Global change study becomes the focus for Geo-sciences Remote sensing technology is an indispensable tool for global change study In this paper,the content of global change is introduced, and the role of remote sensing for global change study is analyzed Some new remote sensors, and the contributions of Chinese scientists in the field of remote sensing for global change study is also introduced.

It is assured that the economic competition in the next century will depend on the level of mastering information Surely, the position of China in the competition will also depend on our level of mastering the information Therefore, we have to make every effort to enter the information age as soon as possible What we have to do first is implementing the environmental information systems of western China (including social and natural data) Based on the reliable digital information, we can analyze the data and simulate the scenarios of ecology economy coupling using Geographic Information System Furthermore, we can use the data and the modeling results to monitor the dynamics of the environmental changes and to provide useful information for decision making processes of environmental management.

The hydrological model,which is a technology developed since 1960s,is a kind of mathematical methods for simulating the hydrological process in the watershed.The the simulation of hydrological process can be divided into two sub-hydrological process,one is the runoff generation simulation and the other is the routing of flow.In the lumped hydrological model the hydrological variable and parameter are assumed as uniform in the whole basin. Due to the Geography Information System technology the distributed hydrological model,which can dea with variety of hydrological variable and hydrological parameter,had got more attention and development. In addition the spatial information,needed by the distributed hydrological model,can be got more easily because of the development of the Remote Sensing technology.

Hyperspectral remote sensing is a frontier technology that is currently being investigated by researchers and scientists with regard to the detection and identification of minerals, vegetation, crops, ocean and other backgrounds. Hyperspectral remote sensing imagery has tens or even several hundreds of bands with bandwidth of nanometer level and contains abundant spectral information, but its redundancy made by mass data and high correlation in adjacent bands restricts the application of hyperspectral remote sensing. So, rational feature extraction will be required to find the optimal characteristics for maximum separability before the hyperspectral imagery classification. This thesis, taking Hyperion hyperspectral visible/infrared sensor aboard an earth observation satellite platform (EO-1) for example, applied independent component analysis (ICA) to carry on the feature extraction on Hyperion hyperspectral imagery with high dimensions, a strong correlation and huge data. Then, a modified independent component analysis algorithm (M-ICA) was put forward. Finally, the results by the algorithm (M-ICA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were compared with experimental data of selected test area, while using the maximum likelihood classification method to classify objects to verify its validity on object type extraction. Experimental results show that the operation efficiency of M-ICA algorithm is apparently higher than the traditional FastICA algorithm, which average iteration number and time are only 14.49% and 17.32% of the latter. In addition, the total classification accuracy of M-ICA result image is up to 90.57%, which is raised 10.8% and 20.0% more than that of PCA result image and that of Original Hyperion imagery. Therefore, the results indicate that M-ICA is a good feature extraction method with fast convergence speed, can effectively realize the dimension reduction of the hyperspectral imagery, and improve the objects separability in different categories.

In order to find out the feature patterns from multi-dimension space, the conventional approach is to separate feature space by assuming the distributed functions of all features in one time. But however, because of inter-overlapping among the sample sets and the confusion from the discrete points, it is often very difficult to acquire the subtle and procedural distribution structure, which can influence the precision and interpretability of the mining outcome. This article presents a new modal named Stepwise Optimization Making Modal (SOMM) which is used to dig out the tree-like hierarchical distribution structure from feature space based on the Genetic Algorithms Optimization Theory and the knowledge fused distribution functions. The SOMM based multi-spectral remote sensing classification approaches, including the hierarchical clustering modal and supervised hierarchical classification, are also presented. Finally, the case of practical application of remote sensing land covering classification in Hong Kong region is presented, then the procedure of SOMM and conventional MLC approaches are synthetically analyzed. Experimental results show that SOMM approach has more advantages in procedural prediction, subtle structure, classification precision, and area knowledge fusion, etc.

Currently, virtual reality technology has become one of the focus points for researches in the information science. In this paper, the virtual reality technology is expatiated. Based on this expatiation, the ways and approaches by which the virtual reality and geographic information system technology use together to resolve problems are discussed. Moreover, the integration of the virtual reality and geographic information system is partitioned into three phases. The superiority of the virtual reality as the means by which man interchanges with information space. This paper points out particularly that the virtual reality will play important roles in the development of the "Digital Earth" and the information "tupu" . Finally, some domains of the Geo-science in which the virtual reality technology can play important roles are set forth.

引言城市测绘资料是城市规划与建设过程中重要基础信息资料,又是城市科学管理的重要依据。随着城市测量数据采集和数据处理的逐步自动化,测量工作者如何更好地使用和管理好长期积累的大量数据,更好地为城市规划、建设和管理服务,其最有效的方法就是利用数据库技术或GIS技术建立数据库或信息系统,以实现管理及服务的科学化、现代化,以适应首都城市规划建设的飞速发展。

世纪之交,由于地理信息系统的应用日益广泛,加上卫星遥感、全球定位系统与数字通讯网络的迅猛发展,掀起了全球变化研究与对地观测计划的新高潮。特别是《地球系统科学》高屋建瓴、纲举目张;《数字地球》的呼声,引起了国际社会的关注,于是,时势造英雄,一门新兴的交叉学科脱颖而出,或称《地理信息科学》,或称《地球信息科学》,大同小异,殊途同归,成为学术界的热门话题。

Geo informatic spatial and temploral graphic analysis (Tupu) synthesizes the succinctness of comprehensive landscape maps and the abstractness of mathematical models; it has been developed on the basis of modern spatial information technology and science, which is also integrated with virtual reality technique, to provide series of scenarios for constructing the past and predicting the future. In this paper, on the basis of analyzing the research achievements in the geo-informatic Tupu, the strategy of ecosystem development, the strategy of differential land use (DLU), the integration of geogephical information system with mathematical models, a general framework of modelling sustainable regional development is proposed. In this modelling system, it is the major theoretical question how to transform the information concerned with sustainable development into sign map, diagnosis map and action map. An analysis of results on the software for automatically programming mathematical models and on the Open GIS has shown that the theoretical question can be resolved in near future. In short, the system of modelling sustainable regional development is realizable.

Based on the analysis of data management for urban power distribution network (UPDN), The authors introduce the importance of the basic database design with object oriented method and relational database theory, and discuss the database model, the frame of the database,geocoding,attribute and spatial data management, and the maping of the system object model to the basic model of database The design is the base of the platform construction for UPDN GIS and the data sharing in an enterprise.

The data level 0 of ZY-1 satellite has some problems such as the regular stripes on the portrait, the irregular stripes on the landscape orientation, the imbalance of digital number and the blurry forth band This paper discusses the pre-processing methods to deal with these problems of ZY-1 satellite data, and puts forward the flow charts to design and carry out ZY-1 satellite image pre-processing software system.

To set up coastal wetland resource & environment information (CWREIS) with GIS, it is a active method to carry out the scientific management and ensure the sustainable development in the coastal area. CWREIS, as a practice GIS, its construct system and main idea are discussed. Then some suggestions are put forward to maintain and develop the stability and function of system , including the following:(1)acquiring spatial and attribution data to make use of the technique of RS and GPS;(2)in building database to combine the Object-Oriented Database method;(3)enlargjng the spatial analysis ways on the basic technique of traditional GIS.

腾冲航空遥感试验,是我国遥感新领域迈出具有历史意义的第一步,开创了技术集成与知识创新的先河,在我国遥感发展史上具有里程碑意义。 实践经验告诉我们:团结就是力量,集成孕育创新。诚然,这次试验虽非是我国遥感应用的巅峰,伴随遥感技术的不断革新,第二次试验开拓出更加广阔的应用前景。 腾冲航空遥感试验20周年,中科院等组织了隆重纪念,现将部分有关组织、试验单位领导及同志的大会发言和论文发表如下,以激励我国遥感推陈出新。而今新纪元的遥感技术,正遥瞻东方明珠,迎向已回归的多姿景观、世纪风采的香港、展示灿烂辉煌的宏图。迈向21世纪的信息时代。

Magdeburg, the capital city of the state of Sachsen-Anhalt in Germany, is planning to build a refuse incinerator facility in it's two counties in the North, which have a total area of 4880 km2. The site planning of the refuse incinerator facility will be carried out according to the Law of Environmental Impact Assessment in Germany. The ideal site for the refuse incinerator facility should be a "blank space" where as few environmental factors as possible exist, or in other words, where the landuse intensity is lower than its surroundings; another condition of the site planning is that the distance from the site to the main transportation line should be less than 5km. Since the intensive landuse in the planning area is very complicated, during the site planning, not all environmental factors can be taken into account but only by visual map interpretation and field research work. For example, there are problems with different map scales and too many information layers, therefore the Geographical Information System (PC ARC/INFO) is applied to help finding the "blank space". Through computer mapping and comparative studies of different digital maps, six potential "sites" are identified. The digital thematic maps of the six potential "sites" are complied and one of them is shown here.

契机 1997年12月11日,李鹏总理在中央经济工作会议上指出,环境监测工作很重要,它是环境保护的基础,是监督管理的重要手段。并具体指示:环境监测总站每周报告部分城市大气环境质量状况,这种形式很好,要坚持做下去,现在只是内部报告,将来在适当的时候还要对外公布,这对提高公众环境意识,促进城市的环境保护工作将大有好处。认真贯彻总理指示,正是加强环境监测工作的大好契机。

公共工程业务涉及图形资料繁杂,传统图形资料生产、保管与维护方式显已无法适应实际需要。为提升工程业务之品质及效率,工程图形资讯管理之电脑化乃成不可避免之因应作法之一。本文概要介绍台北市工务局公共工程图形资讯管理系统发展之缘由,架构与现有成果。

中国地理信息系统的研究与应用,起步于八十年代,初期主要依附于遥感、航测与计算机辅助制图的进步。然后借助于全球定位系统与因特网络的推动,蓬勃发展,日新月异。跨世纪的目标,则是迎接“数字地球”和“赛博空间”的挑战与机遇,急起直追。前进的步伐1980年初,提出倡议,结合遥感应用实验进行探索。1981—1985年间,开始组织对国家技术规范的研究,开展了一些大型试验和区域系统组建,筹建国家重点开放实验室,为前期性研究创造条件,储备人才。比较系统地开展以下五个方面的预研工作:包括数据采集方法研究;区域信息系统模型;全国性地理基础数据库;地理信息分析软件开发;国家规范与标准研究。大都属于科学实验性质。

The decision to make Berlin Germany's capital after the reunion of Germany in 1991 and to move her parliament and government from Bonn to Berlin till 2000 has caused many new development tasks for Berlin and Bonn To organize these tasks within a short period of time, the Geo Information Technologies, for example Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS), are used The survey legislation of Berlin commits the authorities to employ the automated real estate map of Berlin as base information system for all other property-related data in administration A lot of combined terrestrial and GPS measurements in an accurate geodetic network and airphoto interpretation have been made, especially in east Berlin area The manifold constructive and operative tasks can only be efficiently dealt with by using electronic processing systems because of simultaneous data growth For example, the construction of the parliament and government area is supported by a data pool system, and meanwhile a GPS GIS is used to monitor the movements of the neighbouring large buildings A Internet GIS for facility management is opened for the workers in the parliament and government in Bonn who are going to move to Berlin The GPS GIS is applied in the traffic control, too There are also many environmental Remote Sensing projects in Berlin and Brandenburg, the Geese infrared Remote Sensing with a special airplane is given here as an interesting example A regional economic GIS has been developed for supporting consulting and canvassing activities and for presenting the regional supply within the framework of structural measures to be carried out for making compensation for the loss in the region of Bonn.

A new relative radiometric normalization technique, characterized as an Automatic Scattergram-Controlled Regression was introduced associated with its detail algorithm applying Landsat TM datasets covered over Xiamen City The resultant was compared with other method In addition, Suggestions was present on its improvement.

This paper introduces and studies several key steps which affect InSAR result, combined by instantiality At present, there are 4 5 SAR satellites which can be used in InSAR, especially, ERS 1/2 is the best in all SAR satellites The core procedures are as follow: sub pixel degree registration, coherence analysis, and unwrapped phase and so on The precision and noise level are important conditions which determine if InSAR can come a really useful tool, the precision of D InSAR is cm mm level in the measurement of crustal deformation, noise influence the coherence of surface feature, the coherence is lost in places of more noise.

The paper attaches more importance the structural and functional design of the data processing system of CBERS-1 and analyses the all kinds of the problems and the relevant technological methods on the data processing. At the same time it analyses the application of CBRS-1 data processing.

始于1978而止于1980年的腾冲航空遥感及其在云南腾冲资源环境考查中的应用是我国遥感发展历史上的一次重大事件。回顾这一大规模航空遥感试验活动的始末,那一幕幕团结协作、共同开拓、激动人心、催人奋进的场景仍然历历在目! 1 国际合作背景下的腾冲航空遥感 1976年在国家科委和中国科学院的主持下,我国第一次遥感技术和应用发展规划在粉碎四人帮的欢呼声中在上海顺利落笔。遥感,这个对中国既陌生又熟悉的技术在中国这一十分薄弱的科技基础上开始得以建设和发展。

This paper gives a systematic generalization of the progress made in international cartographic studies, meanwhile focuses on China's cartographic achievements and development as well as perspectives of the 21st century of cartography.

本文根据美国全球变化研究委员会提出的“美国全球变化研究计划。(USGCRP),概要介绍了土地、土地利用研究的目标、内容和设想。美国在这一领域研究中处领先地位,本文基本反映了国际上的新趋势。

前言高雄市经济发展迅速,人口活动加诸于土地及自然资源之压力,不论于开发或保育上均极沉重;而高雄市土地自然资源、人口分布、经济发展,土地利用、自然环境状况,如仍以传统地图或统计数字表示,并由各权责单位分别保管,而未经整合成有意义空间资讯,将无法全盘了解有多少资源被闲置浪费,更无从掌握市政建设所需各项资源。

本文针对黄河三角洲可持续发展的优势与制约因素,综合考虑资源、环境、社会等因素,建立了集遥感、GIS和网络为一体的信息系统,建立了服务于区域可持续发展规划管理的湿地与生物多样性模型、土地适宜性分析模型、灾害评价模型、环境监测与治理模式和水资源调配模式。

Based on the basic geographical methodology, comprehensive geographical regionzation and the model construction process of region geographical system, the spatial scale and the occurancl frequency of geographical events were discussed for construcing the hierarchy system of geographical features; which can express dynamically the spatial temperal distribution of geographical events. Firstly we conduct the basic research on the geographical data flux and its organization mode and the mechanic of the geographical event, the the effect of geographical system on constructing the digital earth were discussed in detail.

On the basis of preprocessing the remotely sensed image of ZY-1 satellite of the Yellow River Mouth, level 0, which our country got independently on December 22nd, 1999, we use two kinds of methods to fuse it with the high spatial resolution image of Land Survey Satellite gotten in 1996 As a result, we improve the spatial resolution of ZY-1 satellite image, distinctly reveal the town structure of Gudao town, the way wheat is growing and the distribution of oil wells In addition, we know where the north branch of the Yellow River goes, and how the pollution of the Xiaoqing River diffuses from the remotely sensed image of ZY-1 satellite gotten on October 17th, 1999.

This paper describes trends and characteristics of satellite remote sensing by the features of miniature and serialization of satellites as well as the multi level of resolution and diversity of information sharing Meanwhile,the features of large system of earth system are revealed Moreover,the conceptual models of time and space coupling are built up taken arid zone as an example As a result,the importance of satellite remote sensing technique on digital earth researches is strengthened.

This paper introduces the Scalable Parallel Geographic Image Processing System (ParGIP), which runs different operation systems based on PC cluster.ParGIP is a good long term potential, since it provides a single and programmable client-server interface to allow the user to flexibly design the workflow of the image processing task, and it is plug-in and algorithmization.