This paper discusses the band combination method and nonlinear band ratio image for CBERS-1 CCD image based on knowledge by selecting analysis and application. Using the theory for geographical multi-information analysis, it is discussed that the factors of topography, geologic lithology and soil which affect the image characteristics of vegetation types such as Shrubbery and Shrub Land. The satisfactory result is achieved by the classification recode method, fusion analysis for geographical information with modeling tools, second-hand developed model, target types delamination extraction, multi-information analysis and cartography with human-computer interactive interpreting method based on GIS and background database.

In general there are depressional cells in digital elevation model data. The usual algorithm to fill depressional grids in DEM would take a long time if a number of depressions exist. A new method to process depressions in DEM data is introduced. It is assumed that the original DEM data are inundated by the surface with a thick layer of water. Then water over original DEM data is removed by the iterative algorithm. The final DEM data after such a processing procedure are the elevation data without depressions. The new algorithm is easily understood and implemented. Moreover, it is much faster than the usual algorithm.

SPIHT is a well recognized coding algorithm due to its high effecient performance. But SPIHT is unsuitable for high-speed hardware implementation. An improved coding algorithm to SPIHT is introduced. The performance and rough pipeline architecture of the improved algorithm is presented. PSNR values for our algorithm are only slightly lower than the SPIHT's, but the improved algorithm is suitable for hardware implementation with high speed because it can be mapped into systolic architecture.

This paper presents design principle and realizable approach for Intellectual Data Structure of Geographic Expert System. With the frame network structure of knowledge, the author describes the entity units of geo-environment, and links the expression of expert knowledge at different levels with the pointer so that it becomes the frame network from knowledge to semantics. Also, the author expresses expert knowledge with extended R-F relational model based on intelligence, and discusses organization structure of knowledge base in the system and design principle of inference engine. The data structure can be used to realize an integrated description for geographic entities and their interrelations, and the knowledge base of the system can be operated simply and easily with the model, and therefore, the inference mechanism can be assuredly realized. Taking U-rumqi river basin as a test region, the author expounds expression approach of expert knowledge for planning and decision expert system of land rational use in the watershed, as well as the basic rules of expert knowledge expression and the organization models of expert knowledge in the system. Furthermore, the author also discusses the design principles and organization method of inference rules and the inference algorithms of inference engine in the system.

Spatial distribution of population is a key content of "Digital Earth". On the basis of essential theories of population distribution, the authors review the progress of research on spatial distribution of population based on GIS and RS from five aspects: 1) factors influencing population distribution and relationships among them; 2) application of spatial data, such as land use infrastructure; 3) indirect population index; 4) modeling of the spatial distribution of population; and 5) spatial distribution of urban population. Finally, under the support of grid data model, this paper applied Remote Sensing data, terrain data, traffic data, river data, resident data, and socio-economic statistics to calculate the spatial distribution of population in Fujian province at township level.

Regional development depends on central cities and their hinterlands which supply resources for the economic activities of cities. Therefore, a reasonable delimitation for hinterland and the analysis of its spatial pattern are needed not only to present an approach for studies on urban economic region, but also provide the basis for regional decision making. Due to the significant advantages of a clear understanding of the interrelationship between city and its hinterland, as well as between city and city, the study on urban hinterland is becoming a highlight in regional research. However, to date, there is not an efficient and credible methodological system and techniques to identify the urban hinterland area in China. This research investigates the potential of a computerized identification method supported by geographic information techniques to provide a better understanding of the distribution of urban hinterland. It improves the traditional field models from two aspects, which are “composite nodality index” and “regional accessibility”, in order to delineate urban hinterland area more reasonably. The principal components analysis method along with the indicators system were used to calculate urban nodality index. With the application of raster cost weighted distance method and k-order data fields, this paper attempts to comprehensively measure the regional accessibility and the spatial field of 17 cities at the prefecture level in Henan Province. Furthermore, this paper delimits the urban hinterlands in 1991 and 2010 by using the hydrologic analysis model. At last, the dynamic evolution characteristic of urban hinterland area was investigated in three perspectives: area levels, spatial morphology and spatial relationship between the urban hinterlands and the administrative districts. The results indicate that the accessibility condition keeps improving and the average accessibility is 45.41 min and 33.03 in 1991 and 2010 respectively, which is improved by 12.38 min. Spatial filed have been increasing significantly from 1991 to 2010, and the spatial difference of spatial field appears to be remarkable. The whole pattern of the urban hinterland area in Henan Province has not changed much. The hinterland in Nanyang City had the largest increase in its area, while the hinterland area of Xinyang City shrinks most. With regard to the change ratio of urban hinterland area, Anyang City has the largest increasing ratio, while Luohe City had the largest decreasing ratio. Zhengzhou City has the largest deviation rate between its urban hinterland area and its administrative area.

The open and standardized operational interface is important for the systematic and integrated development of geographical information system which enables different systems to interoperate in a standard way and ensure validity and efficiency of operations. This paper discusses the geo-spatial data encoding implementation specification-GML3.1,which is constituted of OGC and is based on XML, elaborates the method and process of establishing the GML3.1 application schema and introduces respectively the spatial data sharing modes including spatial data exchange, unification of spatial data formats, metadata sharing and WebGIS construction based on GML3.1.

In this paper the content,time factor and expression way in the field of Urban Planning are analyzed. The author of this paper introduces an object-oriented approach, analyses the data mark way and attributes, and spatial graphics temporal data organizing. Marking the version information on object attribute tables, the object marking with version information can describe the object source and structure relationship, then the approach can describe the attribute values of an object in different periods directly. The expression way of object-oriented temporal spatial data organization is advanced, the organization can associate the object in current and past times, also can associate the version in the front and behind. This data organization way is a convenient version integration and single version accessing. The temporal GIS is realized by the time mark in the object table, the version serial of geometric object is linearily organized and the temporal topology relationship is constructed. This approach improves the efficiency of data using and history l event query, and also assures the continual development of the Urban Planning System with the data storage space saved.

GML provides a set of core schemas together with a simple semantic model between objects andproperties. Using the GML model and its schema components, users can define their own GML application schemas flexibly. However, this flexibility results in much difference among GML application schemas of different users and in different domains, and also presents a substantial difficulty for writing GML software applications because the software would be expected to understand any GML dataset. The software can perform type discovery on the schema to identify which XML elements from the GML dataset represent a feature, a feature's properties, a feature's geometric properties, and a feature's topological properties. How to parse arbitrary GML user application schemas and understand the semantic meaning of elements and types becomes a difficult problem that must be solved in GML based spatial data semantic integrating and sharing. Developing one universal GML parsing engine is very important to GML based spatial data semantic integrating and sharing. Three core schemas used most frequently and relationship between GML application schema and core schemas, and constraint rules among elements and types in GML schemas are introduced first in this paper. Feature's properties composition is analyzed in section 3. In section 4, method of semantic identifying elements in GML application schema is put forward. In section 5, the universal GML Parsing Engine is implemented using JavaBeans techniques in JBuilder X Environment. Section 6 is the conclusion of this paper.

This paper presents building principle and accomplishing approach of Design and Assistant Decision Expert System of Land Rational Use (DADES) and discusses the means of expert knowledge expression and inference control strategies in the DADES. The field expert knowledge is divided into several grading levels and classifications in the system. And the frame-net data structures and productive rules are used to express special knowledge and empirical knowledge of geographic field expert so that the expression of knowledge is more concise and easy to understand. Meanwhile the indistinct inference mechanism is introduced in the inference tactics of knowledge so that the reasoning mechanism is assuredly realized. Furthermore, taking Urumqi river basin as a test region, the author expounds expression approach of expert knowledge for land rational use design and decision in the watershed, and probes into the basic rules of expert knowledge expression as well as the organization model of expert knowledge in the system. Moreover, the author also discusses the design principle and organization approach of inference rules for inference engine of the system as well as inference algorithms of inference engine.

In the world development trend of the information technology now, the GIS has played more and more important role and has also been extensively applied in agriculture. According to the decision support theory and the self-organization characteristion of the agricultural production system, this paper selects the agricultural decision support system as the practical demonstrative technology in the process of agricultural informationization construction for being used in the selective research region beforehand.

Firstly, the 108 counties in Shandong province are classified which are categorized into three types, then the different urban residential and rural residential densities of each type are calculated by regression with land use data (1:10 000) interpreted from TM remote sensing image. Secondly, the Voronoi map of the location of township seat is constructed, and is taken as the township boundary, the residential density of every Voronoi part can be calculated by dividing the statistical population and the number of the settlements. Let every location of the township seats have the corresponding Voronoi' s density, then the residential density surface of the whole province is calculated by IDW interpolation and neighborhood statistics method in ArcGIS. With this density surface and the land use data, the 1km×1km grid population data is calculated supported by ArcGIS. Considering the difference between the statistical population and the calculated population of all counties, an adjusting coefficient for every county is calculated. After the adjustment, the statistical population and the calculated population are equal. Finally, the comparison of the statistical population density and the actual population density of the selected sample counties proves the higher precision of the results.

With the establishment of market economic system and the practice of using land institution, integrated evaluation of the quality grade of agricultural land has been a very important task in land administration at present and in the future. Classifying and grading of agricultural land is a very comprehensive task, the results of it not only connect with many natural factors, but also relate to the economic factors, society factors and many other factors. Moreover, in practice it involves analysis and handling huge amount of data and pictures, so the calculation task is very gigantic. Agricultural Land Classifying & Grading is a problem, which can not be described with mathematics completely, but needs to be resolved with experience and knowledge. Using a great deal of data accumulated in the past reasonably and integrating the expert knowledge adequately to classify & grade agricultural land, setting up Agricultural Land Classifying & Grading Expert Information System (ALCGEIS) with intellectualized analysis and decision function to improve the precision of classifying and grading results of agricultural land and to raise the efficiency of work are very necessary. Building a system based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) is also the goal and developing orientation in the future research. This paper presents knowledge acquisition and design approaches and principles of inference engine for Expert System (ES), and probes basic structure of ALCGEIS, knowledge classification, knowledge acquisition and algorithms of program realization, basic control strategies of inference engine and algorithms of program realization as well as search strategies of reasoning knowledge. In addition, the author designs the inference engine of ALCGEIS. And taking the structure of inference engine as an example, the author designs methods of reasoning rules as well as reasoning algorithms, and elaborates organization structures of reasoning knowledge.

Scientific data sharing is an important field of research, but as its implemention lacks sufficient technologic support, much work still needs to be done to find out useful information from metadata for the realization of complete data sharing. This paper brings forward a framework of information sharing platform using Struts and Hibernate technology. Firstly it analyzes the application of two technologies, and then mainly explains how to use them to construct a sharing platform of 4-tier structure, including data presentation tier, data transaction tier, data persistent tier and enterprise information system (EIS) tier. Struts is a server-side Java implementation of the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern. We use Struts to separate the presentation tier and allow it to be abstracted from the data transaction tier of information sharing platform. Hibernate is an object / relational mapping technique which maps data representation from an object model to a relational data model with a SQL-based schema.We use Hibernate to simplify our middle-tier development of information sharing platform. This platform is one of the distributed multi-tier applications, which can manage and analyze multi-type data, extract useful information for users to browse, download and query among many servers, although the users do not know where these data are stored.

VR-GIS is a kind of new technology which integrates the characteristics of virtual reality with GIS. Digital flood control system of city based on VR-GIS is playing an important role in decision-making. In light of the 3D-system development of flood control in Harbin, this paper discussed some key problems about digital flood control system developed with VR-GIS, including 3D scene construction, database construction, flood simulation, etc., which provided a research platform for digital flood control system.

Data distribution of GIS has been made realism through WebGIS. With the increasing need of data sharing and GIS, WebGIS can no longer meet this requirement. The application of Grid Computing and Middleware technology in GIS make a promise for the development of Middleware Grid-GIS. Grid-GIS not only makes spatial data distributed, but also makes the functional services of GIS distributed. Grid-GIS has the following characteristics:(1) Sharing of spatial data and GIS function; (2) highly performance of computation; (3) easiness for GIS software development; (4) equity in architecture; (5) high security; and (6) easy for GIS application.In this paper the procession of data transmission was recommended, and the strategy of data transmission in Grid-GIS was put forward in order to meet the functional requirement for data transmission.In data transmission of Grid-GIS, GML was used as the description of geographic data. GML is the extending use of Extreme Markup Language (XML) in the area of Geography. Using GML user can store and transmit the attribute and location information of geographical feature. GML can describe geographical feature into text of XML format, and supply the spatial information transmission between GIS components with cogent technology.The data transmission service of Grid-GIS was constructed by taking the advantage of Web services and MO Middleware technology. Web services are a new breed of web applications. They are self-contained, self described and the modular application can be published, located and invoked across the web. Web services perform functions that can be anything from simple requests to complicated business process. Once a web service is deployed, other applications (and other web services) can discover a deployed service. Security of data transmission in Grid-GIS was also expounded. It was accomplished by using the proxy method.

GIS (Geographical Information System)is the basic core undergraduate course of GIS, and also basic course of relative specialities such as geography, geology, surveying and mapping, resource, environment etc., which is very important for students to study and understand the basic principle, method of GIS or the others. However, the existing content and system of GIS course are not perfect and the standard teaching mode has not been formed, which restrict the development and improvement of GIS teaching to a certain degree. Through ten years' exploration and accumulation we constructed and finished GIS premium course accepted as The National Level GIS Course last year. In this paper, the throughway and method how to construct the national level GIS great course is presented, particularly, the content and system of GIS network course are also discussed.

Abstarct: ArcIMS is rooted in ESRI's proven Internet map publishing technology. It's very convenient for author to compile maps and publish them to a Website of one' s own creation. This paper introduces the characteristics of ArcIMS and also explains the ArcIMS architecture. Emphases are put on the principle of the ArcIMS. In view of this, program realization of the basic GIS function is discussed, then the procedure of client-server interaction is described. In order to understand Arc XML, the rule of response and request of ArcXML is also analysed, and an example is given to explain the theory that communication between the viewer and the server is based on requests and responses written in ArcXML. Finally, the developing method and realizing process of ArcIMS is provided combining with the Zhejiang province real-time water and rainfall information publishing system. In this case, several implementation considerations are suggested to get you thinking about the functionality you need or want to include in your Internet geographic information system (GIS) application.

"Spatial feature"is the geographical spatial data famous feature different from that of the other data, so in the process of researching geographical spatial data, it must be reflected and conformed to other geographical spatial feature. This paper focused on two fields, namely statistical analysis and remotely sensed imagery analysis, to discuss that in the spatial data analysis the exploration of spatial nonstationarity, spatial structure and scale must be intensified.

Resources environment is the base of continual survival and development of human society. Researching resources environment can know the current status and the changing trends of the resources environment, and can sequentially explore the mechanism of resources environment changes. So there needs an open, distributed research platform to intensively study resources environment. With the platform, not only resources and environment data but also special application systems, models and software tools can be shared. According to the above requirement, this paper puts forward resources and environment data grid. The architecture of the grid mainly has the following types: the five-layered Sandglass Model, the OGSA （open grid services architecture）, and the WSRF （Web Service Resource Frame）. The OGSA takes services as core which can conveniently constitute uniform standard interface to manage all kinds of entirely different resources, and to accomplish sharing and cooperation. In this paper, the architecture of resources environment data grid is designed into three layers, i.e. grid resources layer, business logic layer and grid port layer, based on the OGSA. Furthermore, three key technologies are analyzed in this paper: resources environment data grid middleware, data resources gridding and the application function of resources environment data grid. Under the environment of JEE, following the specification of the OGSI and the OWS spatial information, using the Web Services technology, the resources environment data grid can be realized. To illustrate the application of resources and environment data grid platform, a case of the sandy desertification in the surrounding areas of Beijing during 1991²001 is studied.

Both grid mapping and grid computing are effective methods to describe, analyze and virtualize regional geographic phenomena and their applications to the analysis of the spatial pattern are quite promising. The grid mapping of landscape describes not only the spatial distribution of landscapes but also their respective capacity of occupying the ecological space of them. Meanwhile the grid mapping can be used to realize the quantitative, specialized and visualized description of the spatial heterogeneity. Moreover, on the basis of grid mapping and grid analyzing, some spatial analytic methods such as the spatial autocorrelation analysis and semivirogram analysis can be used to further study the characteristics of spatial patterns.

Many challenges are associated with the integration of geographic information systems(GIS) in terms of specific model applications.One of them is to adapt models to the environment of GIS. The unique aspects of water resource model require a special approach to the development of GIS data structures. The expanded development of GIS applications for handling water resources management analysis can be assisted by use of an object-oriented approach.In this paper, a conceptual GIS data model is formulated to integrate the modeling problem into an operational framework, based on which, extended GIS functions are developed to implement a tight linkage between the GIS and the groundwater model. Through the object-oriented approach, data, models and users interfaces are integrated in the GIS environment, creating great flexibility for modeling and analysis.

Ship's routing is a maritime traffic regulation which ships should follow or adopt when sailing along navigation line, route or separated line in some sea areas. It's a primary means to effectively manage crowded maritime traffic, and is an important method to plan reasonable ship routing. Ship's routing shows the developing orientation of maritime ship order management. This thesis focuses on the demands of Data Spatial Analysis Methods in Taiwan Straits Ship's Routing Design, and puts up some Data Spatial Analysis Methods which fit for Taiwan Straits Ship's Routing Design based on real data analysis and actual practice, and also gives a simple introduction to the Taiwan Straits Ship's Routing Scheme.

DDYGISS is a highly integrated platform of WEBGIS. It is based on 3S(GIS, GPS, RS), Object oriented RDBMS, Internet, DCOM, etc. According to Digital Dongying Local Area Net, DDYGISS has been built by integrating spatial resources of the whole Dongying city with unified standards and formats for the realization of resources sharing. The platform can provide basic spatial data for city planning, city management and city decision-making, resource management and so forth. At the same time it can offer the services of geographic information for related application systems. In addition, it is a developing and application platform oriented resources integrating, resources sharing and application services. This paper puts forward a method by which GIS and governmental resources system are highly integrated by virtue of a lot of programming based on DDYGISS. In this way, it can spatialize and visualize dull governmental resources such as economic index, talented persons, bidding information and so on. The satisfactory result has obtained.

A city is a self-organizing complex system. Its growth is affected by many uncertain factors. CA models have strong spatial calculating capabilities, and they can effectively simulate complex dynamic systems. The state of a system is determined by the simultaneous iterative evolvements of cell states based on certain transitional rules. CA models play important roles in simulating urban growth and other geographic phenomena. Cell, state, adjacent relation and transitional rule are the four basic elements. Spatial cells have the same dimensions. The change type of a cell's state lies on the previous state of the cell and adjacent cells'states. Change or not is controlled by transitional rules. The transitional rules are the core of CA models. They can be used to calcu-late changing potential of geographic cells with the states and spatial relationships of the cells. When simulation urban growth spatial parameters are needed. Each spatial parameter has a corresponding factor weight under calculation, which reflects the relative importance of the parameter to urban growth. The determination of spatial factor weights used in the CA transitional rules is difficult. Existing methods have shortcomings, such as low reliability, too much operation procedures and so on. An improved genetic algorithm is adopted to automate the determination of factor weights. Genetic algorithm is an optimized algorithm, which can get optimum result; meanwhile, the improved real number coding genetic algorithm avoids the shortcomings of traditional binary coding genetic algorithm. It is tested with Beijing growth simulation method using TM remote sensing image classification results of 1994 and 2001. Compared with the existing methods, it shortens computing time and raises simulating precision.

The metadata is used as one of the means to solve the problems on data sharing. There is a corresponding relationship between metadata and dataset. We can visit, manage, query and analyze the dataset and even accomplish data mining through realizing data navigational functions. A great number of field observation stations have been set up in the major national scientific research fields, which provide plenty of detailed and real-time data. In order to make better use of all the data sources, it is urgent to set up the criterion on the metadata of national field observational stations. On the basis of this, the metadata querying system of national key observational stations is set up, aiming at the metadata managing, querying, searching, and issuing. Only by doing so, it is possibile to realize data sharing organizing and managing and make best use of the field observed data in the scientific research.

In this paper, we present the method called Word Expanding Method for analyzing and handling the Chinese natural language queries which are derived from the user interface of GIS. The realization of this method will help the nonprofessionals to use the GIS more conveniently and efficiently. Here, we adopt the idea of Maximum Matching Method known as longer word preferred. The process of Word Expanding Method includes two steps: filtrating and matching. The filtrating step filtrates the whole Limited Chinese Words Library by using the first character of the querying sentence, so as to reduce the scope which the matching step should match to. The Word Expanding Method is approved to be a rather efficient method for Chinese word segmentation. And finally, we applied this method in GIS by programming.

In the fields of GIS, CAD, surveying and mapping etc. four-parameter fit and seven-parameter fit are important methods, by which we may get two sets of coordinate conversion parameters for direct and inverse solution. In this paper, the models based on four-parameter and seven-parameter transformation are discussed, inverse models are ascertained by reconstructing the matrixes models, and the solution progress and program for creating corresponding coefficients matrixes are also given.

Country is a basic unit in international scale and the relations among countries need the support of telecommunication flows.Telecommunication flows constitute a space which reflects human communication activity while the size of telecommunications flows is the main basis reflecting a national economic development level and utilization of ICTs technology. This paper reviewed the investigation result and development process of country -to -country telecommunication flows since 1970, and eight kinds of explanatory variables (telecommunication equipment, economic development, international trade, international travel, country relationships, government advance, cultural relationships, and spatial structure) which affected telecommunication flows are identified. We can see the change of the factor index system affected by the telecommunication flows in the process of modelling. This article uses the mathematics method to analyse the factor index and arrange them in order by taking Western Pacific as an example. The functions of various kinds of material flows to telecommunication flows can be categorized into four, namely, the strengthening function, thesubstituting function, coordinating function and deriving function.

In this paper, the parameters of groundwater flow numerical simulation are divided into three types, namely, point spatial distribution, linear spatial distribution and planar spatial distribution, according to the parameter spatial distribution characteristics. Using spatial analysis function of GIS, the technological course that the parameters are automatically extracted is studied. By the topologic analysis of the spatial position relation of point, line and polygon, the spatial position relation of groundwater mining well, monitoring well of groundwater level dynamics linear and planar surface water system, boundary of simulation area, distribution subdivision of planar parameter and model spatial separated grid are confirmed. The parameters of groundwater flow simulation can be automatically acquired by transforming vector data into raster data mutually. Combining with the data file structure of parameters in the groundwater flow finite-difference numerical simulation, the data files of raster structure extracted by GIS are automatically transformed into the data files of model parameter file structure, and the aims that the model parameter files are automatically organized and the efficiency of groundwater flow numerical value simulation is improved are achieved.