This paper mainly introduces the progress and achievement in "Digital Fujian" program. After the implementation of the former three years of the 10th Five-Year Plan, the Digital Fujian program, as an important project of creating new superiorities and realizing rapid development of Fujian province, has achieved some successes: having established successfully the E-Governance information network; having unified the norm and criterion of data and completed standard data resources; and having modified information resources and launched successfully some demonstration projects. In the following two years of the 10th Five-Year Plan, further generalization and application will be implemented based on demonstration projects of the former three years.

前言银川是黄河上游宁夏平原的明珠,是我国历史文化名城。这次重游银川,参加全国遥感学术会议, 感慨万千,颇有启示:贺兰山先民岩画,那时的工具虽然原始简朴,但抽象意境很高,发人深省。

The Pacific and Indian Ocean monsoons bring abundant precipitation and seasonal high-temperature and heavy cloud. Cloud makes great difficult for data acquisition with visible light remote sensing. Every year typhoons bring great destruction on forest, hills, transportation, communication and power networks. So multi-spectrum and microwave remote sensing are strongly needed. Species resource is greatly abundant in South China. Classifications of coral, mangrove and other plants with remote sensing need special image processing technologies. Species identification is very difficult and needs abundant geobotanical, biological knowledge and field survey data. In South China, the strong efflorescence and simultaneous physical and chemical corrosion result in unique red sandstone topography (Danxia dimao) and karst topography. For example, in tropical monsoon forest, nanmu and agallochum can only be found in remotely sensed images when they blossom transitorily. Fish groups location can get support with identifying the interface of cold snap and warm current, and migration of birds.

The wave of "Digital Earth" drives the related research, including those in the field of oceanography. With the development of capacity to acquire the marine spatial data with time serial, Geographical Information System shows its potential in Oceanography because its functions are powerful in spatial data management, spatial analysis and graph or image mapping. Based on the character of marine, a prototype of Digital Sea of China (PDSC) has been constructed with the datum of coastal line of China. With the foundation of PDSC, this paper emphasizes on the problems with their resolutions, which differ from other space digital fields, especially on the data organization and manipulation with the datum of coastal line, the structure of "Digital Sea" and the integration method, the logic computation and the visualization method.

Loess geomorphology in China belongs to one of the typical landforms, whose classification system is the foundation of mapping. Up to now, the national classification system of loess geomorphology has not yet been established and published. By adopting new classification principles such as morphogenetic, geological tectonics and delamination, based on every kind of geomorphologic classification projects, this paper analyzed the nationwide research of loess landforms, with the advanced techniques such as Remote Sensing, Geographical Information System, established new national loess geomorphologic classification system, and put forward 5-bit number for coding the loess geomorphologic data. Based on Remote Sensing Image (Landsat TM and ETM), the characteristic atlas of typical loess geomorphology was compiled. The classification system includes fiver layers: relief and height, genetic types, position and outward appearance, slope-ditch density-incision depth, by integrating morphology with genesis. This research established the solid foundation for use the inside high-resolution satellite Remote Sensing data to complete 1:1 000 000 loess geomorphologic map of China. This classification system can adequately reflect the types characteristic of loess geomorphology and can also keep consistency with classification system of national digital landform, the classification system possesses the expandability function of other types.

Based on the fact that the urban and regional geographic information development is quite uneven in China, this paper introduces an idea to measure the levels of geographic information development in urban areas using methods of questionnaire survey and case study. The authors discuss the natures and characteristics of geographic information from multiple perspectives, and present several development indicators such as professional and related organization, data investment and budget, data production and supply, data quality and standard, information infrastructure, related law, policy and regulation, application and benefit, and degree of data sharing. The related development degree index, questionnaire design, and case study design should consider these indicators carefully according to the research purpose. Finally, it is suggested that the government administrators and / or professional organizations should conduct a nationwide evaluation of urban geographic information development and formulate general strategies for China's long-term urban geographic information development and application.

This paper analyzes the current development status of spatial information technology and identifies six applied characteristics of the technologies of Spatial Information Grid (SIG). Considering the applied aspects of geological survey, the prospects of SIG in industrial application and technological development are presented and discussed.

In order to solve the problems such as soil and water loss, eco-environmental degradation, frequentflooding and drought disasters in the Poyang Lake Basin before the 1970's, the approach of integrated watershed management has been adopted and applied, and "Mountain-River-Lake Integrated Development and Management Program" has be implemented. The program combined greening mountains and harnessing rivers with economic development aiming to pursuing the balance of social-economic development, environmental protection and ecological reconstruction. With the unremitting efforts in the past 20 years, a "green Jiangxi" has been constructed , and the capacity of regional sustainable development has been enhanced. After the entrance of the new century, the development strategy of "gold mountains and silver mountains are needed, but clear waters and green mountains are much more desirable" was put forward and the social-economic development in the Poyang Lake Basin was speeded up with the precondition of eco-environmental protection.

地图是永生的,作为人类的一种文化工具,地学的第二语言,决不会由于数字化、电子化反而无所作为。从地球信息科学发展的总体趋势来看,卫星遥感系列卫星数据资源日益丰富,从低分辨率到甚高分辨率空间数据应有尽有,定位系统,数字传输与网络技术日新月异,数学模型、数据挖掘与知识发现的能力,信息基础设施与信息共享机制不断改善和提高。

The research of info-flow is more and more important in the research of the social spacial framework, especially, the city's spacial framework. The CERNET's data is the foundation of text, which is used to analyze the framework's grade and flow mode of info-flow, then reveal the spacial character of Chinese Internet's framework at present, and advance simple assumption to the Net-framework's proposals in the future, and some proposals to the orientation and method of the research in the future. This paper uses the central city' s attraction and diffusivity factors to reflect the attraction and the diffusivi- ty. The attraction factor: Xi=1+∑(Rki /∑Ok); and the diffusivity factor:Yi=1+∑(Oik/∑Rk).From the two factors, we can determine the city's current grade and can get the CERNET's advantage and the disadvantage of the structure. This paper considers this structure as "tricycle mode". According to this mode advices are raised in order to improve the environment of network and to decrease area differentiation, and to drive the regions development in info way and to meet the requirement for regional development, and make the driving force to periphery more powerful and the info' s flow more unobstructed, so as to improve the usability of the network.

Oil and gas exploitation is a mass production movement, which affects local vegetation growth, especially in the beginning of the oil field exploitation. Gudong Oil Field is known for its most abundant oil reserves in Shengli Oil Field and the second largest one in China. Gudong Oil Field has been developed rapidly since 1986 and has an area of about 68km₂. In this paper, eight scenes of remote sensing data including TM and ASTER from 1984 to 2001 were used, which are associated with different periods from drilling, construction to putting into production and steady production of Gudong Oil Field. In the beginning of the oil field development, the vegetation changed quickly, and when oil field regions became steady, the change was slowed down. So in the beginning of oil development, the time interval of the chosen remote sensing data was shorter than that in the steady period. The details of the chosen remote sensing data are as follows: TM data on 5 October 1984, 4 March 1985, 5 June 1986, 7 May 1987, 13 February 1989, 2 April 1992 and 20 September 1996, and ASTER data on 10 September 2001. According to the historical investigation results, ground truth survey, the characters reflecting from remote sensing data and vegetation succession rule in the Yellow River Delta, the classification schema was completed on the basis of the vegetation cover types in the study area. The classes were water (including plash), tidal flat (including naturally non-vegetated area and area non-affected by humans), reed beds and barren land (representing the non-vegetated area affected by humans, such as the area covered by oil platforms, pipes). Vegetation distributions of Gudong oil field in different periods were extracted from remote sensing data. The vegetation succession rule and the effect of oil development on vegetation were analyzed. Before the mass production movement of oil drilling, as part of the estuarine delta of the Yellow River, the vegetation distribution is zonal along coastal line reflecting the vegetation succession rule in coastal zone of the Yellow River Delta. In the beginning of the oil development, the destruction of vegetation resulted in a rapid decrease of grassland areas and the quick increase in barren land areas.

How to integrate quantitative data, qualitative data, empirical data and knowledge-based data and then make decision is one of the important issues in spatial data analysis. In this paper, two methods for spatial integration and decision making are discussed. One is fuzzy weights of evidence, and the other is weighted logistic regression. Compared with the traditional methods such as discriminate analysis and multivariate regression analysis, these two methods can give more reasonable results when explanatory variables are a mixed mode of continuous and category data.

Analysis of automatically extracting terrain features based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM) such as slope gradient, slope aspect, curvature, flow paths and delineate drainage networks, is always a kind of fundamental work for many geoscientists. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), which produced a near global scope database of high accuracy elevation data, offers an opportunity to extend terrain analysis from local to global. However, it is a major disincentive for geoscientist to deal with massive DEM data even in a limited interesting research area. Grid Services for Elevation Derivatives (GSED) is proposed for spatial data dissemination and continental-scale topographic analysis computation based on DEM. The architecture of GSED is presented in the paper and unique problems that appear in the computing test are elaborated. Automation topographic factor extraction from SRTM is carried out through GSED. Traditional sequential algorithm has been reorganized to adapt to the distributed computing environment. Tibetan Plateau is selected as the focus area, and preliminary result is established for comparison with GTOP030. The result confirms that GSED is an effective method to solve the problem of high throughput computation with large scale geographic data.

Temporal data management is very important to Digital Real Estate System(DRES),how to build a spatio-temporal data model is a key issue of DRES.This paper firstly analyzes the characteristic of temporal data and draws a conclusion that change of spatial information is much lower than that of attribute information. According to this, a new Spatio-temporal Data Model of DRES was constructed, which is named as ameliorated model with combination of sequential snapshot model and base state with amendments model. This model is easy to be implemented with less storage in information system. According to this spatio-temporal model with workflow cared, DB Trichotomy Method has been implemented in DRES. According to DB Trichotomy, Temporary DB, Formal DB and History DB are defined to store data in three states. The spatio-temporal data in this paper has been used in Hangzhou Digital Real Estate Information System.

An automated approach was developed in terrain classification using the global DEMs with 1×1km2 grid cells but a high sampling accuracy for their elevation data based on large-scale topographic maps. For years, the practicality and explicability of the DEMs are perplexing all the while in GIS applications. In this research, a methodology was implemented as a two-step process. Firstly, six global relief variables were derived, i.e., relief amplitude, surface incision, elevation variance coefficient, surface roughness, mean slope and mean elevation. Secondly, ISODATA unsupervised classification and the Bayesian technique of Maximum Likelihood supervised classification were applied to generate seven basic relief forms of China. The experiment revealed that 1∶1,000,000 DEM of China was of practical significance and potential in macroscopic landform classification; the derived terrain variables of China contained sufficient physiographic information which provides essential basis for the automatic terrain classification. The approach permitted a quick and automatic estimation of the spatial distribution of morphologically homogeneous terrain units compared to the traditional classification methodologies. Finally, the methodology showed more objective than general DEM classification techniques owing to the mathematic methodology used and abundant quantitative relief data obtained in the study. Apparently this technique represents a splendid significance and applied foreground not only in the classification of relief forms but also in consummating the theory and methodology of DEMs based digital terrain analysis.

The 16th National People's Congress determines the goal of building a well-to-do society wholly, puts forward that the places with good conditions can be developed faster and realize modernization first on the basis of building a well-to-do society wholly. As a coastal advanced province with developed cities, guided by scientific development view, according to the actual conditions of the province, Zhejiang area puts forward objective of struggle for realizing modernization within the province in 2020 and formulates eight strategies for it, carries out beneficial practice in the process of building a well-to-do society wholly and realizing modernization first.

This paper discusses the subjective map research of different courses: According to the research of physiology, the environment cognitive map exists in human brain. It is decided by the nerve cell of hippocampus in the brain. The nerve cells of hippocampus of old taxi drivers are bigger than other peoples; also the existence of difference in direction sense of men and women is because men and women use different hippocampi;The researches of education and psychology claim that the concept map is the sketch form of the study. It has been already extensively applied in the fields of education, management, artificial intelligence, linguistics, etc. The environment cognition research of the cognitive map carried out in the field of planning and environment revealed that the cognitive map is based on the environmental reflection of topology. The author put forward the concept of the objective map and subjective map, believing that the subjective map has been weakening in cartographical study and is becoming fringed. The subjective map research should be introduced to the major content of the cartographical research. Inquiring into the definition, classification, and characteristics of the subjective map, we believe the subjective map research will have great developmental potential.

Geometry model is the key of GIS software. This paper introduces three geometry models of OGIS, Oracle Spatial and ArcGIS. Their advantages and disadvantages are identified by comparisons among them. The hierarchy of OGIS geometry model is simple, clear and comprehensible. However, some aggressive relationships in OGC model graph were not so abstract because this model is not stable. In addition, Polygon and MultiPolygon in OGC. model is represented only using IineString. The Oracle Spatial geometry is also simple and has powerful extensibility and representability. But, it is more like mathematic geometry model rather than geographic geometry model. The representability of ArcGIS geometry model is most powerful comparing with two others, yet its hierarchy is disorder and dissimilar to OGC geometry. Finally, the authors appeal GIS workers to actively take part in the OGC Specifications for realizing Interoperability Program (IP) as soon as possible.

Considering the environmental features of Tibet, the method of snow information extraction and snow monitoring which is suitable to the large regional scale and global scale based on MODIS data was improved in this paper and then the method and technical route of snow information extraction which is suitable to Tibet based on MODIS data was put forward. It also analysed the dynamic changes of snow information and identified the existing problems and the solution schemes. The research result indicates that this method is more efficient for snow monitoring.

Wetland is a kind of key natureal resources and is an important environment for human survival. Because of natural and anthropogenic disturbances, wetland has been shrinking in large scale. The function of wetland has been lost. All these endangered the sustanable development of human beings. Taken Naoli River Basin as a case study, the spatio-temperal dynamics of the wetlands in the study area and its driving forces from 1954 to 2000 were analyzed. The results show that the wetland area were reduced from 519 917.96 hm² in 1954 to 105 008 hm² in 2000 with the areal percentage reduced from 61.27% to 12.39%. The wetland acreage in 2000 is only 1/4 as much as that in 1954. While arable land acreage increased from 223 173.54 hm² to 597156.25 hm². The acreage percentage increased from 25.31% to 70.45%. And the predominant driving force for wetland shrinkage in Naoli River Basin is the reclamation activities by human beings.

Landscape mosaic structure mainly refers to the distribution of patches, which are different in size and shape in space owing to the interaction of various ecological activities. The study on landscape mosaic structure provides valuable information for rationale management of the environmental resources and has been one of the key study areas in landscape ecology as a whole. This article firstly presents the dynamic change of land-use/land cover landscape in the last 6 years in Widgeon Lake wetland based on RS,GIS and GPS and discusses its environmental effect on wetland. And then based upon which, through selecting indices such as patch size, fractal dimension, fragmentation, diversity and dominance index, etc., it gives a detailed analysis of the change of wetland resources landscape mosaic structure in the last 4 years, supported by RS image with high spatial resolution. Widgeon wetland located in the range of 115°47′-115°54′E and 40°25′-40°30′N covers an area of 10000 hm2. Satellite imageries of different years, Landsat TM in 1996, Landsat ETM in 2002, Indian IRS in 2000 and 1:30 000 infrared color aerial photograph in 2001 were used to analyze the dynamic change of land use/land cover landscape and wetland landscape mosaic structure in this study area. For the images captured approximately in the same season, the change detection error introduced by mere seasonal difference was minimized. Following the interactive interpretation procedure, the distribution map of land use/land cover landscape in 1996 and 2002 and wetland landscape in 1998, 2000 and 2002 were obtained, which were geometrically registered to a common map projection. Software Arc View 3.3, MiragePro5.5 , PCI 8.2 and Excel 2000 were employed in the work. The study shows that the number of wetland resources patches in 2002 decreased by 48.5% compared with that in 1998, the index of the fractal dimension of the whole wetland landscape patches decreased from 1.464 in 1998 to 1.426 in 2002 and the index of fragmentation decreased from 0.9979 to 0.9959. In short, the impact of human activity on the Widgeon Lake wetland during 1998-2002 was not most important because some protective measures had been taken after the nature protected area was built up in 1997. The impact of drought on the wetland was the fundamental factor, especially from 1998 to 2002, but great attention should be paid to the impact of human activity.

The socio-economic information is defined as the database resources which reflect the regional economic development and status quo of society and are collected by government subdivisions in region or some administrative districts. The main contents consist of geography, natural resource information, census information, basic unit information and macro society information. The socio-economic information acts as an important reference to scientific decision-making and administration and serves as the important gists to get cognition of regional condition and to make decisions. It is very difficulty to organize, access and analyze a large volume of socio-economic data during constructing a socio-economic GIS. In the existing socio-economic GIS, the method of direct access database is widely used because of its good access speed. However, some problems appear in some systems such as: (1) some systems are less controllable and less flexible; and (2) unable to adapt to the chenges of structure or content of database. In this paper, the components and characters of socio-economic data are discussed. Also, a new method based on metadata to organize socio-economic data is presented. Finally, to support this method, a case study on socio-economic GIS of Qingshan district, Baotou city is provided.

A comprehensive application technology and method for various geo-scientific data like remote sensing, geo-physics, geology, etc. were discussed in this paper. From the application characteristics of multi-source remote sensing data in uranium resource exploration, the authors made researches on information fusion by taking the full advantage of aero-radioactivity gamma information, the characteristic information in uranium geologic field, and developed three types of fusion images of MR (Multi- spectrum-Radioactivity), MSR(Multispectrum-Synthetic aperture radarsat-Radioactivity), and HSR(Hyper-spectrum-Synthetic aperture radarsat-Radioactivity) based on four kinds of information of multi-spectrum remote sensing, synthetic aperture radar, hyper-spectrum and aero-radioactivity. On the basis of the above researches, the authors further overlapped the interpretation map of the above fusion images with other geo-scientific data like gravity, magnetic, geo-chemical, geological and so on. As a result, an integrated technologic system with characteristics of nuclear industry, based on remote sensing spectrum and airborne radioactive gamma energy spectrum, was established. The system has been used to geological mapping and uranium deposit exploration in vegetable-covered granite area, volcanic rock area and sediment basin. Good application effects were obtained.

Based on the analysis of certain achievements in the geological history, this paper mainly discusses eight issues concerning creative thought in the study of earth science. Those issues include: l)the creative thought is chained by old idea; 2) suspicion and dissatisfaction to the old idea is the starting point of the creative thought; 3) creative thought originates from the creative observation; 4) imagination and deduction is the important parts of the creative thought; 5) systemic analysis to the information is beneficial to the creative thought; 6) the effect of front and clearance in the creative thought; 7) contrast, focus and extension are the general way in the geological research; and 8) inspiration takes an important role in the creative thought.

The article summarizes the study of electronic maps and offers direction of development. It includs three sections. The first one, introduces the status of electronic map production. The electronic maps and atlases produced and published in China consist of three types, that is, reading type, interactive type and network type. The second one is about building system of electronic map. It introduces the model of electronic maps by adopting object-oriented approach; discusses how to establish the designing template of map layer and how to develop software system (EA-world) of electronic maps; and identifies some problems in designing electronic maps. The third one, points out the direction of development of electronic maps. it suggests to strengthen theoretic research in modern cartography in order to guide the production of electronic maps; to carry out study on web-cartography in order to share map information jointly; and to do more works in designing data model in order to improve the quality of electronic maps.

The problem of three-dimensional spatial simulation is discussed in this paper. Firstly, the threedimensional space where any geo-phenomenon is located is discretized in regular hexahedrons which topology and geometry are simple. Secondly, the attribute of every vertex in each hexahedron cell is calculated with the appreciate geo-model. Finally, the marching cube approach is used to process the scalar values of every vertex and the isosurface is tracked. The resulted iso-surface and further processed three dimensional contours are used to express the distribution and state of this geo-phenomenon. The smoke concentration in three-dimensional space pervaded from point sources is simulated with this simulating approach. The result shows that this three-dimensional simulation approach is effective and intuitionistic.

Retrieval and management of mega remote sensing image data need efficient approaches of content-based image retrieval. Now researches of content based remote sensing image retrieval focus on exploring the approaches for extracting low level vision features, such as color, texture, shape and so on. We are short of practical CBIR system. In this paper we present the architecture of RSIQuery system and discuss the data model and data organization. Finally we address some of the preliminary results on content-based remote sensing image retrieval and future work.

The university degree program for Cartography and Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the three degree programs in geography, but the sphere of influence of GIS is not limited within geography or geosciences. In 2005 there are 114 universities offering bachelor's programs for Cartography and GIS (31 from teachers' universities, 27 from universities, 25 from universities of technology, 8 from agricultural universities, 6 from geological universities, 5 from forestry universities, 3 from universities of transportation studies, 3 from achitectural universities, 2 from universities of posts and communications, 1 from hydrologic university and 1 from economic university), and 16 universities and academies offering doctoral programs for Cartography and GIS (6 from universities, 5 from teachers' universities, 1 from university of ocean studies, 4 from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)). In 2004 there are 54 universities and academies offering master's programs for Cartography and GIS (18 from teachers' universities, 16 from universities, 3 from universities of technology, 3 from agricultural universities, 3 from geological universities, 1 from forestry university, 1 from university of information studies, 1 from university of ocean studies and 8 from CAS), spreading all over the country except Hainan, Xizang (Tibet), Ningxia and Qinghai, mostly concentrating in Beijing, Jilin, Jiangsu and Hubei in geographical and geo-scientific departments. There are 281 research directions in the master's programs (only 26 for cartography) and 126 research directions in the doctoral programs concentrating in science and technology (only 1 for cartography, 1 for economy and 1 for tourism).

The problems of how to manage the land and resources spatial data are presented based on the analyses of their characteristics. The land and resources spatial data are characterized by multi-sources, multiscales, multi-dimensions, multi-times, etc. The application of spatial database technique is the precondition of integrative management of land and resources spatial data. Multi-sources land and resources spatial data can be managed by converting them to the same format or can be accessed directly. In order to reduce the conversion error, metadata can be used while the land and resources spatial data be converted from one format to another. Multi-scales land and resources spatial data can be managed by metadata driving technique because the content of metadata includes the information of scale and projection. For historical spatial data, the paper gives the method of time sequence storage, when the parcels changed, they would be stored in the historical spatial database. All the changed parcels can be traced to their original state. Only by solving the above problems, can the integrative management of land and resources spatial data be realized.

“数字地球”国际学会2006年5月在北京正式成立,“数字中国”研究院2005年在北京大学揭幕,“数字城市”第二届国际会展和论坛,6月11日又接踵在苏州召开,得天时、地利、人和的优势,预祝大会把握机遇,胜利成功,成为引领“数字城市”浪潮的里程碑。我国城镇化速度空前,在城市规划建设、管理与服务各方面的数字化工程,方兴未艾。实现以信息化推动产业结构性调整,以“数字城市”建设夯实城乡跨越式发展的战略目标,提高城市的凝聚力、辐射力和竞争力;全面协调人流、物流、能流的规模和速率,以城镇带动郊区、农村的可持续发展;对保障“十一五”发展规划的协调、和谐社会建设是至关重要的举措。