Starting at analyzing the characteristics of vulnerable ecological system,this paper firstly selected 3 landscape indexes(FI,FD and FN) and 1 eco-environment index of erosion to make up the eco-environment sensitive factors;secondly,it chose ecological suitability as its automatic recovery ability.Thus it built up an Eco-Environment Vulnerability Assessment Model which was used to evaluate the effects of Grain for Green Project(GGP) on the Eco-Environment of Mudanjiang Region,Heilongjiang Province.In the processing,we divided the study area into 463 grids of 10km×10km by the fishnet command in ArcGIS to make the assessment results more intuitively.Calculating the eco-environmental vulnerability of every grid and assigning the value to the center point,we accomplished the value spatialization by Kriging interplating method.The results show that:①No matter before or after the GGP,the landscape vulnerability value from high to low is that:dry farmland>building>paddy field>forest>unused land>water>swamp>grass;②Horizontally,the eco-environmental vulnerability in Mudanjiang Region declines from the high center to low edge circularly;after the GGP,the area proportion of higher vulnerability zone decreases from 21.57% to 17.11% while the lower increases from 63.14% to 67.66%;③Vertically,the extremely vulnerable zone V and vulnerable zone IV separately exist in 200-400m and 100-600m elevation ranges,0-8° and 0-35° slope range,and their area proportions decrease after the GGP;the weak vulnerable zone II and the good eco-environmental zone I exist in >100m elevation ranges,separately in 0-35° slope ranges and every slope range,and their area proportions increase;the general vulnerable zone III belongs to the transitional zone and its changes appears little regular compared to the two formers.In a word,the model suits to the study area and the results show that the GGP relieved the vulnerability in Mudanjiang Region and promoted the environmental quality there.

Researches on historical land use and land cover change(LUCC) have important significance for the future human activities.In this paper,taking Zhenlai County of Jilin Province as the study area,the application of toponymy and other correlative historical data to acquire the beginning period of large-scale land reclamation in Northeast China was discussed.And integrating with reclassification methods,centroid transfer analysis and overlay analysis,the characteristics of residential area evolvement and land development in Zhenlai County were analyzed according to the historical records in the toponymy and so on.It was documented that during the Kangxi Period in Qing Dynasty or 1853,there were small-scale of land reclamation along with the settlement activities in Zhenlai County.From about 1875 on,the land reclamation became continuous,while it was almost in a natural state before.In the early days,with lagging techniques,the evolution of villages and land development process were interactional.Therefore,from the view of village evolution,we could deduce it was the most prominent period for land reclamation during 1907-1912;and by 1975,the village pattern in Zhenlai County was formed and stable,at the same time the land reclamation activities has transformed from individual behavior into the collective and mechanized farming.In brief,under the influences of various policies in Northeast China and natural disasters and wars,land development in Zhenlai County expanded from the eastern and central flat regions to the western high-lying areas.

Although the promotion of scientific data sharing has brought an unprecedented research opportunity,it still did not get rid of the traditional research process that is "collecting data-downloading data-analyzing data",which has severely hampered the efficiency of research output and the needs of data for researchers has been changed into the needs of information and knowledge.In this paper,taking China's socio-economic statistical data,vector data of national fundamental geographic administrative divisions as examples,in conjunction with ESRI and Google's global maps and image services,we discussed the virtual data integration methods of geo-multisource data and its visualization analysis application,so as to realize rapid knowledge discovery and information acquisition.The paper firstly described methods to publish the map data and attribute data as web services and then discussed three integration principles of multisource web services for the heterogeneous and homogeneous data:(1) all the records of attribute data are assigned a unique number as key fields for the association with a spatial map shape,so that the spatialization of attribute data could be realized;(2) all the spatial data are preprocessed to be suitable for integration by unifying their projections and coordinate systems;and(3) the integrity and accuracy of the data published for web services are ensured.Following the above three principles,the data were prepared.After publishing different types of data as web services,a scheme of online data statistical analysis and visualization based on integration data retrieved from multi-source web services were designed and a preliminary application system was developed.The results show that service-oriented technology can effectively solve the problems of multisource heterogeneous data integration and have obvious advantages as opposed to traditional data sharing and application system.Although the service-oriented technology has turned to be mature,there is still a long way to go for the wide and deep applications.According to our study,there still exist some problems such as the different data units from different sources,the complex operation processes and the ununiform service specification.In future studies,more attention should be paid to the standardization of different services,intelligent operations and application packaging,so as to promote the construction of E-Geoscience and provide all-round services for researchers ultimately.

Studies on the comprehensive index system are foundational works and important contents for energy security risk appraising.Coal and oil are the principal part of energy supply and consumption in China.The security risk sources of coal and oil come from five aspects,i.e.resources,production,transportation,market and consumption.In fact,the comprehensive appraisal for security risk of coal and oil is the integration and synthesis of possibility assessments based on the risk sources mentioned above.After that,the comprehensive risk index of coal and oil is obtained.Based on hierarchical analysis model and comprehensive appraisal methods used in relative researches,an index system with 4 layers(i.e.target layer,guideline layer,sub-criteria layer and the index layer) and 14 indexes is established,the comprehensive risk degrees are determined,and a risk degree assessment model for the risk sources is built.By calculation of the assessment model,the coal and oil security comprehensive risk index(ESCRI) is brought about.Furthermore,an integrated grade of security risk for coal and oil is divided,which,including 5 levels of risk possibilities,i.e.very low,low,medium,high and very high.The results of this study are helpful for assessment and management of security risk for coal and oil,or even for all kinds of energy.And this paper suggests an example both theoretically and methodically for identification,prediction and responds to risks.

Population spatial structure is an important part in urban spatial structure.For more exact modeling population distribution condition and more expressly reflecting population spatial pattern in urban region,with the fifth census data of Shenyang City,in this paper we spatialize population data by using grid calculating,model population distribution by using Geo-statistics,identify population pattern by using DEM models and analyze characters of population distribution.Main conclusions include: population distribution is unbalanced and accumulative in Shenyang City.There are 11 population distribution cores obviously instead of a monocentric pattern.Population distribution is more distinctly localized in the urban heartland.Population distribution is mainly affected by the two nearby population cores.This study implies that characters of population spatial distribution in Chinese cities take on several complexities under market economy system.So the rules and driving mechanism of population distribution in Chinese cities should be further studied.In the mean time,this paper thinks that statistics has shortcomings in studying population spatial distribution in urban region,geo-statistics and DEM models can heighten the theory and application levels of urban geography and population geography when they are applied in urban geography and population geography.

The description of a spatial relation is the reflection of human's cognition of spatial objects.It is not only affected by the topology and metric,but also affected by geographic semantics,such as the categories of geographic entities and contexts.Currently,the researches about language aspects of spatial relations mostly focus on natural-language formalization,parsing of query sentences,and natural-language query interface.In these researches,spatial objects are usually abstracted into geometric figures.However,geographic objects are not simple geometric points,lines or polygons.Spatial relation queries that just consider geometry property of objects cannot always meet human's habits of language and cognition.So,in order to get a sound answer according with human cognition in spatial relation query,we have to take the semantic aspect of geographic objects into account.Based on previous work on natural-language formalization and human-subject tests,the functions of the natural-language terms which describe spatial relations are calculated in this paper.Then,we sum up some knowledge about how spatial relations between two different geographic objects with different geographic semantics are represented in natural language,and design a knowledge base to represent these knowledge rules.Finally,using the rules in knowledge base and GIS platform,the prototype of a query system is implemented.The results show that spatial relation queries which take geographic semantics into account can be more in accordance with people's cognitive habits of geographic knowledge.

Web service,defined by the W3C as a software system designed to support interoperable interaction over a network,has been widely used in the internet application development.Considering the potentials of Web service in geographic applications,this paper discusses metadata description of geographic multimedia resources,such as image,audio,video and panoramic picture,and the system design and implementation technologies of geographic hypermedia systems using service oriented architecture.GeoRSS,an emerging standard for encoding location as part of a Web feed,was selected to describe the geographic multimedia resources.In GeoRSS,location content consists of geographical points,lines,and polygons of interest and related feature descriptions.In addition,the detailed video path was created as ArcGIS layer with linear reference of video time,which is used to identify the video frame of a specific location along its path.The key issues in the development of general geographic hypermedia systems are to manage the metadata of geographic multimedia resources,to integrate map data and multimedia data in HTML/XHTML pages or rich internet application using server or client script languages,to design the geographic multimedia player tools in order to meet application needs,and to implement the application systems using standard web technologies such as mainstream JavaScript,ASP.NET or Java.Two prototypes of geographic hypermedia application in campus and regional road management were developed to examine the data models and system design.In the applications,three types of Web services,i.e.ArcGIS Server 9.3 Web mapping services and GeoProcessing services,Flash FMS 3.0 Web video streaming services and GeoRSS XML HTTP services,were integrated to develop the geographic hypermedia systems.The first application was implemented in Google Maps using JavaScript mash up programming.The second was designed in ArcGIS Server 9.3 ADF.NET with hypermedia extension using C# and JavaScript programming.Applications development shows that the geographic multimedia models and system framework introduced in this paper are useful and flexible,and have potentials in professional or public geographic applications.Such geographic hypermedia systems have application potentials in geographical fields.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in conserving soil fertility,improving soil quality,and changing global climate.SOC is closely related to the spatial distribution pattern of soil organic carbon density (SOCD).It is necessary to predict SOCD for the un-sampled points.Thus,it is really meaningful to derive accurately spatially data of SOCD from discrete data using spatial prediction methods for SOC evolution trend research and for the exploration of the role that SOC sequestration played in alleviating global climate change.Based on 87 paddy soil profiles collected from Changxing County,Zhejiang Province for the Second National Soil Survey,this paper attempted to predict the spatial patterns of paddy soil organic carbon density in Changxing County using two different methods.The data of paddy soil profiles were used directly by Universal Kriging (UK),and the data of paddy soil profiles and 1:50 000 digital map of Changxing County were used by pedological professional knowledge-based (PKB) method to predict the spatial patterns of paddy soil organic carbon density in Changxing County.Prediction was evaluated in virtue of mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE).MAE (24.7) and RMSE (43.1) of PKB method were lower than UK method.The sum squared error (ESS) of the UK method only can explain 20% of the total variation.The PKB method widened the range of SOC density (49.6-650.1 t C hm^-2) as compared with the UK method the range of SOC density (66.7-165.7 t C hm^-2).The prediction by PKB method had less smoothing effect and more details of depicting the local variation under complex terrain.Therefore,PKB method was a better method for predicting paddy soil organic carbon density in Changxing County in this study.

Land-use type data at different scales expresses different content,transmits different information,and reveals different phenomena and laws.The macro-data at large-scale is usually generalized from many fine data at small-scale.The process of land-use type data generalization caused by type up-scaling was addressed and the methods of land-use type aggregating,merging of adjacent parcels with the same type,small parcels amalgamating,spatial-data simplifying and topology preserving are elaborated respectively.This paper focused in the approach of small polygon amalgamation by skeleton subdivision,which first used constrained Delaunay method to build triangulation network and used the triangulations to build the skeleton lines according to five different types of triangulation and then divided the small polygon using the skeleton lines into many smaller polygons adjacent to different polygons and merged them to the different adjacent polygons.Uses this approach to amalgamate the small parcels which their areas are smaller than criterion,the proportion of different land-use types was roughly the same as before amalgamation;then proposed a polygon simplification method to simplify land-use type polygons,which was based on the Douglas-Peucker algorithm and constructed a balanced line to preserve the same area as before simplification.In order to maintain the topology of the polygons,first divided the polygon into different polylines according to their adjacent relations and simplified them respectively and then rebuilt the polygon with the simplified polylines.The area preserved simplification process first used the Douglas-Peucker algorithm to simplify the polyline and got the smallest simplification unit and within the unit built a balance line to preserve the same area as before simplification.Thus the area and the topology before and after simplification are consistent.The results of the test data showed that the method is suitable for the generalization of land-use type data,and can be used else where when geospatial data were up-scaled.

3D GIS has become a focus field of GIS study currently,and high-resolution satellite image is an important data resource for the 3D GIS construction.In this paper,based on the high-resolution IKONOS satellite stereo images,using the method to extract the 3D visualization information of the research area,including DEM extraction,orthophoto map making,3D information and texture of the ground building,the progress of the DEM extraction was analyzed and the errors of the DEM were corrected.A technical method that uses the ERDAS IMAGINE and 3ds Max software to carry on hybrid modeling was put forward.By complementing the advantages of two kinds of software,this method can accomplish the modeling work of the ground building better.Finally,based on the VC++6.0 platform,combined with the DirectX SDK,the 3D visualization landscape was firstly constructed from two aspects,including the visualization of terrain and the loading of the ground feature models.In this process,in order to improve the operating speed,the Level of Detail algorithm and Mipmap technology were used to optimize the terrain visualization and the texture of the models.Further more,the diversification of the smog was simulated by constructing particle system and many factors of the environment and production facilities that can influence the movement of the smog were calculated and added.Through these work,the production activities of the special facility can be inferred,so it can provide support for the decision analysis.

In this paper,the relation in arithmetic between Kriging interpolation and sequential Gaussian conditional simulation(SGCS)were inferred and the statistical parameters for Kriging interpolation,for SGCS and for the original data were compared.It demonstrated that a stochastic realization of SGCS calculated by Monte Carlo Method could be divided into two parts by mathematic transform,one was Kriging value,and the other was a stochastic deviation which followed a normal distribution with the mean = 0 and the variance equal to Kriging error variance.The comparison among Kriging interpolation,SGCS and the origin data showed that the variance of Kriging interpolation value was lower than that of the original data with a reduction equal to one Kriging error variance.This was a result of demanding for optimal weights in estimating,which was attributed to the smoothing effect during Kriging interpolation.And because of the smoothing effect,the variogram for Kriging interpolation was lower than that of the original data,though it kept no change in autocovariance.By adding the missing variance back into the SGCS,the smoothing effect was corrected,and it kept no change in variance,variogram and covariance.But the error variance caused by SGCS was as 2 times as Kriging error variance which showed that the precision of local estimate of a single SGCS was lower than that of Kriging.However,SGCS could correct the shortage by adequate repeats because the mean SGCS and Kriging interpolation share a same expectation in theory.And then,in the function of geography mapping mean SGCS was comparable with Kriging.In practice it could be concluded that the advantage of Kriging method was to provide accurate estimate in a local zone though it underestimated spatial variation in the whole area.While the advantage of SGCS was to carry out uncertainty assessment for spatial estimate by providing multiple results about probability and reproduce the spatial variability in the whole area.

With a large population and a relatively less cultivated land,China's food security has always been a top priority for the country.For cultivated land resources and grain productivity are the basis for food security,researches that focus on effects of cultivated land change on grain potential productivity in China are of great practical significance and can provide scientific grounds for relevant national decision-making.This study,based on latest meteorological observation data and satellite retrieval data from 2005 to 2008,and on quantitative change and quality characteristics of cultivated land resources,combining cultivated land data and change data in 2005 and 2008,focuses on the effects of cultivated land change on light-temperature potential productivity in China from 2005 to 2008.The results showed that: productions of light-temperature potential productivity have both increased zone and reduced zone in the process of cultivated land change.There is non-equivalence of yield variation in increased zone and reduced zone,as increase of 7.8514 million tons in increased zone and reduction of 25.4361 million tons in reduced zone,resulting to a net decrease of 17.5847 million tons.There also is non-equivalence of per unite yield in increased zone and reduced zone,as average values of light-temperature potential productivity are 11.89 t/hm² in increased zone and 20.99 t/hm² in reduced zone.The later is almost 2 times more than the former.Increased zone and reduced zone have different spatial distribution: increased zone mainly distributed in Xinjiang,Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia,Ningxia,Qinghai provinces/autonomous regions,i.e.northwest and northeast of China,and ecological land reclamation is the main reason of its increase,accounting for 77.25%.Reduced zone mainly distributed in Jiangsu,Anhui,Shandong,Guangdong provinces,in other word,the Yellow River-Huaihe River-Haihe River Plain,the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta areas,where farmland transferred to construction land is the main reason of its reduction,accounting for 69.20%.

Severe challenges are faced by GML spatial data effective query processing while masses of GML spatial data are being produced.While,to query GML spatial data effectively,index is one of the key factors which control the data query performance.Considering XML format encoding style of GML spatial data,in order to take full advantages of Dewey prefix encoding scheme and achieve its new updating strategy that node's inserting and deleting do not effecting others' encoding values,a kind of extended Dewey encoding scheme,Ex-Dewey,was proposed,which is intended to encode the whole GML spatial data documents and construct index to GML non-spatial data.The construction model and processing strategy of non-spatial data index based on Ex-Dewey were well given and discussed.The whole nodes in GML spatial data document firstly are encoded based on Ex-Dewey,and GML non-spatial data index is constructed with three levels,the nodes index can be queried,inserted,modified and deleted while GML non-spatial data were correspondingly operated.Combining with Ex-Dewey,GML spatial data index construction mechanism based on R-tree was proposed,and its construction model and processing strategy were also well given and discussed.The whole GML features in GML spatial data document are the spatial objects.Extracting every GML feature's spatial coordinates and constructing its minimum boundary rectangle(that is MBR),the MBR and its feature's Ex-Dewey encoding value are set as the parameters of R-tree functions.Using R-tree spatial index construction functions with MBR and encoding value,the GML spatial data's index are constructed.Then,all spatial data index's query,insertion,modification and deletion can be operated using R-tree functions with GML feature's MBR and encoding value.Ex-Dewey and R-tree are independent and closely related between GML spatial and non-spatial data index constructions,which integrally implement index mechanism of GML data.Using this index mechanism,GML spatial and non-spatial data can be queried,inserted,modified and deleted effectively and correctly.This index mechanism is hoped to be used on index constructing of native GML spatial database system or GML document sets.

Soil water characteristic curve is an important parameter for quantificationally studies on soil water movement and solutes transport,and gives a description of the relationship of soil water energy and quantity at different scales.Factors mainly affecting soil water characteristic are soil texture,structure and bulk density.The effect of texture is most significant among these factors.Soil water characteristic curve playes an important role for researches carried out in coastal saline regions.Based on the experiment of drying soil,these data were used to fit the Gardner Model and VG Model.In this paper,soil samples in the profile of 0-20cm,20-40cm,40-60cm,60-80cm and 80-100cm were collected from planting soil in Tianjin Economy and Technology Development Area.The Gardner Model was simplified on logarithm and the parameters were analyzed by linear regressive algorithm.Also the nonlinear simulation function of MatLab was used to determine parameters of the VG Mode1.This paper showed that Gardner Model and VG Model are both adapt to descript soil water characteristic curve of planting soil in Tianjin Coastal Saline Regions.The calculation process of Gardner Model parameters was much simpler than that of VG Model parameters.However,the values simulated by VG Model were better than those by Gardner Model,considering relatively limited error.Meanwhile,it showed that each layer of planting soil profile have the similar fitted curves and water-holding capacity,so as to provide a scientific basis for vegetation recovery and soil water management in the salt land and drain in the north drought region.The result showed that soil texture and structure do not differ greatly between different layers of soil profile.Grasses and plants with shallow roots are suitable in this area,according to distribution of available water in the soil profile.

By using multi-source remote sensing data,DEM data and topographic maps,the remote sensing of seismic geologic hazard in Wenchuan County was interpreted and investigated.It has identified characteristics of geological hazards such as location,type,size and boundaries,summarized seismic landslides in ulcer slip type,ulcer collapse type,projectile type,peeling type and shattered remote sensing image features.The relationship between seismic geologic hazard and earthquake fault,valley topography,elevation,slope and lithology was analyzed.In the investigation of geological disasters in the earthquake,the high-resolution satellite images and aerial photo data have advantages such as high-speed and wide range collection,high-degree interpretation,higher timeliness,and so on.The high-resolution satellite images and aerial photo data can be applied in dealing with unexpected geological disasters in an earthquake,in a regional seismic survey of geological hazards.The advantage of multi-source remote sensing data,especially the high-resolution satellite images and the aerial photography,was summed up in the detailed investigation of seismic geologic hazard.

Quantification and spatialization of human activity intensity are the key and difficult problems of geography,ecology and resource science as human activities are considered.There are two kinds of methods to resolve these problems,the first is by statistic data and statistical methods,and the other is by geography information data(such as traffic data) and spatial analysis methods,but the satisfied result can not be obtained from these methods.A new method that combines statistic method and GIS spatial analysis was proposed,and it was used to simulate spatial distribution of human activity intensity of Hengyang basin in southern China.The main conclusions were:(1) there are two regions of high human industrial activity intensity,one is the urban area of Hengyang city and the other is west-east band composed of Qidong,Changning and Leiyang,and the low human industrial activity intensity looked like a circle that is composed of Hengnan,Hengshan,Hengyang and Hengdong;(2) the agricultural activities decreased from north-west to south-east;(3) the difference of traffic activities of different regions was small;and(4) the total human activity intensity of the study area was small but the difference among regions is obvious,the area with the maximum value located in urban region of Hengyang city and the surrounding of it,and Hengdong got the minimum value.Some tactics should be taken to adjust human activities in the study area,such as developing industry in northern region,strengthening the impact of urban region on neighboring regions,and controlling the practice of agricultural production in north-west regions.

Unlike a single map,the core of map design for an atlas is to compress massive information into serial maps with a logical order in order to convey an overall concept.This article is to introduce the compilation of The Atlas of Evolution on Population and Environment of The People's Republic of China and the characteristics of visualization in map design.Population and environment are two hot topics in China;the atlas summarized and expressed in means of visual map the evolution processes on China's population and environment by drawing on very current research and data as well as the most up-to-data mapping techniques.As a support,merged materials were adopted,which,collected from abundant investigation and research taken by various departments and authorities since the People's Republic of China was founded.On contents design,it deals with population and environment as a whole and sets up a matrix system from five aspects,i.e.population scale and structure,pressures on environment,environmental status,feedback and measures taken to control environmental changes as well as the establishment of a comprehensive database of evolution on population and environment.When design the map it emphasizes visualization characteristics of evolution on population and environment while showing current situation of relevant indicators,and clarifies the relationship between matrix systems through multi-dimension dynamic information map visualizing model in order to reveal the causes of the changes in population,environment,and their relationships.This paper introduces the design if the atlas by means of series maps,changes in structure and quantity,changes in percentage,change in quantity and the relationship involved,change in cumulative quantity,change in cumulative quantity with multiple indicators,changes relative to the annual average values,changes based on a certain point,change in statistical characteristics,and comparison of two periods.In technical aspect,based on basic theory,technology and methods of modern cartology,digital map printing technology were used to improve the quality and efficiency of its compilation and ensure it is up to date.Characteristic of visualization in map design is the main idea introduced by this article.

Geologic time is fundamental information for earth science problems.It is commonly described in diverse resources in different styles and formats.Traditional information searching method couldn't extract implicit meaning and relationships from terms in these datasets.Ontology is defined as an explicit formal specification of a shared conceptualization which can play a central role in semantic heterogeneity problem and lead to semantic integration of data across several disciplines of earth sciences.In this paper,we adopt ontology approach to resolve geologic time semantic heterogeneous problems among earth science relational databases.We firstly construct geologic time ontology and then encode it in OWL.This owl provides an organizational structure for classifying geologic time data that can be discovered by both human beings and computers.Based on this ontology,a semantic mapping mechanism for querying among heterogeneous earth science databases is addressed.We describe this mechanism which generates candidate matches from targeted geologic databases and specific ontology manually,and then creates data mapping and translate data based on matches automatically.We apply this mechanism to a four-layer hierarchical system based on WebGIS.A search example is given at the end of the paper.The result shows that this mechanism can discover matches with high accuracy and provide one simple query interface for heterogeneous databases.It resolves both syntactic and semantic heterogeneity and allowing integration of multiple distributed databases.

Mineral resource prediction and assessment(MRPA) is a work finding the best way to explore mineral resource under the uncertain conditions.There are uncertainties in our MRPA due to the diversity of mineral deposit types,the complexity of mineral deposit genesis,the implicitness of mineral deposit controlling factors and the non-unique understanding of the exploration information.Because of the complexity of ore-forming system,multiple characters of ore deposits and limitation of our understanding level,there are uncertainties in our geological information we acquired about the mineral resource.On the other hand,MRPA is a course to deal with this uncertain geological information.And more,MRPA is a complex systemic project and generates uncertainties on each stage.Of course,the uncertainties come from the previous stage can be transferred to the subsequent stage.Finally,uncertainties of technology assessment will result in the uncertainties of economy assessment.Nowadays,mineral exploration is becoming more and more difficult,and economic risk in mining industry is becoming more and more outstanding.Hence,the only way to solve the problem is to improve our MRPA technology.So we must seek some means to measure the uncertainty.This paper discussed the evaluation of information uncertainty in MRPA chiefly.At the beginning,the authors tell something about the characteristic and the nature about the MRPA,and discussed where these uncertainties come from systematically.Then basing on the information processing method of uncertainties in fuzzy sets statistics,the authors gave the general evaluation method of the uncertainties in MRPA.At the end,basing on a particular MRPA job,the authors explained this general evaluation method in the set of Cu,Pb,Zn prediction in the western Dayaoshan,Guangxi,with simple examples.In this paper,besides given a compute method to evaluate the uncertainty,the authors also wish more and more people will pay attention to the uncertainty in our MRPA.

The seamless integration of the aboveground,ground and underground objects is the research focus at home and abroad.Taking CD-TIN as a link and B-Rep-TIN-TEN as core data model,a new method is proposed for the integration of the aboveground,ground and underground objects based on the simplex theory in point set topology.The well-known B-Rep is used to represent complex above ground objects.Terrain is modeled by TIN,and geologic object is represented by TEN.An improved incremental insertion point method is proposed.In contrast with the traditional incremental insertion point method,this algorithm enhances time efficiency largely.The comparison result is listed in this paper.CD-TIN is constructed to integrate terrain points and aboveground entities which are represented by B-Rep model.Firstly,the boundary of above ground objects,which are taken as the constraint,is calculated.Secondly,the terrain points are constructed to form TIN.Then,the constraint elements are added to rebuild TIN.CD-TIN construction process includes three steps: the search of the constraint region,the triangulation of the polygon,and an overall Delaunay triangulation of the TIN based on the "half-separated additional characteristic point inserting technique" method by adding virtual point on the constraint line.The stratums are partitioned by CD-TIN firstly and the adjacent stratums form the top boundary and bottom boundary.Moreover,the side boundaries are also constructed to form the empty cell in the 3D space.The empty cell is the partition space of TEN.This can ensure TEN are in the empty cell and don't over the boundary.And,the empty cell is partitioned by TEN.At last,a prototype is implemented and developed under the Visual Studio.NET 2008 development environment combined with OpenGL technology to testify the algorithms,and the results are showed.The seamless integration of buildings,terrain and geology are implemented.

With the development of informationization and the separation between data management departments and application departments,geographic information sharing becomes one of the most important objectives for the spatial information infrastructure construction,and it is one of the hot topics in the filed of GIS research in recent years.Geographic information sharing is not only a necessary request of the development of earth system science,but also much importance of promoting science data sharing.Summarily,the research on geographic information sharing includes two levels,i.e.technical and non-technical.However,the former has been paid more attention in the past decades.In the light of experience so far suggesting that there are considerable non-technical barrier that are likely to discourage geographic information sharing,it is important to systematically explore and assess what factors are that contribute to such resistance.Geographic information sharing is essentially a social process;it involves also human behavior that is shaped by socio-cultural conditions.Geographic information sharing networks are made up of people and the relationships between those people.Any system relying on people and relationships is subject to the complexity of social coordination and motivation of involved individuals.This paper focuses on the socio-cultural aspects of geographic information sharing.At first,the geographic information sharing behavior model is introduced in this paper.Through questionnaire survey and empirical research in China,the non-technical factors influencing geographic information sharing in China are quantificationally researched.Combining with Omran's empirical research results in Egypt and the Netherlands,influence of motivational factors and cultural differences on geographic information sharing behavior is studied.On the basis of qualitative and quantitive analysis,geographic information sharing behavior model is validated and revised,and some relative suggestions for the construction of geographic information sharing environment in China are made.The results of quantitative analysis also show that the geographic information behavior model is applicable in different cultural backgrounds.Since the research of geographic information sharing behavior is still in its infancy,it should be deeply researched from new perspectives in the future.

Regional land use has been a hot spot for resource science and Global change researches,and land use change has been taken as one of the most important aspect by most environmental scientists.The mass flux and energy flux are affected by the topographical features such as elevation,slope and aspect especially for mountainous regions,and the land use spatial pattern also showed some relationship with the topographical factors.The ecological frangibility are the concomitant for mountainous regions,and irrational land use can caused ecological hazard such as soil erosion,debris flow,etc.It is important to analysis the relationship between land use spatial pattern and topographical factors in mountainous regions.Jiangxi Province is mountainous and abundant in water and energy resources,but the territorial red soil is infertile,and serious soil erosion can be caused by irrational land use.In this paper,Jiangxi Province was studied in order to find the relationship between land use spatial pattern and topographical factors.SRTM(Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data was used to extract the Digital Elevation Model(DEM) for Jiangxi Province.The study region was divided into several subareas by elevation,slope and aspect respectively,then the land use structure happened in each subarea was analysed by the spatial analysis functions provided by ArcGIS software.It showed that:(a) the topographical factors are extremely important as they can affect the land use patterns in Jiangxi Province;(b) farmland mainly distributed in regions with elevation smaller than 80m and slope smaller than 3° and it is obvious that farmland area in sunny slope are greater than that in shady slope;(c) area proportion for forest is increasing when the elevation is under 400 meter,and is steady when above 400 meter;and(d) area of grassland has a trend of decreasing when elevation increases,but the area proportion for grassland is increasing slowly when elevation increases.

A model metadata standard is basically a set of rules on recording model information,more specifically,the rules for recording information about a computer model.While the number of computer models is growing at quite a rate in the network environment,the need for a standardized metadata format for models description is growing with each new model.Only through a standardized format can models be compared and contrasted to find a model fit for a particular application,and only through model metadata can a potential user be able to better decide which model is of the most appropriate.In a word,it is an effective means to share and distribute the knowledge and experience gained in model technology.So,in this paper,we briefly describe the necessity to construct model metadata in information system,and provide a basic framework for grid services model metadata in grid environment.Hence,a two level metadata model is adopted to define and to illuminate model metadata,which is held to consist of an identifier,permission indication,run conditions,model parameters,type information,model details,and references.The first four items are the contents of basic set which are indispensable,and the last four items are the contents of extended set which are optional.The sum of the basic set and the extended set is the global method metadata.Then we explain the principle of model metadata organization and management by using XML as the description language,and the realization of model metadata management module based on B/S architecture,where model metadata is organized and stored in XML file,and it is explored in web browsers.It would be a good way to organize the services discovered in the grid test-bed,and it would also be a step in the direction of producing a unified method of recording models.Finally,through the creation and integration of the model metadata management module into an existing geospatial knowledge services grid platform GeoKS-Grid,we analysis and discuss the application strategy and process of model metadata under the guideline of grid workflow when executing grid services,the effort of which is taking place both in laboratory and industry.

The aim of establishing spatial data model is to reflect the real world.However,the spatial data model of main GIS systems only reflect knowledge of management and manipulation objects in field of cartography,such as point,line and poly geometry objects.In this paper,comparative studies showed that domain knowledge of land management spatial concept covers knowledge of geometry.Knowledge of geometry is one of land management domain knowledge that can be identified by the geometric characteristics of attribution.Therefore,it is reasonable to rearrange the domain knowledge of land management spatial concept as object-oriented knowledge,establish object components which are equivalent to knowledge of geometric object and to extend object-relational spatial data models.The aim is to establish a type of spatial data model named "[the domain spatial knowledge object] + [GIS point,line and plane geometric object]+[extension property]".The benefits of this model include simplification of operations in database management,reduction of requirements for domain knowledge of cartography stuff,easing the degree of coupling between instance of spatial objects and their corresponding attributes,reducing the effect of data source caused by government policies,and improving data stability and the degree of data sharing.Based on the model,a kind of data checking subsystem in "515" urban and rural cadastral system is established.The practices of using the "515" urban-rural integration of cadastral survey data warehousing inspection work in Zhenjiang,Jiangdu and many other cities and counties showed the reliability of the model designed in this paper.It also had a good performance and provided a new spatial data model for the thematic GIS spatial data management.

People have been working for years on geo-information map in different fields of geography since it was proposed.However,most current works on geo-information map stay at the stage of representing geographic phenomena or processes as traditional map does,while lack of knowledge representation and reasoning,so it shows no difference with traditional cartographic map.This results in difficulties in extracting information automatically from geo-information maps,so experts' knowledge and experience are required in order to acquire spatial or temporal patterns through the spatial distribution of geographic phenomena on geo-information maps.This paper proposes the concept of geographic knowledge map,which uses measurements in feature dimensions as coordinate frame instead of geographic coordinate system and displays the characters of objects and the relationships between them with different signals.In this way,geographic knowledge map can disclose spatial-temporal patterns in different feature dimensions which are less possible to be found in real world and geo-coded map.In this paper,the conceptual framework and properties of geographic knowledge map is described,and its characteristics are concluded.Geographic knowledge map is not only graphic representation of geographical knowledge,but also a formal language of knowledge representation.It represents knowledge with structured formal diagrams,has specific semantics and syntax,so it is computable.Through computation of geographic knowledge map,we can transfer the knowledge it represents into other formal language descriptions.It is a way of geographic knowledge visualization,and a method of data mining and knowledge discovery as well.

The automatic building reconstruction from LIDAR data has been a hot issue for several years.Many methods and algorithms have been put forward to reconstruct the models of simple buildings,such as of flat roof,gable roof,or other rectangular shape.But it remains an open problem for the reconstruction of complex buildings.In this paper,a new idea is introduced to process the complex buildings.It is based on the contour clustering analysis of LADAR data and a bottom-up method using data-driven processing.Contours contain the shape information of object boundary,and they are closed,complete,and having explicit topological relationships among each other.So we can use these valuable characters to guide the building reconstruction.In this paper,a concept of contours cluster is introduced,which is based on the following observations: the contours of a building are usually very similar to each other in every part of the building;the nested similar contours are defined as a cluster of similar contour.The contour cluster reflects the detailed feature of the corresponding object.Analyzing the shape differences among contours clustering,the different parts of the whole complex building can be found out.So we can say,contour clustering is very useful,and is the core of the method.The process includes 4 main steps.Firstly,the LIDAR point is pre-processed,and the Delaunay mesh is constructed with the processed LIDAR points and the initial contours are traced.Secondly,some shape features are used to distinguish the contours on buildings or on other objects.With thresholds of contour length and area,some contours of vegetation can be removed.Thirdly the topology relationship and similarity relationship between contours are analyzed.Based on these relations,the contours are clustered to form the parts of buildings.At last,the building model of different types can be reconstructed from the clusters of contours.To test the approach presented above,2 experiment data with representative building models are applied.The results show our method has following advantages:(1) the closeness of contours can effectively avoid the difficulty of edges grouping in conventional reconstruction methods;(2) using contour cluster analysis can extract different hierarchical structures of the complex building;and(3) even curved surface buildings can be correctly constructed using our method.

Traffic road plays an important role in transportation and is a major driving force of urban land use expansion.Therefore,traffic road has great impact on urban expansion and development.Also,urban expansion has new demands for the development of traffic road.The relationship between traffic road and urban land use expansion is complex and uncertain,so we need to study it with a variety of research methods and from various aspects.Currently,a large number of mathematical methods and spatial models have been effectively used to analyze the relationship between traffic road and urban land use expansion.In order to analyze the interaction model and impact of traffic road on urban expansion effectively,however,new technical methods should be explored.Rough set theory,proposed by Pawlak in 1982,is an extension of set theory in analyzing data with insufficient and incomplete knowledge and has been demonstrated to be useful in fields such as pattern recognition,machine learning,and automated knowledge acquisition.Rough set theory does not need prior information in analyzing data and can derives the classification or decision rules according to a knowledge reduction procedure while keeping its classification ability unmodified.Thus,rough set theory can mine the objective and inherent rules contained in the data.Rough set theory is still not commonly used in research of the relationship between traffic road and urban land use expansion.In this paper,urbanization of Guangdong Province is taken as an example and the relationship between traffic road and urban land use expansion is studied with rough set theory.The result shows that the decision rules of traffic road and urban land use expansion extracted with rough set theory can effectively reflect the relationship between traffic road and urban land use expansion and can provide some guidance on urbanization researches.

Cadastre is a tool which is used to manage national land resources and assets.Traditional cadastre is two-dimensional one which takes parcel as basic management unit to administer land surface right,and its theoretical basis is consistency of the right nationality of the same parcel in the vertical direction,namely the ownership rights of underground,surface and ground space belong to the identical obligee.Due to the backwardness of the past economic development,land use mainly concentrated on the two-dimensional surface and it isn't necessary to extend land use into the third dimension.Therefore,traditional two-dimensional cadastre which takes surface right as core can satisfy social demands well.In recent decades,the rapid increase in population and intensified urbanization make the land use of urban areas,especially business centers under rising pressures.In order to provide more available space,city development extends unceasingly to the third dimension.Three-dimensional land use makes the subject of property become pluralism in the vertical direction,namely underground,surface and ground space can be stratified development and are distributed to different obligees.Tendency of Three-dimensional land use brings forth challenges to traditional land management theories and methods.Three-dimensional cadastre also needs a kind of basic unit like two-dimensional land parcel to register and manage property in three-dimensional space,this kind of three-dimensional basic unit is called property volume in this paper.We will take right entities such as land and property as basis,use right space as reference,research dividing mode of land and property in three-dimensional space,analyze existing form,dividing mode and space form of two kinds of basic unit,generalize theirs basic characteristic.Based on these substantive characteristics,we give the definition and representation of property volume,and test the correctness and validity of the given property volume.

P2P technology can handle the performance issues of centralized architecture,such as single point of failure and hot bottleneck.Raster geographic data service based on P2P technology has been applied widely,but there are many problems when considering how to combine P2P and vector geographic data service efficiently.P2P network model and the corresponding organization of distributed vector geographic data should be especially researched deeply.A vector-oriented P2P hybrid indexing network model,which is based on Chord and Quad structure,is proposed.This model combines the advantages of structured P2P network and hierarchical P2P network.It can not only make good use of Chord network with the merit of load balancing and hierarchical P2P network with high efficient querying,but also adapt to high dynamic network environment.In this work,Linking mechanism is proposed for the first time.This novel concept has two main characteristics: the information need to be recorded is little,which can reduce network load;the reconstructed information is complete and valid.And an organizational pattern of distributed vector geographic data is designed,which is based on Linking mechanism.This pattern forms a loosely and globally distributed topology,according to linking information on each level and topological connection information in derived geometry.This kind of distributed topology supports not only distributed index,lossless and fast reconstructing for vector geographical data,but also the extension of all kinds of vector topological analysis algorithm under distributed environment.Contrast with the experimental results of JTS,we can see that the time used for vector data reconstructing is obviously short because of fewer additional linking information,and the result of reconstruction is lossless and reliable.When the number of tiles is large,the merit to JTS is more obvious.Our results show that the theory about the organization of distributed vector geographic data based on Linking mechanism and the related algorithm are valid,high efficient and robust.And it has a good practical application foreground.

China has so many ancient villages in its long history which owes to the intricate environments and diversity ecology.At first,this paper analyses a lot domestic articles on ancient villages in recent years and draws some conclusion as following:(1) A lot of researchers introduce natural methodology to landscape research.(2) Many technicians use GIS technology to develop GIS-software for ancient village management.(3) Some new methods are used in ancient village tourism planning and there are so many successful examples in this domain.(4) Some researchers analysis traditional thought of human settlement environment,architecture arts and relationship between human and nature in order to help to solve analog problems existing in our era.Professor LIU Pei-ling brought forward a new theory which called "Gene Theory of Settlement Landscape" when he paid his attention to ancient villages some years ago.In seeking for landscape's genes,we analyze the necessary tend to building a prototype system of graphic methodology for ancient villages based on GIS.At the same time,we also probe into the context and senses on using GIS based graphic methodology to research ancient villages.Obviously,the authors prove that there are so many snags lying on this study domain when they try to develop such a prototype procedure.Of course,the authors describe these difficulties carefully and the key technical problems in building such a GIS-program of graphic methodology for ancient village particularly.Moreover,the requirement for the procedure and functional design of a prototype is discussed.The authors argue that the procedure should be comprised of five modules,DATABASE,MAP,SPATIAL,GENE,GRAPHMETHOD,respectively.By using the development toolkit of Visual C++.NET 2003,a prototype program is designed and implemented according to the research aim.Finally,we take WOMAN LANGUAGE of Jiangyong County,Hunan Province of China,which,is probably the merely women's language in the world,as an example to run the program and then to extract gene elements from ancient village landscapes.