and the Beijing -Tianjin -Hebei metropolitan region. However, those experiences from worldwide metropolitan regional development show that it will be a natural principle that large amount of people and investment pour into super port-cities and bring through non-equilibrium of regional economic growth and dependence on the coastal areas. Therefore the planning and development of metropolitan regions should observe such a principle of social and economic development. The formation of metropolitan regions goes through long time history accumulation. When it was in agricultural times, these regions were inner ports containing large population and dense river networks. When it was in industrial times, they were outer ports connecting the world. When in current information times, they are developing towards modern airports and information ports. Only all sorts of ports integrated can they possess the whole functions of world-class free ports. It is the ultimate goal of regional economic development. From the view of the geo-economy, the metropolitan regions generally have obvious regional economic superiority and leading effect of the financial center, ahd occupy absolute proportion of GDP. Along with the unceasing expansion of commuter circles and capturing of the continental heartland, the metropolitan regions have broken the spatial -temporal distribution pattern of the administrative divisions, impelled the regional economic reorganization and promoted it to develop towards the transnational economy. The development of metropolitan regions is of extreme imbalance and each has its own characteristics, but generally exhibits similar development phases and regularities in regional heterogeneous pattern. Of the three big metropolitan regions, analyzed from the geographical location, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region has the humanities superiority; the Pearl River Delta region which adjoins the international metropolis Hong Kong, has the location superiority in Asia; and the Yangtze River Delta region has the potential of "butterfly effect", which unfolds the global charm to attract the whole world. Interior cities within the metropolitan regions also compete for key city intensely with each other. Since the differences in economic development level, development opportunity, location superiority and human factor exist, in order to enhance the metropolitan regional cohesive force and competitive power, overall planning should be made and different measures should be identified under the guidance of scientific development concept of mutual supplement of each city and surmounting their respective obstacles in the process of development. Dynamic monitoring with high-resolution satellite remotely sensed images reveals that these metropolitan regions have some common fault such as heat island effect, inversion layer air pollution, groundwater funnel, land subsidence, sea water invasion and green space insufficiency. In addition, researches indicated that these regions are extremely weak on emergency reaction. Considering the strong mutual dependence of industrial structure and the production process inside the metropolitan regions, in the planning and developing process of metropolitan regions, it should be kept in mind that early warning mechanism and emergency solutions should be established aiming at the serious environmental situation, and guaranteeing the sustainable development of metropolitan regions.

Aiming at the urban management cases of Beijing Dongcheng District, this paper pointed out that lagged information transmission, inactive governmental response, ambiguous allocation of responsibilities among specialized government departments, inaccurate application of management approaches, absence of effective supervision and evaluation mechanism are the main problems in the former urban management practice. Based on 100×100 m2 management grids, with an integrated application of computer technology, network technology, GIS and mobile communication technology etc., we created a brand new urban management model, namely 100×100 m2 grid management model, which solved all the problems at one stroke and realized accurate, efficient, full-time and full-space urban management.

In recent years, there are increasing meteorological disasters in China, such as typhoon, which caused great economic losses in coastal provinces. Also, they resulted in the displacement of subtropical high pressures which leaded to durative high temperatures and droughts in Sichuan Basin. The Mini-satellites Constellation for Environmental and Disaster Monitoring and Forecasting will be launched in 2007. In order to make full use of the data from the Mini-satellites Constellation in preventing and reducing the loss caused by typhoons, we need to be well prepared. This paper proposed 5 key techniques to improve our Typhoon Disaster Prevention and Reduction Information System: a network platform for sharing information, computational models and databases for calculating the accessibility to disaster area, satellite image data mining, integrated multi-source environmental background data, and secondary disaster prevention. Information sharing and multidisciplinary inter-departmental cooperation are also needed.

1 地理大发现的先驱 郑和下西洋,先于哥伦布横渡大西洋70年。长期以来,包括中国的旧教科书,都沿用欧洲人的说法,把哥伦布作为14~16世纪地理大发现的第一人。但是,20世纪末,人们有了很大的进步,取得了共识,还其历史的本来面目,被扭曲的历史终于端正过来了。例如,英国出版的海洋地图集和世界探险史的著作中（如The Times Atlas 0f Oceans.1983.The Times Atlas and Encyclopedia of the Sea,1989）等都把郑和下西洋的光辉历史列于榜首,而哥伦布仅列于第三位或第四位。

This paper mainly introduces the progress and achievement in "Digital Fujian" program. After the implementation of the former three years of the 10th Five-Year Plan, the Digital Fujian program, as an important project of creating new superiorities and realizing rapid development of Fujian province, has achieved some successes: having established successfully the E-Governance information network; having unified the norm and criterion of data and completed standard data resources; and having modified information resources and launched successfully some demonstration projects. In the following two years of the 10th Five-Year Plan, further generalization and application will be implemented based on demonstration projects of the former three years.

前言银川是黄河上游宁夏平原的明珠,是我国历史文化名城。这次重游银川,参加全国遥感学术会议, 感慨万千,颇有启示:贺兰山先民岩画,那时的工具虽然原始简朴,但抽象意境很高,发人深省。

The Pacific and Indian Ocean monsoons bring abundant precipitation and seasonal high-temperature and heavy cloud. Cloud makes great difficult for data acquisition with visible light remote sensing. Every year typhoons bring great destruction on forest, hills, transportation, communication and power networks. So multi-spectrum and microwave remote sensing are strongly needed. Species resource is greatly abundant in South China. Classifications of coral, mangrove and other plants with remote sensing need special image processing technologies. Species identification is very difficult and needs abundant geobotanical, biological knowledge and field survey data. In South China, the strong efflorescence and simultaneous physical and chemical corrosion result in unique red sandstone topography (Danxia dimao) and karst topography. For example, in tropical monsoon forest, nanmu and agallochum can only be found in remotely sensed images when they blossom transitorily. Fish groups location can get support with identifying the interface of cold snap and warm current, and migration of birds.

The wave of "Digital Earth" drives the related research, including those in the field of oceanography. With the development of capacity to acquire the marine spatial data with time serial, Geographical Information System shows its potential in Oceanography because its functions are powerful in spatial data management, spatial analysis and graph or image mapping. Based on the character of marine, a prototype of Digital Sea of China (PDSC) has been constructed with the datum of coastal line of China. With the foundation of PDSC, this paper emphasizes on the problems with their resolutions, which differ from other space digital fields, especially on the data organization and manipulation with the datum of coastal line, the structure of "Digital Sea" and the integration method, the logic computation and the visualization method.

Loess geomorphology in China belongs to one of the typical landforms, whose classification system is the foundation of mapping. Up to now, the national classification system of loess geomorphology has not yet been established and published. By adopting new classification principles such as morphogenetic, geological tectonics and delamination, based on every kind of geomorphologic classification projects, this paper analyzed the nationwide research of loess landforms, with the advanced techniques such as Remote Sensing, Geographical Information System, established new national loess geomorphologic classification system, and put forward 5-bit number for coding the loess geomorphologic data. Based on Remote Sensing Image (Landsat TM and ETM), the characteristic atlas of typical loess geomorphology was compiled. The classification system includes fiver layers: relief and height, genetic types, position and outward appearance, slope-ditch density-incision depth, by integrating morphology with genesis. This research established the solid foundation for use the inside high-resolution satellite Remote Sensing data to complete 1:1 000 000 loess geomorphologic map of China. This classification system can adequately reflect the types characteristic of loess geomorphology and can also keep consistency with classification system of national digital landform, the classification system possesses the expandability function of other types.

Based on the fact that the urban and regional geographic information development is quite uneven in China, this paper introduces an idea to measure the levels of geographic information development in urban areas using methods of questionnaire survey and case study. The authors discuss the natures and characteristics of geographic information from multiple perspectives, and present several development indicators such as professional and related organization, data investment and budget, data production and supply, data quality and standard, information infrastructure, related law, policy and regulation, application and benefit, and degree of data sharing. The related development degree index, questionnaire design, and case study design should consider these indicators carefully according to the research purpose. Finally, it is suggested that the government administrators and / or professional organizations should conduct a nationwide evaluation of urban geographic information development and formulate general strategies for China's long-term urban geographic information development and application.

This paper analyzes the current development status of spatial information technology and identifies six applied characteristics of the technologies of Spatial Information Grid (SIG). Considering the applied aspects of geological survey, the prospects of SIG in industrial application and technological development are presented and discussed.

In order to solve the problems such as soil and water loss, eco-environmental degradation, frequentflooding and drought disasters in the Poyang Lake Basin before the 1970's, the approach of integrated watershed management has been adopted and applied, and "Mountain-River-Lake Integrated Development and Management Program" has be implemented. The program combined greening mountains and harnessing rivers with economic development aiming to pursuing the balance of social-economic development, environmental protection and ecological reconstruction. With the unremitting efforts in the past 20 years, a "green Jiangxi" has been constructed , and the capacity of regional sustainable development has been enhanced. After the entrance of the new century, the development strategy of "gold mountains and silver mountains are needed, but clear waters and green mountains are much more desirable" was put forward and the social-economic development in the Poyang Lake Basin was speeded up with the precondition of eco-environmental protection.

地图是永生的,作为人类的一种文化工具,地学的第二语言,决不会由于数字化、电子化反而无所作为。从地球信息科学发展的总体趋势来看,卫星遥感系列卫星数据资源日益丰富,从低分辨率到甚高分辨率空间数据应有尽有,定位系统,数字传输与网络技术日新月异,数学模型、数据挖掘与知识发现的能力,信息基础设施与信息共享机制不断改善和提高。

The research of info-flow is more and more important in the research of the social spacial framework, especially, the city's spacial framework. The CERNET's data is the foundation of text, which is used to analyze the framework's grade and flow mode of info-flow, then reveal the spacial character of Chinese Internet's framework at present, and advance simple assumption to the Net-framework's proposals in the future, and some proposals to the orientation and method of the research in the future. This paper uses the central city' s attraction and diffusivity factors to reflect the attraction and the diffusivi- ty. The attraction factor: Xi=1+∑(Rki /∑Ok); and the diffusivity factor:Yi=1+∑(Oik/∑Rk).From the two factors, we can determine the city's current grade and can get the CERNET's advantage and the disadvantage of the structure. This paper considers this structure as "tricycle mode". According to this mode advices are raised in order to improve the environment of network and to decrease area differentiation, and to drive the regions development in info way and to meet the requirement for regional development, and make the driving force to periphery more powerful and the info' s flow more unobstructed, so as to improve the usability of the network.

Oil and gas exploitation is a mass production movement, which affects local vegetation growth, especially in the beginning of the oil field exploitation. Gudong Oil Field is known for its most abundant oil reserves in Shengli Oil Field and the second largest one in China. Gudong Oil Field has been developed rapidly since 1986 and has an area of about 68km₂. In this paper, eight scenes of remote sensing data including TM and ASTER from 1984 to 2001 were used, which are associated with different periods from drilling, construction to putting into production and steady production of Gudong Oil Field. In the beginning of the oil field development, the vegetation changed quickly, and when oil field regions became steady, the change was slowed down. So in the beginning of oil development, the time interval of the chosen remote sensing data was shorter than that in the steady period. The details of the chosen remote sensing data are as follows: TM data on 5 October 1984, 4 March 1985, 5 June 1986, 7 May 1987, 13 February 1989, 2 April 1992 and 20 September 1996, and ASTER data on 10 September 2001. According to the historical investigation results, ground truth survey, the characters reflecting from remote sensing data and vegetation succession rule in the Yellow River Delta, the classification schema was completed on the basis of the vegetation cover types in the study area. The classes were water (including plash), tidal flat (including naturally non-vegetated area and area non-affected by humans), reed beds and barren land (representing the non-vegetated area affected by humans, such as the area covered by oil platforms, pipes). Vegetation distributions of Gudong oil field in different periods were extracted from remote sensing data. The vegetation succession rule and the effect of oil development on vegetation were analyzed. Before the mass production movement of oil drilling, as part of the estuarine delta of the Yellow River, the vegetation distribution is zonal along coastal line reflecting the vegetation succession rule in coastal zone of the Yellow River Delta. In the beginning of the oil development, the destruction of vegetation resulted in a rapid decrease of grassland areas and the quick increase in barren land areas.

How to integrate quantitative data, qualitative data, empirical data and knowledge-based data and then make decision is one of the important issues in spatial data analysis. In this paper, two methods for spatial integration and decision making are discussed. One is fuzzy weights of evidence, and the other is weighted logistic regression. Compared with the traditional methods such as discriminate analysis and multivariate regression analysis, these two methods can give more reasonable results when explanatory variables are a mixed mode of continuous and category data.

Analysis of automatically extracting terrain features based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) such as slope gradient, slope aspect, curvature, flow paths and delineate drainage networks, is always a kind of fundamental work for many geoscientists. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), which produced a near global scope database of high accuracy elevation data, offers an opportunity to extend terrain analysis from local to global. However, it is a major disincentive for geoscientist to deal with massive DEM data even in a limited interesting research area. Grid Services for Elevation Derivatives (GSED) is proposed for spatial data dissemination and continental-scale topographic analysis computation based on DEM. The architecture of GSED is presented in the paper and unique problems that appear in the computing test are elaborated. Automation topographic factor extraction from SRTM is carried out through GSED. Traditional sequential algorithm has been reorganized to adapt to the distributed computing environment. Tibetan Plateau is selected as the focus area, and preliminary result is established for comparison with GTOP030. The result confirms that GSED is an effective method to solve the problem of high throughput computation with large scale geographic data.

Temporal data management is very important to Digital Real Estate System(DRES),how to build a spatio-temporal data model is a key issue of DRES.This paper firstly analyzes the characteristic of temporal data and draws a conclusion that change of spatial information is much lower than that of attribute information. According to this, a new Spatio-temporal Data Model of DRES was constructed, which is named as ameliorated model with combination of sequential snapshot model and base state with amendments model. This model is easy to be implemented with less storage in information system. According to this spatio-temporal model with workflow cared, DB Trichotomy Method has been implemented in DRES. According to DB Trichotomy, Temporary DB, Formal DB and History DB are defined to store data in three states. The spatio-temporal data in this paper has been used in Hangzhou Digital Real Estate Information System.