Human activity is an important driving factor to development and evolvement of ecosystem.Quantitative assessment of human activity intensity is foundation to analysis influences of human activities on structure,process and service functions of ecosystem.An approach to constructing a regional quantitative model of human activity intensity was proposed in the article.Firstly,17 representative human activities indices such as population density,the entire society employees,output value of agriculture,investment in fixed assets,density of road,students' number in high school were selected and a set of human activity index system referring to social,economic,culture aspects was established.Then,the Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) method was employed to determine the weights of each human activity index and the weights of importance of social,economic,culture aspects.Finally,a weighted average model was used to quantify regional human activity intensity.The proposed method was applied in three study areas: Wuchuan County in China,Darhan in Mongolia,Zakamensky in Russia.After calculation,human activity exponents of the three study areas in 2000 were 0.78,0.54 and 0.16,respectively,which decreased from south to north.And regional human activity exponents of Wuchuan County in mid 1980s,1995 and 2000 were 0.37,0.50 and 0.78,respectively,indicating a trend of increase.According to analysis on gradient changing of human activity and natural environment of the three study areas and the process of development of Wuchuan's human activity,we can conclude that the method is highly effective in evaluating regional human activities intensity,which can serve as a technique for related researches.

There are sometimes some uneven thin cloud-fog effects in the remote sensing images from optical remote sensors,especially in cloudy and rainy areas.A new method based on adaptive filtering and gray-scale transformation was proposed to remove the cloud-fog cover of the high-resolution remote sensing images in this paper.This comprehensive technology program was applied to process the SPOT5 image with heavy thin cloud-fog cover acquired from Zhuhai,China.And to test its superiority,a comparative experiment with two other available methods named homomorphism filter and an approach based on Laplacian enhancement and histogram transformation was carried on.Several objective indicators,such as PSNR(Peak Signal-to Noise Ratio),average absolute deviation and spectral correlation coefficient(proposed by Li Yuechen[1]),were used to evaluate the resulting images.Besides,to verify the general reliability of the framework proposed,more image data from different sensors,such as TM and CMB satellite,in the cloudy and rainy areas were selected for the corresponding experiment.The results indicate that the experimental results for different data source are consistent,which show that the proposed integrated methods can remove the thin cloud-fog cover effectively and maintain the true spectral features of the original image to a large extent.Furthermore,as a result of the application of different parameters of filtering and gray-scale transformation for different spectral band,the spatial details and true spectral information are remained as more as possible.

Surveying and mapping were active in the period of later Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, and numerous topographic maps (scale: 1∶25 000 to 1∶200 000) covering major areas of China were published. For efficient utilization of the old maps, this paper aims to evaluate the accuracy of the 1∶100 000 topographic maps of Henan Province in early period of the Republic of China (1915~1916). The possible sources of map displacement were also discussed using longitude and latitude records in historical books. The map accuracy was analyzed using the displacement of sampling points. The 159 sheets of old maps were overlaid with current map layers in ArcGIS for comparison. Using ArcGIS Spatial Adjustment Extension and searching the same point in old maps and new maps, 741 displacement links with original and actual coordinates were determined. The displacement map and statistics show that: (1) the longitude and latitude errors of old maps are distributed unevenly, and the average shifts are 6.28 minutes toward west and 2.23 minutes to the south, with standard deviation of 3.76 and 2.51 respectively. (2) Both the absolute and relative errors at longitude direction are higher than that at latitude direction. At the same time, the errors present an autocorrelation pattern and the Moran’s I of longitude and latitude errors are 0.85 (Z=57) and 0.69 (Z=46). (3) In general, the maps in plain area are better than those in mountain area in term of relative accuracy. (4) The errors in old maps present three patterns: higher absolute and relative accuracy, lower absolute but higher relative accuracy, and lower absolute and relative accuracy. To explore the source of absolute errors, the longitude and latitude records of the prefecture cities and county towns were collected from records in historical books. Mapping the historical records as point layers and overlaying it with old and current residential map layers in ArcGIS, the point displacements show that the shift trend of old maps is similar to those coordinate records in Draft History of Qing. Regression analysis confirms the linear and positive association between them. A hypothesis formulated from this finding is that the longitude and latitude records in later Qing Dynasty were utilized in early period of the Republic of China. It is also suggested that during the map investigation, both the newly-surveyed maps and existing older maps were also used in some areas.

A new method to process depressions in DEM data is introduced.It is based on a novel concept of spill elevation and integrating the priority queue data structure into the least-cost search algorithm progressively to determine the spill elevation of every grid.The final DEM data after such a processing procedure are the elevation data without depressions.The algorithm is finished with the support of Standard Template Library.It is not only simple to understand but also faster than the other algorithm in processing the different sizes and resolutions of DEMs and has a good drainage extracted from DEM based on the algorithm.

Angulinao Lake is located in Zhangbei County,Hebei Province.It is the largest lake formed by continental rivers in Haihe basin.The lake covered up to 18000 hm² when it was the largest.And it was getting completely dry in recent years.Based on MSS\TM\ETM\CBERS-1\CBERS-2 remote sensing data and GIS Technology;this paper studied the evolution of the water level of Angulinao Lake from 1975 to 2007.The results showed that the surface area of Angulinao Lake changed greatly,while the upriver reserviors changed little.The surface area of the lake is about 4300hm² in 1975,changed to about 5100hm² in 2000,and then reduced the scope every year.These changes corresponded well to the climate changes in northern China and to the changes of upriver discharge capacity during the same period.Dry climate and the weak period of the upriver discharge capacity responds to the period of small surface area;while damp climate and the strong period of the upriver discharge capacity corresponds to large surface area.The study also showed that the Eco-environment has degraded in recent years.The salinized area had increased about 170km² from 1977 to 1987,and increased about 120km² from 1987 to 2007.These changes corresponded well to the surface area changes of Angulinao Lake.The causes resulting in drying up of the Angulinao Lake have been studied.The geological factors,such as faults,strata,earthquake,have no influences on it.The main reasons are climate change and human's activities,such as the excessive interception of upriver reserviors and over extraction for groundwater.Dry climate and lower upriver discharge capacity are the killers of the Angulinao Lake.To keep balance between economic development and environmental protection,there is a long way to go.

The real world GIS describes is changing continuously,while traditional GIS can only describe it statically.However,GIS has greatly extended its application fields,most of which contain dynamic spatial information that should be managed by GIS.In order to effectively define and dynamically simulate spatial variation,OOB methods have been adopted to model core elements of spatial process,which is a modification and extension of traditional spatial data model.Meanwhile,several concepts such as dynamic graphic object model,spatial-temporal event model and event engine have been imported and realized based on SuperMap GIS component platform.Additionally,visual efficiency of dynamic spatial variation has been improved by reasonable resource arrangement,high effective spatial-temporal query and dynamic cache mechanism.Spatial variation simulation can be essentially concerned as the description of spatial object at different temporal status driven by a certain event.Common spatial variation has been modeled at bottom level to achieve event driven simulating mechanism,which simplifies the development of application level.The effect of spatial variation simulation has also been improved since the structural optimization of basic model level through event driven engine,event index and dynamic map cache mechanism.

Natural language can be applied freely and flexibly,which would not be restrained by the environment and locations,and it is a fluent and quick communication method.Thus,reasonably applying natural language in Geographic Information System(GIS) to realize the human-computer interaction between users and system will contribute to the development of GIS intellectualization.Natural language will transmit the GIS commands in the form of the characters,in which a vast number of spatial data and information as well as GIS basic operation instructions are loaded.Therefore,GIS command analysis based on constrained natural language aims to extract the information related to GIS operations from input sentences.According to the thought of rule matching,the essay marks the words with classifications,based on map browsing,data reading/writing,data collections,information inquiry,spatial analysis functions and word collocation relations.With sentence segmentation,sentence normalization,rule matching and function mapping to analyze the GIS commands from constrained natural language input.Through case study,it indicates that,the rule matching method can efficiently eliminate the semantic barriers existing between unstructured spatial information in natural language and structured spatial information in GIS.As a result,it will contribute to further applications of natural language in GIS.

Computation and analysis of fractal dimension of river networks would help to better understand its relationship with the processes of geomorphologic development,runoff,sediment yield,etc.Based on fundamental theory of fractal dimension calculation,we present an improved method for simultaneous computation of box-counting dimension and information dimension of river networks according to the image analysis.This method was validated by regular fractals with known fractal dimension,such as Koch curve and Sierpinski gasket,and the results showed its high precision which due to(1) it distilled the information what we cared about,i.e.,the target graphics,out from the carrier,i.e.,the image,and dealt with target graphics independently.So it was no longer restricted to the proportion of target graphical area to entire image size and just related to the size of target graphics as well as the relative position between the initial cower box and the target graphics.And(2) it ascertained the optimal descending equal-partition-condition consisting of the way of equal-partition,the size of initial cover box as well as the relative position between the initial cower box and the target graphics automatically rather than artificially.In addition,cell array technique was used in the computation,with its good fitness in generating descending sub-matrixes in iteration process,to implement the equal-partition of grids continually,which enhanced the readability of the computer code.Finally,an example of Jinghe and North Luohe demonstrated the application of this method.We suggested that the computation of fractal dimension of river networks in the real three dimensional space rather than two dimensional images may be a crucial research challenge in future.

This paper proposed a digital terrain analysis(DTA) software that mainly uses gridded DEM,i.e.Simple Digital Terrain Analysis Software(SimDTA,version 1.0).Overcoming some limitations in applying common commercial software related to DTA,SimDTA was designed to quantify terrain characterization on a finer scale and provide accuracy for terrain parameters for geographic modeling.Besides many widely-used DTA algorithms,a lot of new algorithms of local topographic attributes,regional topographic attributes,and quantification of slope positions were also implemented in SimDTA.For example,aiming at a practical problem in DTA(i.e.,fuzzy classification of slope positions),we developed a new method for fuzzy classification of slope positions by adopting a new idea in which typical locations of slope positions are used as prototypes and therefore the problems(such as ignorance of spatial information) in former methods can be dealt with.Furthermore,a workflow for fuzzy classification of slope positions was established by implementing this new method and combining it with other functions in SimDTA.This paper used a real application in a small catchment in Nenjiang watershed,Northeast China to show the validity and practicality of SimDTA.

In recent years,the Antarctic scientific expedition and research has become the focus of the world. Grove Mountains which locate in South Antarctic could help to resolve many important scientific problems because of their natural and unique geological landforms.Therefore,in order to protect particular scientific,aesthetic and wildness value in this area,our country has proposed to establish Antarctic Grove Mountains Nature Reserve.How to manage the information resource in this area,however,has become a serious problem.First,this paper analyzes the current situation of Grove Mountains Nature Reserve,such as the physical environment,research value and management activities and goals.Then,based on this situation,requirements analysis has been done from data, function and performance aspect,and related GIS application technologies have been discussed.Furthermore,the overall design of this system is introduced.Dual mode(C/S mode and B/S mode)and three-tier architecture(data tier,application tier and presentation tier)are utilized to construct the system.The functions was divided into five parts:data input,operation,edit,output and distribution.Vector data,image data and thematic data have been imported and stored in GeoDatabase using ArcGIS toolbox.The vector data consists of rock,ice,water bodies,water courses,sub-glacial lakes,mountains,glaciers,ice shelfs,coast line,contour line,station,place name,geodetic control point,and the vector data.The large scale vector data can be downloaded from UK Antarctica DigitalDatabase(ADD).The image data includes different observation phase TM and SPOT image.The thematic data includes coastline type,ice shelf,watercourse,human,continental Antarctica and management zones. The human layer includes building,tanks,wharves,landing area,refuges,and masts.The management zones include station limits,recreational limits,no go zones,and magnetic zones.The system shows that it is an effective approach for diverse Antarctica Grove Mountain's spatial related data and is useful for manager decision and data information sharing.

Digital watersheds of China are extracted based on SRTM30 in this study.Flow direction is calculated by applying D8 algorithm.There are two schemes in specifying the watershed boundary extraction.One is to extract watersheds in the area including China and its adjacent regions;the other extracts watersheds only within China.The results show that the first scheme is much better in reflecting watersheds crossing the state boundary.Based on the first scheme,main watersheds of China have been clearly identified and the area of each of them has been calculated.Totally,there are 8302 independent watersheds within China,no matter how small they are.Of them,there are 23 watersheds with an area over 50000km²,make up of 82.09% of total land area of China.Different from the traditional perception that Yangtze River watershed is the biggest one in China,Inner land watershed in northwest China is the biggest one,followed by Yangtze River watershed,Yellow River watershed and Songhuajiang River watershed,etc.Meanwhile,the potential calculation error for watersheds with an area more than 5000km² has been analyzed,which is less than 1.73%.Compared to the traditional division of Chinese watersheds and the result extracted based on GTOPO30,it is verified that SRTM DEM has a higher quality in extracting watersheds of large regions such as China,and the area calculated has a higher credibility.Further work can be done based on more detailed DEM data to extract sub-watershed.

High Accuracy Surface Modelling(HASM)constructed on the base of fundamental theory of surfaces is more accurate than the classical methods for surface modelling.However,the traditional solving method for HASM is to employ an invariable resolution to simulate the whole computational domain,which causes a huge computation cost and an enormous amount of data.In general,under the same amount of sampling points,the accuracy of HASM depends on mesh spacing.The finer the finite-difference mesh,the more accurate the solution is.Unfortunately,due to limitations in computational resources,it is often impossible to use a single uniform mesh to solve a given problem to the desired accuracy.On the other hand,it is often the case that the finest resolution is only required in regions which only make up a small fraction of the computational domain.Computing an unnecessarily fine solution outside these regions represents a waste of computational resources.Adaptive mesh refinement method can select the simulation resolution adaptively with the terrain complexity or accuracy requirement,which places more grid points in regions where the terrain is complex,while using fewer grid points in flat regions.Based on the adaptive mesh refinement theory,we constructed the adaptive algorithm of HASM.Dongzhi tableland was selected for validating the effectiveness of HASM.The results show that the adaptive algorithm of HASM reduces much computation cost and data volume under the same accuracy of traditional HASM.

With the development of computer technologies,a time began with a crazy burst of electronic maps.The content of electronic maps includes not only the spatial location information,but also various kinds of knowledge acquired by knowledge mining.So the map symbol model should be adjusted to the new forms and new content of electronic maps as the map symbol is the language of maps.This paper summarized the issues of traditional map symbol model,then the principles to design the adaptive map symbol model based on the theories of adaptive geo-visualization system after analyzing the characteristics of a variety of forms and content of map,following which the tree adaptive map symbol model is built.The whole map symbol library is organized following the tree structure,in the nodes of which there is a symbol-collection,and the symbol object includes symbol-description,symbol-definition and geometric data.So the map symbol under the adaptive map symbol model becomes a exhaustive object who has its own properties,not only a block of graphics.Then the adaptive map symbol system based on the tree symbol model is designed and the interfaces of this module are designed to other modules of the adaptive geo-visualization system.At last,an adaptive map symbol editor was implemented using the"late binding"method,which realizes that the symbol can adjust its appearances to the feature it expresses.This prototype system implemented the symbol-definition and geometric data parts of the tree map symbol model.As the conclusion,the tree map symbol model can be adaptive to new forms and contents of maps.

Implementing convenient traveling information service is a crucial task for carrying out the strategy of intelligent transportation system and developing location-based services.At present,most of the domestic traveling information service systems only provide relatively static information which can't reflect the possible short-term changes of traffic,and result in very limited practical use.Although there have emerged some car navigation products and other applications involving real-time traffic information,considering the rapid change of city traffic situation,these products and applications still face practical difficulties for all the information received real-timely will get outdated within a few minutes,which makes the so called dynamic applications basically time-slice limited static ones.This paper presents a practical short-term traffic prediction approach in real-time conditions by integrating historical traffic based statistical reasoning with back propagation neural network based analytical model,and commercial microscopic traffic simulation software.The historical traffic based statistical reasoning utilizes the inherent traffic rules by identifying the general spatial-temporal distribution pattern,and ignores any inputs that don't contribute to the output during the training process,including the gross error in the collected traffic data.The commercial microscopic traffic simulation software process the traffic abnormities that always exist in big cities,and has no requirement for the collected real-time traffic information to cover the whole road network,hence provides an effective supplement for short-term traffic forecast.Then an approach is developed combining GIS server,traffic prediction server and database management system to implement dynamic route guidance.The traffic prediction server receives real-time traffic information obtained from floating vehicles and achieves short-term forecasting results for the whole road networks,then fed the results back into the database management system and GIS server,so that a time-dependant optimal routing can be conducted through a dynamic least traveling time algorithm developed in this study.A prototype fulfilling the above aspects has been developed and validated with a city road network and real-timely collected traffic information.The approach presented in this paper is argued to provide a practical solution for real-time public traveling information service and dynamic web maps.

Cultivated land resource is a key factor that affects the development standard of a region.By analysis of land use and land cover data in late 2000s and soil fertility data for 1984,the research is carried out on the natural quality of cultivated land resources in poor areas(mainly refers to the 592 key counties of poverty alleviation and economic development) and non-poor areas.Firstly,overlay analysis and data mining methods are used to gather the inter-relationships between the poor areas' cultivated land resources and its topographic aspect and its soil-fertility aspect.Secondly,comparative analysis between poor areas and non-poor areas is conducted to reveal the difference in these two areas.Results show that big difference exists in the topographical feature of the cultivated land resources between poor and non-0poor areas.For example,in dry farmland,the national percentage of hill,knap,and plain is 12%,16%,and 46% respectively,while the percentage in poor areas is 26%,22% and 33%.And in poor areas,the percentage of farmland in steep area(slope above 25°) is as triple as that of non-poor areas.But there is less difference in soil-fertility feature between poor areas and non-poor areas as a whole.Finally,the natural quality of cultivated land resources in poor areas is assessed according to the natural grading method.

With rapid development of city construction,emergency events that endanger national security and people's safety occurred on occasion.It is necessary to establish an emergency management system and comprehensive emergency information system.Pipe analysis is a main application of GIS in the City Emergency Management Model.We can manage urban underground pipeline network and store information into computer orderly for data updating and resource sharing.The pipeline data in Guangzhou higher education mega center are used to demon- strate the application.A city emergency management model is built in the study by including three analysis modules (section analysis,vertical distance analysis,and analysis of pipe burst),and Guangzhou higher education mega center is selected as a study area for the three analyses by the visualization platform,By studying the Guangzhou higher education mega center pipeline network the authors analyze the three modules on the scope of application at the same time.The administrators of the pipe management can also make analysis of pipe burst,which is the most important spatial analysis function in pipe network analysis.The three modules of the emergency management model can be applied in pipe design,construction and service.

Ice-jam is a kind of complex natural landscape and disaster.The 3D visualization technology is an important way for ice-jam information management,monitoring and forewarning,which has signality for ice flood control and mitigation.In this study,based on the underlying structure of Multipatch data model,we probe into the technical solution to 3D visualization of ice jam,and then present a practical approach to realize the complex ice-jam 3D modeling and visualization.It determines the ice surface coverage on river by simulating its formation mechanism and gets height(z)values of each boundary vertex based on DEM data interpolation.Then it subdivides ice surface according to the natural formation process of ice-jam and randomly generates ice-cone or ice-prism with stochastic height,azimuth and obliquity in light of its irregularity.Finally,it pastes the texture with field pictures and achieves 3D visualization by overlaying the ice-jam 3D models in 3D scene utilizing virtual memory and texture compression and caching technology.As a case study,the technology is applied in an actual system developed and it realized the ice-jam's automatic 3D modeling and visual management,which verified the approach we suggested.

DEM can be constructed from many kinds of data sources among which traditional contour lines from manual interpretation of landforms is still a nontrivial ones.This paper proposed a new method to construct DEM from contour lines based on the HASM(High Accuracy Surface Modelling) which used to handling discrete points only.Firstly,a regular grid points' are set up,on which each elevation will be predicted using the new method,each grid point represents the square grid area surrounding itself.Secondly,contour lines are discretize according to several rules: a) if a grid is traversed by a contour line,then the distance from the center point of the grid to the contour line will be computed,and if the distance is less than or equal to one-fourth of the side length of the square grids,this grid will be set with values of the contour line's height;otherwise,this grid will be not set with values;b) if four connected grid points whose grids were traversed by a contour line,and their distances to the contour line are greater than one-fourth of the side length,then the last grid point will be set with values of the contour line's height.Numerical surface based on Gaussian synthesis is used as an example,setting up grid points with extent of x,y∈,75×75,and contour lines are derived from true numerical results in ArcGIS 9.0.Then these methods,such as Thin Plate Spline(TPS),TIN(Triangular Irregular Network) and HASM are used to construct DEM from the derived contour lines.Resulting DEMs are used to derive contour lines,which shows that contours from HASM are of most fidelity to the original contours,then the TPS and TIN.There is only one artifact contour line for HASM method,while two contour lines are missed on peaks and a contour missed on the saddle for TPS,altering the basic shape of the terrain.TIN has preserved the basic shape of the terrain,but it has produced zigzag contour lines and even illogical discontinuous contour lines.The result and method proposed in this paper is useful for further studies on HASM method and related contour line researches,such as contour-based terrain analysis.

Downward shortwave radiation(DSR) is an important physical and ecological parameter under the total energy exchange process between atmosphere and land surface.DSR retrieval from satellite data is of significance to be fully aware of the spatial variability and interannual variation features of this parameter.Based on DSR at surface retrieved from Geostationary Meteorological Satellite(GMS) 5 data over China from 1998 to 2002,the features of DSR spatio-temporal variation over China are comprehensive analyzed.The results show:(1) on the Nationwide,the maximum DSR is on Tibetan Plateau and the minimum value is over the Sichuan Basin and Guizhou,both the extreme values are located on the belt between 22°N to 35°Napart from Sichuan Basin and Guizhou,DSR usually increases from East to WestDSR in West region decreases with the increase of latitude,while Yangtze River basin in East part has the lowest DSRDSR increases from South to North,the maximum DSR is in North China,the second largest place is in South China,DSR decreases with latitude in Northeast China(2) the distribution of monthly DSR is complicatedthe minimum DSR happens in December,however the maximum DSR,controlled by the rainy season,is in July after the rainy season in Pearl and Yangtze River,May and June before the rainy season in South and Northeast China and Qinghai Tibetan Plateau,while April and May before the rainy season in Southwest China(3)DSR over Southeastern coastal regions has increased by 13.71%(+4.37W/m²·a)for those 5 years,while DSR over Southwestern Plateau has decreased by 9.31%(-3.47W/m²·a)the overall average DSR over China has decreased by 0.84%(-0.27W/m²·a).

Lags of researches on spatio-temporal topologies have seriously restricted the spatio-temporal reasoning and analysis.In this paper,uncertainties of space and time are discussed firstly,and an upper and lower approximate sets in rough sets theories are adopted to represent uncertain spatio-temporal objects.Then according to uncertainties of space and time,4 kinds of spatio-temporal objects are induced,and 10 kinds of topological frameworks between them are addressed.And based on the point-set theories,the Egenhofer's spatial topologies and the Shuhong's temporal topologies,a uniform description frame of spatio-temporal topologies expanded from the 4-intersection model is given.Furthermore,conclusions that topologies between type(I) and type(I) is the most basic spatio-temporal topologies,and that topologies between type(Ⅳ) and type(Ⅳ) is the most complex ones,and that others can be inferred from them are drawn.Finally,in views of complexities of uncertain spatio-temporal topologies,a universal flow of them is presented.

The evaluated results of standard land-value in cities and towns are managed presently with AutoCAD and Excel individually,maps with AutoCAD and tables with Excel.This kind of management lowers data renewal efficiency,brings inconsistency between maps and tables,and makes data analysis and bidirectional inquiry between maps and tables difficult.On the basis of management present situation and open questions,the study introduces the GIS technology by selecting MapInfo Geographic Information System software platform,and establishes standard land-value evaluated results management information system by the way of component development which integrates the evaluated results maps,tables and documents.The system,based on map and attribute database, includes four sub-systems such as document management,map management,table management and GIS topic analysis. The output results are given by five modules such as map operation,attribute management,spatial analysis, information inquiry and output mapping in its function.The system applications demonstrate that it is convenient for map locating,attribute analyzing,historical data reproducing and thematic mapping by using GIS to man- age standard land-value evaluated result.At the same time,it can guarantee the displaying and renewal consistency between maps and tables,and make data maintenance and analysis easier.So the system ean improve the management of standard land-value evaluated results.

Research on eco-environment vulnerability assessment contributes to ecological environmental conservation and development.Taking Jiangxi Province as a case study,this research has developed the index system of eco-vulnerability from the perspective of the meaning and the cause of eco-vulnerability and in accordance with the eco-environment situation of Jiangxi Province.The indicators were weighted by the principle of the spatially principal component analysis.With the support of GIS,the integrated index evaluation was applied in assessing eco-vulnerability.The result shows,in 2005,the moderate vulnerable area dominates and shares 85.36% of total land area in Jiangxi Province;the mild and intensive vulnerable land area occupy 14.64% and 0.002%,respectively.And the vulnerability of Jiangxi Province was distinct-spatially distributed.In general,Jiangxi Province belongs to the moderate vulnerable area.Taking county as assessment unit,the results show that the integrated vulnerable degree lies between 20 and 40 in 7 counties which belong to mild vulnerable zone: Nanchang County,Xinjian,Jinxian and De'an around Poyang Lake Plain;and Xiajiang,Taihe and Ji'an located in Jitai Basin;and the other 82 counties or cities of Jiangxi Province with index of 40-60 are moderate vulnerability.The eco-vulnerability of Jiangxi Province widely and apparently varies in spatial distribution.Mountain areas in upstream of the five rivers have more intensive eco-vulnerable environment,while Jitai basin and Poyang Lake Plain are the contrary,and the hilly areas in middle and lower parts of the five rivers fill in with the mild vulnerability.The conclusion of this research is that the vulnerable environment is put down to the natural conditions here,and the stresses from human activities play as catalyst to intensify the vulnerability.

Taking Mt.Konggur,of West Kunlun Mountains in the northern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as an experiment area,utilizing the digital elevation model data acquired by Space Shuttle RadarTerrain Mission(SRTM),this paper makes a research on the topographic gradient from Mt.Konggur to Tarim Basin using the methods of linear terrain profile and swath terrain profile.This research not only probes into the relation between the topographic gradient and uplifting process in the experiment area,but also makes a comparison between linear terrain profile and swath terrain profile.Research results show that:(1)Linear terrain profile is clear,readable and has simple process;whereas,swath terrain can represent the topographic relief condition in the area.Hence,the effect will be better if we study the topography by combining these two methods.(2)From Tarim Basin to the peak of Mt.Konggur,the elevation rise can be divided into 3 gradients: from 2 000m to about 4 500m,from 4 500m to about 6 000m,and from about 6 000m to about 7 500m.The different gradient of elevation rise perhaps corresponds to the different uplift process in the geomorphologic evolving process of Mt.Konggur in Late Cenozoic;the inflexion of every elevation rise gradient may be the dividing point of different uplift process.

Extensible Geographic Environments(XGE) is a collaborative modeling environment which is designed for cooperative modeling by experts from different domains.In order to solve the problem of using multi-source heterogeneous data in XGE,a data representation model which named as XGE-DRM is proposed in this paper.Based on study of expression approach and organization criterion about multi-source,heterogeneous and multi-domain geo-data,XGE-DRM is divided into two levels,i.e.: the atom representation level and the object representation level.Prototype,semantic,metadata,expression,spatial reference and unit about data expression are discussed in atom representation level,and the expressions about relationships among data are also mentioned.The expression of geo-Entity is studied in the object representation level considering atom expression.In this level,each Entity has different aspects;each aspect is designed for different research domains,and can be saved as template with XML technology for reuse.Based on XGE-DRM,data construction and semantic can be parsed by a uniform way,and can be explicitly expressed.Owning to legible expression for data construction and semantic,geo-data can be shared expediently by different actors in collaborative modeling environment such as data owner and model builders who expressing their data and converting data from different kinds of data which is heterogeneous.Lastly an experiment about groundwater mining was designed in this paper;it involves integration of time series model and groundwater model.The experiment has shown that this XGE-DRM can meet the requirement of commom expression and efficiently using of geo-data,and it can support the geographic problem-solving oriented modeling environments.

The urban spatial compact ratios,economic efficiencies and their relationships of metropolises in China in 1990 and 2000 were investigated in depth using GIS tool,Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA)and Malmquist index models methodologies,which got some significant findings.The findings show:1)The urban spatial compact ratios of metropolises in China had changed in evidence during 1990 to 2000,and there were two kinds of trends,that is,the urban spatial compact ratios of a majority of metropolises in China were getting bigger and those of a minority of ones smaller;2)the number of metropolises with greater urban spatial compact ratios was getting larger,and that of those with smaller spatial compact ratios was getting larger,too.And the former is greater than the later;3)most of the urban efficiencies of metropolises were not DEA efficient,only some were DEA efficient;4)the urban efficiencies tended to increase(the average Malmquist indexes are all greater than one)during the period of 1990 to 2000,in which the changes of urban efficiencies,including pure technical and scale ones,were increasing weakly,the technical change and total factor productivity change were more evidently than those of the metropolitan efficiencies during the same period;5)the metropolitan spatial compact ratios had positively correlated with their efficiencies,that is,with the increase of the metropolitan spatial compact ratios the urban efficiencies were getting higher and higher,and with the change rates increase of the urban spatial compact ratios,the urban efficiencies change trends were become even more evident,and vice versa;6)there were no correlations between urban spatial compact ratio change rates and urban technical changes of metropolises in China during the same period.

Close-range photogrammetry is one of the main methods to achieve high-precision three-dimensional modeling of ground objects.In the actual photogrammetry process,the ordinary digital cameras can not focus all the targets then can not make sure that all close-range images are clear at the same time.We can use image fusion techniques to get the whole clear image and increase the application of these data.Image fusion is a technique that integrates and processes several images from different sensors by some algorithm to obtain a new image which meets the requirements of some demand.The result of image fusion is a new image which is more suitable for human and machine perception or further image-processing tasks such as segmentation,feature extraction and object recognition.The different focal close-range image fusion is explored,and the measure index of sharpness of the image of wavelet image energy is given.Curvelet is more appropriate for analysis of image edges such as curve and line characteristics than wavelet,and it has better approximation precision and sparsity description.We introduce the second generation curvelet transform to image fusion,and a new method to solve the close-range image with different focus fusion is proposed.Firstly,using the second generation curvelet transform method,two source images are fused to get the primary fusion image.Then,according to the wavelet image energy,the whole image is divided into three parts,namely,clear part,blurring part and the part between them.As to the clear and blurring part,the former is selected as the corresponding block of the fusion image,while the part between clear and blurring one is fused by the choice of the image using the second generation curvelet transform.At last,to demonstrate the performance of the new algorithm,new approach is applied on two sets of experiments,and image entropy,mean square error and peak signal to noise ratio are used to evaluate the results.The results show that the proposed algorithm improves the quality of the fused image effectively,and performs better in preserving edge information for the test images than other image fusion methods.

Geological tectonism is the precondition of Karst landscape developing,but the controlling effects of tectonism were qualitatively described in most researches other than quantitatively analyzed.Using spatial statistics methods,this paper studies the controlling effect of tectonic lineaments on valley/depression pattern in order to quantitatively analyze the effect of tectonism on Karst landscape.Based on Landsat ETM imagery and tectonic linear system map,valley/depression distribution map are interpreted.Density analysis of tectonic lineaments is used to discover its spatial pattern,correlate analysis and regression analysis are use to study the relationship between the size of valley/depression and total length and quantities of tectonic lineaments in the valley/depression.The result shows that the size of valley/depression landscape in Karst region has positive linear correlativity with the length and quantity of the tectonic lineaments,that is to say,longer the tectonic lineament is,and more intersections are among them,then larger the size of the landscape is.The result also shows that tectonic lineament can not only be used in regional geological tectonic pattern study and deposit forecasting,but also can be used to explain differences among surface landscapes.

The surface parameters of alluvial fan consist of roughnesss and moisture.It is very important to show the characteristics and formation of alluvial fan using these parameters.Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)is sensitive to surface texture and roughness,so it is a power tool to retrieve the surface parameters of alluvial fan.This paper presents the method of retrieving surface parameters of alluvial fan using multi-polarization SAR data based on Genetic Algorithm combined with backscattering mode.The comparison of simulated results and field measurements shows that the method is efficient for surface parameters retrieval from alluvial fan.This method presented that the cross function of surface parameters inversion could be variable with the amount of data acquired.The data used for surface parameters inversion must be more than two scenes.The more data could generate the more accurate results.Then the surface parameters of the alluvial fan in Ejina Area of Inner Mongolia were estimated using ENVISAT ASAR and ALOS PALSAR data.The estimation results show the ground surface of Ejina alluvial fan is very flat,so the range of its roughness is small,and the root mean squared heights in most party of the alluvial fan are no more than 1.0 cm.The roughness in the area along the Heihe River is big,and it is very small in the other areas far from the Heihe River.The estimation result of soil moisture shows that this area is very arid,and the soil moisture volume in most part is no more than 10%.

3D geoscience modelinGIS the key technique issue to the visualization of 3D geological data using GIS.Based on analysis of construction process and data structure of 3D visualization system,using ArcSDE as engine of spatial data and ORACLE 10g,"Petroleum exploration geodatabase of Sichuan Basin" is established.With Skyline TerraDeveloper,the software system "3D geographical information system for petroleum exploration based on 3D global model" is designed and developed.By integrating geographical database,areal geology database,surface engineering database,remote sensing image database,stratigraphical database,fault data,logging database with 3D terrain modeling,the system realized such functions as data management for petroleum exploration,3D terrain modeling,visualization of 3D geological model and 3D navigation for petroleum exploration data.It is a visualization platform that assists the design and analysis for geologists and the technologists.

Existing business software of Geographic Information System(GIS) generally could not take the function as a Geostatiatical Analyst.Even if some of them can do this,it is just at the level of simple variogram calculation and basic variogram nesting method,which hardly fit the need of spatial analysis for spatial variance quantitative analysis,and from the perspective of industry application,it also can't meet the requirement on analysis precision.Taking the biggest GIS technology providing company-ESRI as an example,its product-ArcGIS have a tool in its Toolbox called Geostatiatical Analyst Tool(GAT),but it is weak at the link of interaction between user and computer.So it is inevitablly troublesome that variogram with outlier can't be nested appropriately.And this tool can only handle 2D data,and can do nothing for 3D data.This paper analyzes the need of spatial analysis in 3D data set and common nest methods,including simple variogram nesting method,equivalent elliptic variogram nesting method and so on,and compares the difference and applicability of them.In focusing on the equivalent elliptic variogram nesting method,it is found that by some modification,equivalent elliptic variogram nesting method can be used in 3D environment,and can output a reasonable result.After that,this paper studies the cross validation in order to test whether the result is accurate enough,and discuss the Kriging variance for testing the result of equivalent elliptic variogram nesting method.Finally,with some drilling data and mineralization information,this paper calculates the variogram of X-axis,Y-axis and Z-axis,and with adapted equivalent elliptic variogram nesting method,have the result.After Kriging interpolating and cross validation,with kriging variance,there come to a conclusion that the result from equivalent elliptic variogram nesting method is acceptable.