The Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Network(ESSDSN) is one of the key programs of Scientific Data Sharing Project in China.It is very important for global change and earth system science research as well as national macro strategic decision-making and socio-economic sustainable development.For scientific data sharing,there are two key technologic issues should be solved,i.e.distributed & asynchronous data resources integration and one-stop sharing service.Firstly,the ideal of "founding Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Union by co-constructing and co-using" is put forward.And also three-level organization mode,head center-sub centers-data resource sites,is designed.From the viewpoint of technology,it adopts the method of centralized management for metadata and separate management for data body to integrate distributed data resources.Specially,in order to describe multi-discipline data resources,different metadata standards are used.However these metadata standards should be interchanged with each other.So the core metadata standard and extension method are researched using MVC(metadata standard schema,metadata view page,metadata handle control functions) mode to uniformly handle and visualize these different metadata standards.Finally,the distributed Earth System Scientific Data Sharing System(ESSDSS) is designed based on SOA(Service-oriented architecture).It is divided into three logic tiers,i.e.data resources tier,business function tier and web services tier,and implements interoperability by web services.ESSDSS has been deployed in one head center and 13 sub centers to form a distributed and one-stop Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Network(ESSDSN).Up to Dec.2009,ESSDSN has integrated about 18TB data resources including 5 spheres of earth system and provided about 25.59TB data for many users freely.

Coastal Zone is the transfer of land and sea areas.With economic development and opening to the outside world,various exploiting activities on coastal zone,on the one hand,promote economic development of coastal areas;on the other hand,make coastal areas facing increasing pressures,such as population increase,consumption of resources and serious environmental pollution,etc.In addition,coastal zone suffers frequent natural disasters,such as typhoon,drought and earthquake.Accordingly,coastal ecological environment shows a typical characteristic of vulnerability.In this paper,fragile ecological environment in the coastal zone was studied based on the Geo-Information Tupu methodology.Firstly,it constructs spatiotemporal database through earth observation,field investigation and social economic statistics,and a symptom Tupu is constructed from data mining and knowledge discovery.Then a diagnose Tupu is extracted by combined evaluation and spatiotemporal analysis.Finally,implement Tupu is generated by the support of forecasting model and the decision project is formed.The practice proves that the study of the fragile properties for eco-environment by the method of Geo-Informatics graphic analysis is almost same as the reality of Fujian Province.The fragile eco-environment including present situation,driving factors and the future trend could be reflected more intuitively through information Tupu.The study of fragile eco-environmental information Tupu by means of Tupu inversion and simulating the spatiotemporal change of eco-environment of coast zone would supply important scientific basis for the planning policy decision of sustainable development in coast zone as well as the countermeasure making of environmental management and disaster prevention and reduction through comprehensive assessment and forecasting of fragile eco-environment in coastal zone by Tupu form.

It was very important to learn the climate background in arable land changed areas of China then to estimate food production,to evaluate the balance of arable land quantity and quality,and to put in practice arable land protection and food security.In this paper,the arable land changed areas were firstly analyzed.Next,annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours were chosen to analyze the climate conditions in arable land changed areas so as to provide suggestions on land protection and economic development.The results showed that annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in arable land decreased areas were 0.45-1.05℃ higher,56.77-79.59mm more and 45.80-98.83h less than arable land increased areas during the four periods from the end of 1980s to 2008.While annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in areas with significant arable land reduction were 0.81-1.85℃ higher,85.69-305.26mm more and 86.96-207.85h less than those with significant arable land increase.The core part of China's arable land was gradually moving upward/northward from the end of 1980s to 2008.According to altitude,the arable land increased areas seemed to be about 0.5-1° more northward than the decreased areas,while the significantly increased areas seemed to be about 1-2° more northward than the significantly decreased areas.Otherwise,according to latitude,the arable land increased areas seemed to be about 100-200 meters higher than the decreased areas,while the significantly increased areas seemed to be about 150-350 meters higher than the significantly decreased areas.The difference in precipitation became more and more significant between the arable land decreased area and the increased area as time went on from the end of 1980s to 2008.These conclusions are important help for us to learn grain production,to evaluate the balance of arable land quantity and quality,and to readjust industrial layout in China.

Through remote sensing research of uranium deposit in Ordos and Tarim basins,the close relationship of its metallogenic environment and fault-block uplift(fault-uplift structure) was found.Based on this discovery,and combined with modern information technology(GIS,3d visualization,computer simulation,etc.) and geophysical and geochemical information such as gravity,aeromagnetic,airborne radiometric survey and earthquake prospecting,then adding in uranium geology professional knowledge,the information transform was made into new cognition,and finally,a viewpoint of fault-uplift mineralization and the theory of fault-block mineralization in Craton basin of China were put forward.To encircle the fault-uplift structure and its brink is the main direction of prospecting in this type of basin.So,the conception of putting the application of remote sensing "from the technical aspect to scientific aspect",which,was advocated by the late academician Chen Shupeng,was explored.This concept designated the direction of deep development and further application of remote sensing technology.The practice shows that it is an important approach to make full use of the advantages of remote sensing technology at first,to discover and put forward problems,then to use comprehensive information and integration technology,to make extension study of the remote sensing discovery and combine with professional knowledge,to make the data and information transform into innovation cognition,and finally to direct the practice and decision-making.

A geographic information system(GIS) integrates hardware,software,and data for capturing,managing,analyzing,and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.Addresses are one of the most popular geographical reference systems in natural languages.Address geocoding is considered as the most effective approach to bridging the gap between business data in management information systems(MIS) and GIS,which supports geospatial information visualization and spatial analysis.Chinese address geocoding faces three significant problems,i.e.address models,address resolution and address matching,because of the un-standardization of Chinese place names and the shortage of national address databases.Address resolution aims to automatically split address strings in natural language into address units without semantic incompletion.It plays a fundamental role in address models and address matching.Previous research focuses on rule or gazetteer based approaches,which are easily implemented but with poor coverage and performance.In theory,Chinese address resolution is similar to word segmentation in Chinese natural language processing.Based on the investigation of large-scale Chinese place names and address syntactic patterns,this paper identifies primary and secondary general characters that represent a variety of address units.And then an address numerical representation method is presented to induce syntactical rules of Chinese addresses.Finally,we develop an RBAI algorithm for implementation Chinese address resolution and illustrate an example.The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can achieve satisfactory efficiency and effectiveness for large-scale data processing,the accuracy ratio over 92% and the processing rate over 2,800 items per second.The proposed approach and system can be extended to such fields as land management,asset management,city plan,public security,postal system,taxation,public health management and other location-base services.

As a complex non-linear and dynamic process,full understanding of the urban morphology and evolution mechanism requires modelling.Due to its abilities of simulating and predicting a complex system,cellular automata(CA) have been increasingly used to capture the nature of urban evolution since the pioneering work of Tobler.More recently,intelligence methods were widely adopted to optimize geographical CA models.The similarity between the nature of self-organization of particle swarm optimizers(PSO) and the "bottom-up" approach of cellular models makes it particularly suitable for optimizing transition rules.Based on automatically searching the minimum differences between the simulation results produced by a CA model based on conventional logistic regression method and the actual pattern of urban morphology,this research integrates the PSO method and a CA model to stochastically optimize combination of parameters of CA rules and construct the PSO based CA model for urban expansion and evolution modelling.Based on Matlab,Visual Studio.Net and GIS,the PSO algorithm and the PSO-CA model were successfully implemented.By using the 17 years(from 1989 to 2006) historical remotely sensed images,the PSO-CA model was calibrated to simulate the urban expansion of Jiading District,Shanghai Municipality.Besides,the urban pattern of Jiading District at 2010 was projected with the PSO-CA model.Evaluated with a confusion matrix,the simulation results of the PSO-CA model obtained accuracies of 87.42% for the non-urban category,76.51% for the urban category,82.35% for overall,and 64.31% for the Kappa coefficient,which outperforms the logistic regression based CA model,with accuracies of 84.36% for the non-urban category,71.58% for the urban category,78.42% for overall,and 56.32% for the Kappa coefficient.This research have demonstrated that conventional transition rules were substantially improved by the PSO technique,which also can optimize a wide range of traditional CA models for urban evolution modelling.

With economic growth,eutrophication has become one of the most severe environment problems,including in lake areas.Currently,couples of lakes urgently need decision-making information for the coordination between economic growth and nitrogen and phosphorus emissions controlling.This paper introduces the framework of a multi-regional environmental computable general equilibrium(ECGE) model which is based on the theory of mathematical optimization solution to explore the relationship between economic growth and controlling of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions.A social accounting matrix(SAM) database is created based on the input-output table of 2007 for mainland China and an inter-regional trade matrix is built in terms of the gravity model assumption to support the ECGE model.A case study in Poyang Lake Basin is conducted to extract decision making information for nitrogen and phosphorus emissions controlling in order to avoid the broken out of eutrophication as well as to spur economic growth.Four scenarios are designed based on water environmental capacity and emission factors of each sectors of Poyang Lake Basin and simulated by ECGE model one by one.The simulation results show that the scenario,aiming at the Grade III water quality standards and reducing nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from those sectors with high emission,is the most efficient one among all of the four scenarios in coordinating economic development and eutrophication control.The internalization of external environmental costs under this scenario will reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emissions via increasing of science and technology input and improving on processing technique with economic growth of Jiangxi Province as well as other regions.

The gird scale effect is one of the basic issues on population data spatialization.For the demand of all kinds of spatial population data in the fields of resources and environment and global change models,a lot of researches have been done based on remote sensing and GIS technology both at home and abroad.But the models used are mostly on global(such as GPW,1995,5km),national(such as national population database,2000,1km) or provincial scale,and their resolution ranges from 1km to several kilometers.In recent years,there are studies on local distribution of population by using of high-resolution images.For all the researches,both the method of data source selection according to specific application and the analysis on production suitability are deficient.So,many uncertainties exit in population data application,especially in county level and secondary or tertiary rivers.To solve the problems mentioned above,in this article we mainly propose the method of scale effect analysis on population data spatialization.Taking Yiwu City,Zhejiang Province as the study area,using CBERS and IRS-P5 images we extract land use information and build a spatialization model to the statistical population data of rural towns,then get a set of population data gird ranging from 20m to 1km.Moreover,by comparing population data by grid and statistical population data in rural towns,the grid scale effect analysis is made;by comparing population data by grid and statistical population data in villages,the remote sensing data source scale effect analysis is made.The result of scale effect analysis shows: by using CBERS as data source,the suitable grid scale of production is 200m and its precision is 76%;by using P5 as a data source,the suitable grid scale of production is 100m and its precision is 84%.The method of scale effect analysis in spatial distribution of statistical population is argued in this paper and it can provide basic technical solutions and examples to optimum scale selection in the process of humanistic factors(such as population) spatialization.

Map Registration plays a very important role in many fields of GIS.An automated shape-base approach to affine transformation registration of two homonymous vector map features is put forward in this paper.This approach includes two stages which are coarse registration and fine registration.In the first stage,geometry moments are computed only through boundary for polygon features and three pairs of corresponding points are recognized according to some theorems of affine transformation invariants for line features,which will cause that six initial parameters of affine transformation be solved,and thus two map features can overlap with each other roughly according to solved parameters.In the second stage,fine registration is realized by an improved iterative closest points method using a point-to-line metric based on coarse registration result.Experiments show that this algorithm presented in this paper can still achieve a more accurate registration result compared with artificial registration even when there are many slight deformations between shape boundaries of two homonymous vector map features,which mean that it is robust to noise to some degree.Because this algorithm take complicated shape characteristics of map features into account,it is more suitable for registration of vector map features than other methods.After fine registration is fulfilled,homonymous corresponding points can be recognized and matched from shape boundary of vector map features based on registration result,which will lay solid foundation for following entire map registration.

The WebGIS development represents a natural answer to the growing requests for dissemination and use of geographical information data.WebGIS originates from a combination of web technology and Geographic Information System.The new technology,RIA(Rich Internet Application),is more frequently used to enrich WebGIS in meeting the demand of high interactivity and rich expression in some extent.There were papers introducing the solution of RIA applied in WebGIS such as Flex,but they mainly discussed the architecture,the function model and so on.Base on the research of Silverlight,the combination between Silverlight and WebGIS is presented in this paper.Especially,the authors discussed how to represent geographic information in multi-scale by simulating and improving DeepZoom,which enables smooth loading and panning by serving up multi-resolution images and using spring animation.And then we integrated vector and raster geographical data by making use of XAML(eXtensible Application Markup Language).It would be much more appealing if taking advantage of animation.The algorithm for displaying huge amount of data was also designed,and it improved the performance efficiently.In addition,the key issue of geospatial web services aggregation and web cache was also mentioned.Finally,to evaluate and present results obtained by this work,this paper includes case studies concerning implementation of the idea.The authors believe that WebGIS based upon Silverlight will play a great role in representing geographic information and aggregating geospatial web services in future,and also,it is more effective.

为适应国民经济和社会发展的需求 ,在中国科学院、国家教育部、国家文物局的领导下 ,由中科院遥感所、华东师范大学和中国历史博物馆三方共同组建的集自然科学与社会科学为一体的跨部门、跨行业的综合性、开放型的“遥感考古联合实验室”于 2 0 0 1年 1 1月 2 9日在北京天地科学园区成立。实验室办公室设在中科院遥感所 ,培训部设在教育部华东师范大学 ,资料部设在国家文物局中国历史博物馆。成立大会由中国科学院资环局副局长陈泮勤副局长主持 ,中科院遥感所郭华东所长作实验室组建报告 ,中科院陈宜瑜副院长、国家文物局张柏副局长、中科院陈述彭院士等领导分别讲话表示热烈祝贺和诚挚希望。

Wetland is an important natural resource. Because the contradiction between man and the earth becomes more and more sharp and wetland management is not scientific, how to use wetland resource rationally becomes a serious problem, and it has great influence on human life and sustainable development of society and economy. Wetland information system is an information system which uses hardware and software of computer, depends on the wetland knowledge, researches spatial data of wetland, integrates the knowledge, models and decision making in a whole, and can give decision maker scientific support. Its establishment can provide a new method for wetland research and management. In this paper the system object, design principle, structure, development and integration of wetland information system are discussed. In the meanwhile, the function of wetland information system is briefly expressed.

本文结合海洋渔业的应用 ,基于 GIS理论、方法重点探讨了 GIS在海洋渔业中的时空动态、模糊性和不确定性以及社会经济文化等方面问题 :(1)针对海洋渔业时空动态 ,利用面向对象技术构造了适合于多维时空数据存储、计算、分析的概念模型——基于特征的时空层次模型 ,并设计了在现有数据库系统中实现的路线 ,从而构建了基于 client/server结构的海洋渔业数据仓库平台。在构建的数据仓库平台上 ,从11年的 40多万个数据中寻找东海渔场的分布模式及其与非生物环境的关系 ,对东海鱼类资源在空间、时间上的变化进行了深入的分析 :1分析表明 ,东海区渔场分布呈团状和条带状不均匀分布。

This paper focuses on what is the meaning of digital meteorology,namely,digital accepting, intelligentized processing, visualizing distribution, and network service for meteorological information. The components of digital meteorology system were analysed. The foundation of digital meteorology is the digital meteorological datum that can be accessed by computer. The core of digital meteorology focuses on processing of meteorological data and building of the outputs that can express atmospheric state at present and in future. The main purpose of digital meteorological is the services of the data and outputs for society and all people through international networks. The system of digital meteorology is the comprehensive information system that is composed of the monitoring system for earth climate and atmosphere, and archiving and retrieving system of meteorological data, and analyzing and predicting system of the atmospheric environment, and service system for sharing meteorological information. Finally, the paper investigated how to develop the digital meteorology based on technology, thoughts and stratagem.

Graphic symbol is the language of map. In quantitative map, graphic symbols lay particular emphasis on the expression of the quantity features of geographical object to reveal its process of quantitative changes and law of developments. The design of graphic symbols should not only pay attention to the expression of content but also lay stress on the expression of form. The dynamic of graphic symbols improves the interest and visualization of maps on the expression forms of the graphic symbols. This paper expounds the concept of the dynamic of graphic symbols and its expression forms in quantitative map from the visual sense to enrich the forms of the map expression and improve the power of expression of the quantitative map.

窗口制办公系统经过开发部测试人员反复测试,以及开发人员不断的修改完善,系统的性能及功能已趋于成熟。9月底,系统向局及各处室领导进行一次汇报演示,开发部正汇报作了紧张的准备工作。窗口制预计于11月中旬投入使用,使用前一方面还需进一步的调整完善,另一方面还需对全局业务人员进行操作培训。

This paper reviews the development history of spatial data model, introduces the data model of geodatabase, and explicates the objectClass, feature class, feature dataset, relationship class, domains and rules in the model. Based on the understanding to Geodatabase, the paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of Geodatabase. In order to make the object oriented spatial model better, this paper gives some advice about restriction rules of compound objects, spatial temporal expression, breakthrough layers, etc.

We developed and tested a geo-statistical methodology to correct the spatially correlated errors of SRTM DEM and downscale the spatial resolution of the DEM using auxiliary street map and GPS data in city areas. The methodology was based on geo-statistics and spatial analysis techniques in GIS. The calculation procedures were illustrated using a case study in the Xico area of Mexico City. Spatial structures of all the surface features contributing the elevation value within a single SRTM resolution cell were separated into basic components. Then the syntagmatic relationships among the basic components were evaluated and verified using GPS survey data in the study area. Afterwards, spatial relations between the structure of the basic components and the errors surface of the DEM were analyzed using GIS spatial analytical methods. From spatial analysis, the error surface of SRTM DEM proved to be spatially correlated with spatial patterns of streets in the study area. A global error of the DEM was also identified through the above process. Accordingly, the spatially correlated random errors and the global error can be located and corrected by using the auxiliary street map and GPS data. Since the auxiliary street map has finer resolution than the SRTM DEM and is spatially correlated with the error surface of the DEM, the coarse-resolution DEM in the city area can be downscaled to a finer resolution DEM according to the spatial relations between DEM and the auxiliary street map using geo-statistical methodology. The result shows that the downscaled DEM has better performance on the representation of real topography and urban structure. Even though the result was determined by the accuracy of the original DEM, the methodology presented here is effective at downscaling of spatial resolution and the correction of the spatially correlated errors for SRTM in city areas, and could be helpful in topographical information collection provided that there are deficient of other higher resolution DEMs.

The ground surface subsidence due to underground mining of mineral resources is a kind of serious environmental issues over the world, which all the countries with abundant mineral resources are currently confronted with. China is not an exception. With the sharp increasing in mineral resources consumption, this issue will inevitably become more and more severe in the future. In order to greatly reduce the damages induced by ground surface subsidence to the infrastructures and natural environment, it is very important to predict the ground surface subsidence precisely. In the present paper, the authors, first of all, made a systematic and comprehensive analysis on the characteristics and applicability of the major ground subsidence prediction methods currently used at home and abroad. Then, according to their applicability, the authors suggested that the major ground subsidence prediction methods should be divided in to two categories:(1) the prediction methods on spatial domain distribution; (2) the prediction methods on the temporal domain variation. In addition, several feasible and significant directions in the investigation of the ground subsidence prediction were put forward, including (1) on the ground prediction under the concrete circumstances of geology and mining; (2) on the unification problem for the spatial distribution and the temporal variation in the prediction of the ground surface subsidence; and (3) on the integration problem of ground temporal subsidence prediction and field monitoring. Finally, the authors conducted the prospect on the prediction of ground surface subsidence, in which the cooperation and supplement between the prediction methods of ground surface subsidence and the advanced modern space Earth observation monitoring techniques, such as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Global Positioning System were emphasized and expected to substantially improve the prediction accuracy of ground surface subsidence and utmost reduce the damages induced by underground mining of mineral resources. Along with the continuously increasing demands for mineral resources, the investigation on ground surface subsidence prediction is expected to play a more important role in the protection of ground surface facilities and natural environments in the future.

目前对于遥感和 GIS不确定性的处理主要采用数据分析方法 ,SAR影像也不例外 ,针对数据分析方法本身的不足 ,本文主要做了以下几方面的研究 :在理论上 ,首次将系统控制论的观点引入到不确定性的研究中 ,对 SAR系统误差传递函数进行调控。在方法上 ,首次提出利用机理与数据分析相结合的方法和探测 SAR系统误差源 ,经过误差综合之后获得SAR原始影像的不确定性大小 ,为 SAR影像处理、信息提取和影像融合等操作提供可靠性指标。

This paper makes an analysis on model base and the integration method of GIS and application models based on model base. After making a comparison on the integration method of model base with other old integration methods, the authors bring up a new scheme on integration of GIS and application models: spatial decision support model base system driven by intelligence. The new system is supported by data base, model base and knowledge base technique. The paper makes an analysis from how to build knowledge base serving model base, the decision flowsupported by intelligent model base and so on. It also gives an instance of basin environment pollution management based on intelligent model base system, which validates the feasibility and validity of the new model integration method.

According to the demands for plan and management of basic farmland, this thesis studies and designs Basic Farmland Information System(BFIS)based on the existed GIS softwares. The case shows that basic farmland can be worked out by the application of GIS,what is more,it promotes the economy development and sciences and modernization.

As a recent map form, electronic map have broad application value. This paper introduces electronic character and meaning in the first place. Popular science tour is a new tour form which collects tour and popular science. To improve the development of the popular science traveling industry in Northeast China, we have developed Northeast Popular Science Electronic Map.This electronic map can provide fine service for tourists and help selecting touring routes.It can also provide basis for layout and direct building of popular science tour. So it is important to develop popular science tour electronic map.In this paper we have discussed the popular science traveling characteristics and put forward the research goal and function structure of information system of the Northeast popular science traveling design. In recent years, component is one of the GIS software development tends. MapX control have powerful electronic map edition function, so we select MapX control as the main developing tool. This paper based on analyzing characteristic of MapX and application instance, discusses common methods in developing popular science tour electronic map with the aid of MapX control. The popular science traveling industry in Northeast China uses Visual basic as programme tool. Hence,it is the key concerning how to realize the basic function of combining MapX control with Visual basic programme.This paper proposes technology to realize map layer operation,double direction selection,database link, and analyzes amply in allusion to some technical difficulty and solutions for further development.

本文从全球变化研究的需求分析入手 ,分析了地表通量遥感估算的重要科学意义 ,讨论了地表通量遥感过程中面临的几个关键问题 ,构建了地表通量遥感估算系统。对二层蒸发模型中的植被和土壤表面温度分解提出了可视化解算的思路。对遥感真实温度中的等效比辐射率 ,尝试利用蒙特卡罗方法进行计算 ,并对几种特定空间分布 ,特定类型树冠森林的四分量的方向性特性进行了详尽的分析。遥感反演地表真实温度 ,土壤和植被表面温度的分解是地表通量遥感中的关键步骤。

Hyperspectral data contain plenty of information about space, radiation and spectrum, which makes it feasible to quantificationally analyze the chemical concentration of earth surface. Studying the spectral characteristics of main biochemical components of plants with hyperspectral data, we can determine the concentration of various componets by use of certain algorithm. In this way we can at last supervise the growing status of plants. In this paper, stepwise multiple linear regression and spectrum derivative techniques are introduced to calculate the concentration of nitrogen, lignin and cellulose in plant.

As the study object of Geography,Geo spatial system is a typical complex system,consisting of physical, social and economic subsystems. The complexity is an essential characteristic of Geo Spatial System. Thus, the basic essence and mechanism of many geographical phenomena or events have not been revealed, not to mention quantitative analysis and prediction. As an emerging branch of AI, however, Case based Reasoning (CBR), has been regarded as a promising tool to study such a complex system. Since it is a perfect model of human recognition and its working mechanism is very similar to the human primitive reasoning logic, CBR has the inborn ability of quantitative interpretation and prediction simply based on similarity of historical events even there is difficulty to get the working mechanism, principles, or build statistical models for those complex system. Inspired from such a study tool of complex system, the possibility and feasibility of introducing CBR to geographical system study to solve the problem of quantitative interpretation and prediction, has been fully discussed in this paper. And the Geo case based reasoning was promoted, and then give some detail thoughts of this method.

In this article, illustrated by the three examples of Jiuzhaigou disaster model, Jiuzhaigou carst channel spatial analysis model and water resource forecast. It has a discussion on GIS applying in tour resource protected and planning of Jiuzhaigou. It can use for reference to GIS applying in China National park.

城市空间结构是城市功能 (区 )按照各自经济区位的要求形成在空间位置与规模上相互联系、互相制约的集合体。在物质形态上体现为各级城市的中心、开敞空间、居住区、工业区、商业区等连同城市郊区在相应的交通系统下的分布。1 9世纪初以来 ,经典的城市空间结构理论有伯吉斯的同心圆理论、霍依特的扇形理论和哈里斯—乌尔曼的多核心理论 ;战后 ,城市空间结构理论又有进一步发展 ,如穆勒的大都市结构模式和麦吉的殖民国家城市模式等。因此 ,城市空间结构研究拥有比较完善的理论框架。地理信息系统和城市模型研究发轫于 2 0世纪 5 0、 6 0年代的“计量革命”时代 ,但几乎在两条平行线上各自发展了 2 0余年。

Logistics will be a important industry and economical gain point for the Chinese economy development. Now, in China, the synthesis transportation is made of railway, highway, waterage, navigation, and pipeline. Transportation ,business distribution, and economical activities of Logistics are all involoved with geographic space. And moreover the research area of GIS is geographic spatial object. Based on the GIS, GPS, and GSM technique, this paper researched and analyzed the WEB spatial logistics information system.

It is generally introduced in the paper the progress China has made in the past 15 years in spatial data acquirement and data mining. The author discussed in detail geo information science how to meet the challenges and opportunities of new economy in the face of knowledge based innovation, especially discussed the new concept 'geo informatic graphic analysis (Tupu)'. 'Beijing declaration' for the 'digital earth' and 'Shanghai declaration' for 'city informatization' are introduced. The author appeals t reinforce the international cooperation and communication, and provides information service for global and regional sustainable development.