The handling of spatial data is a key issue of Geographic Information System (GIS). The spatial data can be analyzed and applied when stored and operated in GIS. So, it is important for GIS to store and manage spatial data. At first, this paper introduces the present research status, then analyses ESRI's Spatial Database Engine (SDE) and MapInfo's SpatialWare. It is concluded that the development direction that spatial data and attribute data are managed under Database Manage System (DBMS) is a necessary trend for unified storage and management. Then, depended on the practical technology, the paper discusses storage models of spatial data, and points out a good storage model is Relational Database Manage System (RDBMS) or Oriented Relational Database Manage System (ORDBMS). So, a data model of spatial graphical data storage in RDBMS is presented in this paper. Finally, in light of this model, the paper analyses a relational spatial-data structure based on SQL Server.

Remote sensing monitoring provides objective and fast spatial-temporal information for outdoors exploration, geographic information system has powerful functions of expression, display and analysis to spatial information while GPS provides orientation and data collection means for outdoors exploration. The integration of RS,GIS and GPS will change the traditional model of outdoors exploration, improve greatly informational and automatic level of outdoors exploration. This paper deals with the construction of orientation, data collection and query system using remote sensing, geographic information system and GPS, details the system architecture and the main function. The system provides informational, visible and automatic means for outdoors exploration.

Spatial data service proxy platform-portals is a new way to realize the spatial data sharing and mutual operation. As one of the new distributed object technologies, Web Service specifies a technical framework that allows applications of using different protocols to communicate, transfer information and interoperate. Using Web Service technology, SOAP technology and bringing about GML, the spatial data service proxy platform -portals was built to realize auto binding to many spatial data service sites to improve maneuverability of spatial data sharing and to resolve the problem of transferring wealth of GML data on different networks with SOAP extension for the purpose of speedily realizing spatial data sharing and mutual operation. This paper researches the system structure, function, realization and key technology and gives the characteristic and virtue of the system.

GIS has become an important part of E-government. Firstly, this paper probes into the authority limits management of E-government GIS based on workflow, and divides it into non-authority limits of workflow and authority limits of workflow. Secondly, the author puts forward that the role, business and the dynamical flow of work all can have GIS function and data authority limits. Thirdly, the paper analyzes the access control of E-government GIS, and based on the analysis, the author designs the work function module according to the role, forms dynamical work used by work instantiation, specifies the GIS authority limits of the work instantiation's rule, and conforms the authority limits frame of dynamical authority limits inheritance using workflow. Finally, this paper realizes the authority allocation according to the requirements and process, the allocation and canceling of the authorities are realized by the system dynamics.

Taking Leyou outdoor sports club website as a case, this paper explores the members' communication model of the "self-relying" small-medium outdoor sports websites and the guiding function of information flow to people flow. It considers that this guiding function was produced by three processes: information -obtaining, knowledge -conversing, cognizing and decision making. It was completed via four platforms of website communication media: information, gathering, communication and organization. As far as the people are concerned, information flow in network space cannot displace human communication in geographical space in the circulative process of information flow and people flow in this kind of the "self-relying" websites. At present, most of the small-medium outdoor sports websites still regard the local customers group as their main target, so the space concept of geographical distance meaning is still very significant in their virtual communities. This paper also confirms the influencing factors about decision concerned with the guiding function of information flow to people flow. The four factors can be considered to play important roles to the operation of club websites, like plan, capital, members and sponsors' media. Through study of the virtual-reality organization features from the angles of the users of websites, many issues of the development of human geography in information society can be found.

Fractal theory will have a wide application in the field of the complexity analysis of geographic spatial information, but it is difficult to describe the characteristic of geographic objects by means of the single fractal dimension method, which emphasizes on the absolute self-similarity. This paper showed that, being compared with the single fractal dimension, the M-R curve comprises more abundant characteristic information of geographic spatial details, so it should be considered as a more important fractal analysis object. On the basis of the above analysis, firstly, this paper primarily introduced the characteristic and the geographical spatial significance of M-R curve; secondly, several extended analysis methods for M-R curve were further discussed, including the functional simulation of M-R curve, the establishment and analysis of fractal dimension spectrum; and finally, selecting the river data on small scale map as experimental data, this paper analyzed the spatial morphologic character and discipline between two great rivers in China, viz. the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. The experiment indicated that the Yangtze River has more complicated detailed change in the scope of small scales, and the Yellow River has more obvious complexity in the larger ones.

This paper studies the dynamic expression techniques about the evolution and variation of battlefield situation and presented a new dynamic expression technique using symbol integrated with symbol action, the symbol action includes movement action,modification action,blink action,zoom action,show or hide action,property change and symbol change. Furthermore, one method was discussed to make the expression more vividly using script control, which includes scene command,speed command,jump command,pause command and playing sound command. The prototype was developed to validate the feasibility and reusability of the presented technique which can solve many key problems in the evolution and variation of the battlefield situation.

With the developments in satellite sensor technology, data acquisition technology developed rapidly; and with the start of a series of space-based observation network for Earth science, such as EOS, GTOS, ECOS, GOOS etc., high performance processing and analysis of tremendous data becomes the bottleneck faced by us. According to the shape differences between different data carriers of terrene, ocean and atmosphere, this paper divides spatial data into four classes: terrestrial-solid based spatial data, terrestrial-liquid based spatial data, marine-floating based spatial data and atmospheric-floating based spatial data. Then this paper introduces the concept of the basic unit and proposes their actually existing style in the four types of spatial data mentioned above. Furthermore, this paper simply reviews geocomputation and expands it to geo-spatial computation. Then this paper discusses the connotation and classification of geo-spatial computation and summarizes the general computing procedure: data →features→knowledge. According to the differences of the computational behavior and the computing emphasis, this paper divides geo-spatial computation into two classes: deep-computation and proactive-computation. Consequently, this paper explains the computing pattern of deep-computation and proactive-computation. What's more, a case study of information extraction and target recognition from remote sensing image based features was done to illustrate and testify the ideas mentioned above. Finally, this paper summarizes the relative problems about spatial data computation and expects the direction of future researches.

This paper explores the feasibilities of applying GIS to the management of geomagnetic related information, taking the design and realization of the China Geomagnetic Geographic Information System (CGGIS) as an example.It introduces the brief design process, including the network structure, logical structure and functional structure of the system. It also describes some of the key functions that have been successfully realized, such as the E-card function of the geomagnetic observation station, the GIS aided location design function of the geomagnetic observation stations, and the geomagnetic model visualization function, etc.The result shows that the database and its application system based on GIS technology not only can manage the related geomagnetic chart data of sea-amount efficiently, but also can be helpful to present the obtained geomagnetic data expediently and directly, integrate the related spatial data efficiently and discover the hidden laws concerned the geomagnetic field. Such a Spatial Enabled Geomagnetism Information System (SEGIS) deserves further research and application.

According to the studies of the use of Cellular Automata in land use, the emergent change of land use could be simulated by CA while the man-caused, uncertainty land use change could be simulated by Agent. This article simulated both of them by Agent and CA with test data in suburb. The result could reflect the effect of CA affected by Agent. The general CA model simulates the uncertainty of urban land change by stochastic model. This kind of stochastic model lack of the definite explanation in geography. In order to explan the stochastic model in geography, Agent was put into the model. In this article, the Agent was the owner of the land user. The subjective factors of the land owner were considered by Agent. United the CA and Agent, the change of urban land use was simulated with the continous changing and the stochastic changing. Finally, a test was made in the rapid development district-Zhangmutou town in Dongguan of China's Guangdong Province.

GIS has made considerable progress in recent years. The powers of driving its development are application requirements' pull and related information technologies' push. First, the development of GIS has being tied up with users' application requirements. From simple mapping to complicated geographic analysis, from project -oriented to enterprise solution, and from desktop application to web service of geographic information, the advancement of application requirements results in the evolution of GIS architecture. Next, from a technological standpoint, GIS is evolving into place through integrating new information technologies with the full body of theory, methods, and technology coming out of the GIS community. Interestingly enough, it is GIS and the concepts of geography that will provide the conceptual framework for bringing this all together, including Internet, mobile communication and positioning, software development, and software engineering, etc. So it does, this paper detailedly analyzed and discussed the intrinsic and extrinsic factors for GIS's development in recent years from two aspects: one is the influence on GIS architecture as a result of the changing application requirements. The other one is the promoting to GIS due to the progress in information technologies.

According to the characteristics of highway maintenance and management work, we combined the Geographic Information System (GIS) and maintenance flow, and designed the Highway Maintenance Management System. Based on the overall requirements analysis, this paper described the goal of the system and discussed the framework and main functions of the GIS-based Highway Maintenance Management System. It also showed the implementation of some key technologies, such as using dynamic segmentation technology in dealing with the linear features of the road, integrating multi-source maintenance data and collecting data for road diseases.

In accordance with the cooperation trend appearing in regional tourism informationization, this paper draws lessons from all kinds of cooperation modes in the domestic and international tourism informationization or other industries informationization and identifies five different cooperation modes -unite -alliance cooperation mode, industrial chain cooperation mode, dot type cooperation mode, ladder type cooperation mode and two waves superposing cooperation mode. Aiming at the best choice question about the cooperation mode of regional tourism information, this paper offers a method of suitability measuring. Based upon which it carries on the positive selection of cooperation modes- taking Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei as examples, and analyses the dot type cooperation modes-PPP project dots mode, 4 cooperation fields mode and 5+2 bases mode.

Our research results show that when high accuracy surface modeling(HASM) is formulated in terms of individual equation or different combinations of Gauss equations such as HASM1a, HASM1b, HASMc, HASM2, HASMac, HASMbc, HASM3 and HASM4, simulation errors and CPU time of these HASM formulations are quite different. It is necessary to find an optimal HASM formulation that has less error and computing time than others. Numerical tests in this paper show that the optimal HASM formulation is HASM4, the combination of two equations in Gauss equation set, in which the x-y cross equation is excluded.

Spatial-Temporal GIS is an important branch of GIS, which, in other words, is an inevitable tendency to realize dynamic digital earth with the essential technology. The technology of static 3D GIS is already well developed, but 4D GIS, i.e., traditional GIS plus temporal dimension, is still under the stage of theoretical study because its essential technology involves creation and manipulation of the temporal data base, which are related to temporal data base modeling, mainly dealing with storage and research of mass data. In this paper, it is a reasonable TGIS data modeling to combine simple and feasible snapshort modeling with convenient flexible object-oriented data modeling, while avoiding the consistent and redundant snapshort modeling and complex object-oriented data modeling. The paper adopts a special way in dealing with the attribute of time, which firstly creates a fundamental data, then produces buffer data through snapshot data modeling, finally forms a new data pool with time stab. By so doing a plenty of space is saved in data storage and it is easier to realize calculation of data, which is to divide store layers based on the varying objects. The theoretical approach efficiently settles the "bottleneck" of TGIS and has been substantiated through Automatic Cellar Theory.

In order to identify the quality of takin habitat in Gaoligong Mountain and to discuss the strategy of habitat protection, digital elevation model (DEM) was built and used in habitats research of takin (B.taxicolor.taxcicolor), a kind of endangered and rare animal species distributed mainly in Gaoligong Mountain area. DEM, slope model, vegetation distribution model and the model of disturbance from human activities were overlapped to produce digital terrain model (DTM), potential and practical habitat. DTM was applied very well in the research of takin habitat in the north Gaoligong Mountain.Comparing with the ecological behavior of takin and field work, the potential and practical habitat areas of takin had been identified based on indicators (elevation, slope, vegetation area and human activity). Elevation, slope and vegetation were used to assess and to classify takin potential habitat, and human activity in combination with potential habitat were used to assess practical habitat. The result shows that (1) most part of the region is suitable for takin living in the study area without human disturbance and it is possible for distribution of takin in this region long time ago. The habitat's area suitable for takin reduced and the area unsuitable for takin habitat increased year after year during the four periods of time from 1974 to 1989, 1999, and 2004.(2) Under the influence of human disturbance, the area most suitable for takin habitat disappeared largely, and the proportion of disappeared habitat area increased year after year.

The paper analyzes three plans on extraction of vegetation cover rate using remote sensing, i.e., experience model plan,vegetation index plan and mix-pix analytical plan and identifies their force, precision and existing problems in actual application. It points out what affects the wide application of precision of vegetation index transform plan abroad is the choose of the maximum NDVI - complete vegetation cover.Based upon this it introduces an improved model of vegetation index transform plan using the maximum NDVI value of the high resolution satellite image as the homogenous pixel's NDVI value to replace the NDVI value of the middle resolution satellite image, set up vegetation cover extraction model so as to develop a method for obtaining large scale vegetation cover with the aid of middle resolution satellite image. Practice proves this method is simple and practical, suitable for large scale macroscopic monitoring by applying middle resolution satellite image.

Considering there was a close relationship between spatial distribution of forest resource and terrain, we discussed spatial pattern of forest in Wuyi Mt. area based on the terrain information and Geostatistics. The result of this research indicated that, because of human disturbance, broad-leaved trees, which are'dominant species tend to move back to higher elevation and more precipitous places; Cunninghamia lanceolata gradually took up the dominating status of forests as a result of long-term artificial management, and mostly spread in the hills below 500m; Pinus massoniana has a wider suitable establishment, and inclines to grow on (half-)sunny-slope. Geostatistical analysis indicated that nugget (C₀)/still ((C₀+C) of isotropy is 0.5, that means the spatial heterogeneities brought by radom variance and autocorrelation were equal, with a range of 24km. In the variance or anisotropy, on the one hand, both curves with directions of 0°and 45°had same variational trends, i.e. semivari-ogram raised with distance, then flattened out near the still, while on the other, the slope of curves mounted up drastically in the directions of 90° and 135°. Thus it can be seen that, dominant natural condition endows the forest region of Wuyi Moutain with diverse and abundant natural forest resources, in addition, terrain has become one of the significant factors affecting tree distribution. However, due to artificial management and administration, spatial pattern of natural forest has been greatly influenced by ' human selection' , the spatial heterogeneities of forest were unconspicuous. Finally, we concluded that, with constant development of Wuyi city and its economy, the characteristics of horizontal zonality of forest in the city will become vaguer and vaguer, the heterogeneities will also be cut down day by day.

The impact of aerosols can lead to a large regional cooling on the earth' s surface. This paper reviews the recent research results on the aerosol spectrum characteristics, retrieving method, effect of radiation forcing and the main measures. On account of the difference of aerosol particle-size and component, its scattering albedo is also different, and dust aerosols exert great effect on the 2.1μn or 2.2μm spectrum reflectance ratio. Also, aerosols have great spatial and temporal variabilities. There is a positive effect of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) aerosol radiative forcing, the net effect can change from negative to large positive forcing depending on the cloud fraction, surface albedos as well as changes of vertical aerosols and cloud distribution. Meanwhile, aerosols affect radiative forcing by providing the nucleus most cloud drops and ice crystals and semidirect effect on clouds, and there is a close connection between the increase of aerosols and the decrease of ozone. Sunphotometer is one of the most common surveying instruments, which is used to contrast or revise the observing results by satellite sensors. At present, remote sensing is getting more and more important.

There have been many kinds of cultural relic management information system in China, but each of these systems has its limitations. On the basis of ascertaining cultural relics' classification, cultural relic management information system (MIS) of Zhejiang Province which uses techniques such as SQLSERVER and GIS to perform its special function that other systems can not do it. It can be used not only to study the distribution characteristics of heritage but also to show the public the characteristics of cultural relics, as well as the data' s management of cultural relics.

The term ' Ecological diversity' is a combination of richness and evenness of an investigation object, as species and ecotope. The concept includes HLZ ecosystem diversity, ecotope diversity and species diversity. The challenge comes in multi -scale measuring and simulating such a broad concept in ways that are useful. Many studies shed light on the scaling ecological diversity index that is theoretical sound to simulate ecological diversity on different scales. Based on the remotely sensed database and land-use spatial database of the end of 1980s, the midterm of 1990s and the end of 1990s, we simulate ecotope diversity of western China on different scales using the scaling index. The result shows that: ①The ecotope diversity of western China reduces from the end of 1980s to the midterm of 1990s and increases from the midterm of 1990s to the end of 1990s, and the e-cotope diversity of the eastern part is greater than the western part in western China, ②On scale of provinces (cities and regions), Shaanxi is the province with the highest simulated ecotope diversity, while Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Tibet Autonomous Region are two regions with the lowest simulated ecotope diversity, and Tibet Autonomous Region is with the most obvious variation of simulated ecotope diversity during the three periods, while Gansu and Chongqing are with the least change; ③On scale of counties, there are 11 ecotope diversity key areas in western China; ④The simulated ecotope diversity of western China is bigger than the provinces, and the simulated ecotope diversity of each province is bigger than the counties inside. The comparison between scales indicates that the scaling index is applicable to simulate ecological diversity on multi-scales.

Outbreaks of the Oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen)have once again become a serious problem in the last two decades of the 20th century in China. One of the coastal breeding areas of the locust, Huanghua city in Hebei province was chosen as a study area in this paper. LAI of different kinds of vegetations in the study area have been derived from the gap fraction of vegetation canopy. From the point of view of the mechanism of developing the optical models and quantitative analysis, four algorithms used for LAI retrieval based on the gap fraction of vegetation canopy were analyzed and compared. The result shows that the LAI-2000 algorithm is the best one in terms of the accuracy of LAI retrieval among them. For verifying the conclusion, a fitting between canopy closure and the LAI retrieved from four algorithms were made. It is found that a positive correlation exists between the retrieved LAI and the canopy closure for all the three kinds of vegetations. In addition, a negative correlation exists between the LAI and the area where the locust outbreaks appeared. In other words, with the decrease of the LAI, the locust outbreak affected area appeared a linear increase. These findings laid the scientific foundation for quick monitoring the dynamics of locust populations in real time and at large scale and efficient control of locust plague.

Spatial data warehouse is the extension of data warehouse on the basis of spatial data. Building seismic spatial data warehouse is important for studying the law of seismic activity in time sequence, spatial area, and spatio-temporal distribution, as well as earthquake forecast, prevention and reduction. Earthquake happens very frequently in North China. Its seismic data records are superior to other areas of China in aspects of precision, quantity, and perfection. So the authors tried to build a seismic spatial data warehouse of North China for the study of the method of building spatial data warehouse.

With the fast development of Computer Graphics and the increase of visual need of the people,3DGIS has become the main trend in GIS. But the way people can get spatial data has been improved greatly which made the explosion of the spatial data that GIS can handle and increased the complexity of the 3DGIS scenes. Besides, to be real-time is also a must in 3D system,all of these challenge the research and development of 3DGIS software.In this situation, based on the analysis of the key features of the 3DGIS, this article presented the definition of the 3DGIS Rendering Engine, and offered some key techniques to render complex, large scale 3DGIS scenes, such as SceneGraph, Level of Detail, View Frustum Culling, Occulding Culling, Rendering Pipe, etc. The author also explained clearly the theory behind them and proved the efficiencies of these techniques through experiment. Besides that, this arcticle presented that 3DGIS Rendering Engine, as the core of 3DGIS, can also decrease the difficulties of the development of 3DGIS and increase the reusability of the software.

In the research of sharing of geographic information, spatial interoperability has become a very important content of space sharing technology. Gradually, general spatial interoperability has become a pronoun of space sharing technology. As the research progressing, the modes and methods of spatial interoperability become diverse. On the basis of analyzing semantic spatial interoperability mode, open geographical data interoperability criterion and distributed isomerous database interoperability architecture, the mainstream GIS platform interoperability products, as well as ISO/TC211 spatial interoperability service architecture, this paper puts forward a new way to advance the capability of interoperability by improving various interoperability technology and proposes the regularities and trends of spatial interoperability architecture's development. From data transformation to open file format, from standard transformation format to application program interface, from spatial database to web service integration, as well as the rapid development of interoperability technology, the capability of interoperability has improved gradually.

Traditional clustering approaches usually do not take into account the spatial structure, which refers to the distance between patterns, topology, density and other spatial distribution characteristics, and lack efficient level -of -detail strategy for visualization. Meanwhile the existing data mining methods tend to be "closed" and do not gear to allow the interaction needed to effectively support a human-led exploratory analysis. In this paper, we provide a new visual hierarchical clustering based on minimum spanning tree partitioning algorithm, which groups and visualizes cluster hierarchies consisting of both non-spatial and spatial attributes. Taking the spatial clustering as an example, an overall function for the J2EE-based visual spatial clustering system is designed in detail. At the same time, the key techniques are discussed. It provides a feasible solution to such kind of application system.

Database technology is required to organize and manage many-year research data effectively in land reclamation and ecological restoration research of mining area and the validation and popularization of land reclamation mode. The designing contents involved with the land reclamation and ecological restoration database system are discussed in this paper, they are user requirement analysis, notional structure design, logical structure design, physical structure design and the implementation and maintenance of database. The research result can accelerate the informational process of land reclamation and ecological restoration research of the mining area.

There are many problems that involve image data and vector data model and their internet transfer in the remotely sensed image distributed processing, especially those for feature extraction and feature expression on the internet. The vector data expression and transfer is a key problem that involves the efficiency of the remotely sensed image distributed feature extraction and processing system. This paper firstly gives a brief account of the characteristics of SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) when it is used for vector data expression. Then it discusses the feasibility of the application of SVG on the vector data expression and transfer of the remotely sensed image distributed processing system. After giving the solution of SVG on remotely sensed image processing system, this paper analyses vector data internet expression and display of remotely sensed image feature extraction based on SVG technology by citing examples, and the running effect of the system shows the feasibility of the application of SVG technology to vector data expression on the internet.

Image segmentation is a key technique in image processing and computer vision field. From the point of view of geo-processing and application of remote sensing images, this paper emphasizes the importance of image segmentation for information extraction and targets recognition from remote sensing images and sets a classification system of common remote sensing image segmentation methods. In addition, this paper states the thoughts of high resolution RS image segmentation methods evaluation and tests it by evaluating four typical image segmentation algorithms based on features with six images qualitatively and quantitatively. The four typical image segmentation algorithms are Max-Entropy (ME), Split&Merge (SM), improved Gauss Markov Random Field(GMRF) and Orientation&Phase(OP). In the qualitative evaluation, this paper analyses these algorithms in terms of their rationale and gets a rough evaluation. In the quantitative evaluation, image complexity is taken into account firstly and five measures are employed. The five measures are removed region rumber, non uniformity within region measure, contrast across region measure, variance contrast across region measure and edge gradient measure. The qualitatively and quantitatively evaluation results are important to perform the optimal selection of segmentation algorithm in practical work. In the end, this paper draws some conclusions about high resolution remote sensing image segmentation and enumerates the flaws of image segmentation methods evaluation, especially it concludes the application prospect of high resolution RS image segmentation.

Conventional Web GIS has partially solved the problems of disseminating spatial data via Internet. However, few systems have the powerful capability to offer the high throughput and compute intensity of Largescale Geo-imagery Service. With the aid of geospatial information collecting technologies such as GPS and Remote Sensing, the real-time spatial data can be made available. Many organizations have built multi-scale heterogeneous massive spatial database of different levels containing high-resolution aerial, satellite, and topographic data. A cost-effective solution clustering multi low-cost commodity-class PCs is proposed, which has the characteristics of high-scalability, high-availability, easy-manageability and cost-effectiveness. This paper introduces the architecture of Large-scale Geo-imagery Service using cluster technology and describes the core component called load balancer, which chooses one of the four different load balancing algorithms to adapt to the physically deployed systems. Based on the self-adapted dynamic load balancing model, an agent-based feedback mechanism was developed to monitor service nodes' instant state and arbitrate which should serve the next coming request. We compared four inner approaches: round-robin scheduling, weighted performance scheduling, weighted least-load scheduling, and domain divided scheduling and found that domain divided scheduling method can improve performance dramatically for its high hit ratio cache.