The change of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can reveal the evolvement of environment. Long-term quantitative analysis of vegetal distribution and change can illustrate the reason of environment change, and has become a research focus in recent years. In this paper, we made Mongolia as the study area, analyzed the annual and interannual changes, fluctuation degree and the spatial trend of vegetation distribution by 1 km MODIS-NDVI from 2001 to 2010. The MVC method, average value method, difference value method and linear regression method were used to analyze the annual and interannual changes. The results were: 1) MODIS-NDVI was highly sensitive to growth and change of plants, so it could be effectively applied to evaluate and monitor vegetation ecology; 2) Seasonal change of NDVI was remarkable in Mongolia, NDVI was abundant during summer and autumn, while was poor during winter and spring; 3) In recent ten years, the peak values of vegetation coverage occurred at the year of 2008 in spring, got into valley values in 2010, presented a retrograde tendency on the whole. The summer vegetation coverage and winter vegetation coverage changed slightly, in general the growth of plants was a little better in summer during the past decade, but was gradually reducing in winter. In autumn, the fluctuation of vegetation growth was wider, but still kept a increasing trend in general; 4) As for interannual change, the fluctuating range of NDVI variation was relatively wider from 2006 to 2010, the NDVI degradation was popular in spring and the NDVI coverage was increased during other seasons, and the extent of improvement was slightly higher than the extent of degradation; 5) According to the NDVI trend of Mongolia during 2001-2010, the vegetation area which kept a relatively steady state was 72.40% in spring, 70.30% in summer, 84.01% in autumn and 77.53% in winter, indicating that the NDVI coverage of Mongolia showed a overall stable, locally lightly improved trend in the past ten years; And 6) from the spacial distribution, the stable region was widely distributed on a national scale, the improved region was mainly distributed in the eastern part of the country and the degraded NDVI coverage was mainly distributed in the central region.

Due to shading of clouds and objects on the ground and due to the performance of sensors, the part region of field inversion data by remote sensing may be incomplete, which makes it harmful to use these data for further study. The way to recover the incomplete field inversion data accurately and quickly seems to be significant. Matrix completion (MC) has been proposed in recent years, which is mainly used for low rank matrix. Because of the quality of low rank, the data of the matrix has high correlation, so the matrix can be high accurately recovered with MC. SVT (Singular Value Thresholding) algorithm is one method of MC, which could recover missing values in the matrix rapidly and accurately. In this paper, we introduced the SVT algorithm for matrix completion and we used this algorithm to complete the missing data points which were selected in different regions. Making the missing data points be the center of a region of square and the size of the square is selected by the criteria of the smallest variance. Use SVT algorithm to complete this square region and name this method local SVT algorithm (LSVT). Comparing with the SVT algorithm for the whole region data that is named WSVT which is based on the whole experiment area, inversing distance weighting method (IDW) and Kriging method respectively, we conclude that the precision for LSVT is higher than WSVT and IDW method. Also, the precision changing trend for LSVT is similar with Kriging method and the precision for LSVT is higher than Kriging method in sea front region.

As global environmental issues become more and more prominent, remote sensing technology with large amount of information to monitor global environmental change has become an important manner. Macro-ecological environment remote sensing monitoring system is implementation of environment remote sensing applied technologies. The architecture of the system and the transaction flow diagram and its core functions are introduced. At the same time, the model transformation and implementation of technology, real-time projection conversion technology, a combination of file-based data and database management technologies, XML-based real-time data exchange technology, automated production technology are expatiated. The prototype system is constructed using .NET and IDL mixing programming language and its application examples are presented. System application results show that this system meets the remote sensing monitoring requirements using macro-ecological environment business applications model to improve the environmental protection department level under the normal mode and emergency capability under the emergency mode. This system can play an important role in the macro-environment remote sensing monitoring and evaluation.

For the requirements of integrating the Energy and Water Balance model into the remote sensing model, in this paper we developed a basic technological process of land-surface evapotranspiration remote sensing monitoring system using C# language mixed with ENVI/IDL (which flexibility offered digital image processing) and ArcGIS Engine (which has powerful functions in spatial analysis), and designed the hydrometeorological and remote sensing information database and the pattern of integrating the Energy and Water Balance model into the remote sensing model. Then we researched the method of evapotranspiration (ET) unit derived and the function of regional ET evaluation based on multi spatial and temporal scales. By all of above, integration and application of the Energy and Water Balance model into the remote sensing model were implemented. The study area of this research is Sanhuajian basin which located in Yellow River. The process experimental data is MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) image which date from August 2002 to August 2009. The system extracted the parameters related to ET which include surface temperature, water index, vegetation index, impervious surface and etc, and completed part of the land surface ET parameter extraction task. By using the modul of ET processing batch the system achieved the requirement of the ET derived completely. The report generated by the statistical report modul displayed the basic thematic statistical information and the remote-sensing monitoring thematic map information. The results show that this remote sensing monitoring system has the advantages of short execution time and high efficiency and friendly human-computer interaction, and it is helpful to solve the crux of complication processes in land surface ET estimation using routine remote sensing softwares, and it has been of great practical value.

Quantitative remote sensing inversion of constituents in Case II waters has been a difficult and hot issue. It is due to the complex interaction among the constituents (e.g. pure water, phytoplankton, non-phytoplanktonic suspended solids and CDOM). In this paper we analyze the spectral decomposition algorithm of the optically active substances (OAS) in Taihu Lake. It contains two steps. First step is to obtain standard reflectance spectra of end-members (Chl a, NPSS, CDOM and pure Water) by simulation experience using Hydrolight; second step is to establish a number of equations (according to the numbers of end-members) obtained from different wavelengths and derive the decomposition coefficients to be used as the independent variables in the SDA-based estimation model. The results show that the decomposition coefficients obtained from spectral decomposition algorithm are highly independent. Moreover, we build the band ratio model based on the same data as the spectral decomposition algorithm. Then we apply the two models to the experimental data in November, 2008, and get the average relative error of 22.4% and 37.7%, which shows that to some extent the spectral decomposition algorithm has more seasonal versatility than that of band ratio model. The average relative error of chlorophyll concentration estimation model is 31.7%, which shows low inversion accuracy. The reason may be due to the concentration of chlorophyll is too low compared to non-algal suspended solids concentration. The average concentrations were 17.3μg/L and 78.6mg/L. So, to some extent, the spectral information of chlorophyll is concealed by the high suspended solids.

Based on the principle of the CLUE-S (the conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent) model, taking Yangzhou City area as an example, we firstly collected the required data, including basic geographic data (vector data and image data) and statistics data, then preprocessed the image data, including ETM images in 2001 and ALOS images in 2007, and took use of object-oriented information extraction method to obtain a land use map for two periods (2001 and 2007). We selected the driving factors and used GIS spatial analysis tools to get a variety of spatial distribution of all the driving factors, set the model parameters, and took the land-use map in 2001 as the model input data to simulate the spatial pattern of land use of 2002-2007 in Yangzhou City area. Finally, we obtained the actual land use map of 2007 in Yangzhou City area by using the object-oriented data extraction method, and tested the simulation results of 2007 in Yangzhou City area and analyzed the applicability of the CLUE-S model. The result shows that the CLUE-S model could simulate preferably the spatial distribution pattern on a small-scale. Therefore, it could provide guidance for small city planning. So the CLUE-S model is one of the land use/land cover change models that worth to be made more widespread.

Transmission and expression of multi-scale spatial data is of greatly significance for the quality of the evaluation of progressive transmission of spatial information by geometric similarity measurement, which has plagued GIS researchers for a long time. The same feature from different sources or different scales is usually similar on the map, so the similarity measurement of geometry shape is conducive to the preparation, query, match and update of the map. The line features on the map are in many high proportions, so this paper proposes the line features geometry similarity measurement models of spatial data on the basis of the predecessors. And then, a reclassification of geometric similarity measurement is made from the consideration of distance, shape, length. The corresponding geometric similarity measurements are further developed, including: (1) differences in distance as the similarity, considering shape differences and relative positions of spatial objects; (2) the fractal dimension as a similarity of shape similarity, to a large extent, being able to express morphological characteristics of spatial objects; (3) the length or girth size as the similarity. Relative to (3) length similarity, (1) position similarity and (2) shape similarity are both considered the overall statistical methods and local geometry structure. To complete the linear multi-scale geometric similarity measurement experiments of spatial data, and compare the relationship of different transmission volume and geometric similarity measurement by multi-scale linear features as the experimental data, the experimental results show that location similarity based on generalized Hausdorff distance model is feasibility to progressive transmission of spatial data. The change for location similarity measurement is smaller than those with other methods based on the same amounts of data transmission, indicating that the algorithm (generalized Hausdorff distance model) solves the similarity problem of the same feature. Finally, this paper summarizes main findings, and highlights further research directions in the near future, such as match, query, update and other issues for multi-scale spatial data.

In recent years, spatial data acquisition methods were significantly improved, such as LiDAR, which usually generated hundreds of millions of points. These amounts of datasets create great challenges to computation capacity of computers. In the past several years, the computing capacity of graphical processing unit (GPU) has improved significantly, too. General-purpose computing on GPUs has come into notice. GPUs are an aggregation of streaming processors. The amount of streaming processors in latest device exceeds 240. The peak floating-point operations per second of CPUs are ten times slower than that of GPUs now. A new software platform, called Computer Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), allows GPU programs to be developed in ANSI C. Parallel parts are worked on GPUs based on kernels, which are invoked by the CPU. Each kernel works on a grid of blocks, and each block is an array of threads. In the application process, each block is mapped to a multiprocessor, and each thread is mapped to a streaming processor. A typical CUDA program follows the flows as follow. First, the host function begins by locating one or more buffers in the GPU global memory and conveys the data to them. Then the CUDA program is started more times by appointing the number of threads per block. Finally, the results are transformed back to CPU memory. GPUs have been applied to solve many problems in signal processing, computational geometry and so forth. However, little has been used in spatial interpolation. CUDA Inverse-distance weighting (IDW) algorithm is the most frequently used model in spatial interpolation because it is relatively easy to compute. However, when dimensions increase, obtaining fast running time remains important. In this study, we explore the parallel algorithm for IDW, using the CUDA developed by NVIDIA. The main objective is to compare running times using CPUs versus GPUs under the same conditions. The numerical experiments show that processing speed of CUDA-based algorithm is 6 times faster than that of CPU-based method.

Geological map is a main demonstrator of the achievements in geological research and practice, a principal way through which geologists serve the economic and social development, and a major symbol that reflects the developing degree of a country's geoscientific research, geological sciences and technologies and social civilization. Therefore, governments of different countries and international geoscience organizations have always been attaching great importance to the preparation of geological maps. In recent years, with the social and economic development, the scientific and technological progress, as well as the broadening application range of geosciences, geologists have made remarkable development in geological mapping in terms of the quality and quantity of maps, as well as the developing degree of cartographic techniques and methods. The obvious characteristics of the remarkable development in geological mapping work can be summarized as follows: developing from academic geological maps to more practical ones; developing from single-disciplinary maps to multidisciplinary ones; developing from geological maps at national scale to the ones at intercontinental, global even universal scales; and developing from geological maps of earth surface to that of earth deep interior. In addition, revolution and innovation have taken place in map structure design, presentation patterns and mapping craftsmanship. In order to realize the constant improvement of cartographic and compiling techniques for geological maps, we must consult a wide variety of maps, analyze and study on the developing trend of international map technologies.

Regional Geology Annals of China is a comprehensive and integrated display of the regional geological survey. It gave summary and records of new information, new development and the activity theory in regional geological survey, mining exploration and the latest research results over the past 20 years. Then it needs the reasonable and reliable 1:500 000 spatial geological map database and geographical base maps database for the project. On the MapGIS platform, using relational, database model and unified system library, we designed several rules for the Regional Geology Annals of China. The design contains the name principles of the professional map database, the coding method of various elements, the contents and structure of attributes table and so on. Then we developed database management systems and a range of supported software. It not only improved the database construction efficiency and achieved the precise quality but also realized the functions of user access to the system, data sharing, data query and so on. China Regional Geology Annals series map spatial database has laid a foundation for the realization of "one geology database", and provided a valuable learning experience for the construction of geological map database.

Digital map represents an important symbol of Modern Cartography, and with it being the disciplinary core, there appeared several kinds of map products such as map databases, printed maps, electronic maps, mobile maps, and internet maps, etc., as well as variety of map developing and application modes. This paper discusses systematically the theory, method, technology and application of digital map. First of all, theoretic achievements of digital maps were expounded, and then the system structure frame of digital maps was discussed. Secondly, technological development of digital maps on data management, generalization, visualization and thematic map editing were presented. Thirdly, new framework of digital map products was raised up. Finally, some samples of digital map analysis and new way of applications were displayed. All this covered every point in the field of digital map research.

The emphasis of Geological Map Spatial Database constructing is the quality control throughout each step. For the quality of the data directly affects the accuracy and reliability of the results of the analysis in using GIS, and for deviations exist objectively in all the basic spatial geological information, quality control is the inherent demand in constructing Geological Map Spatial Database. Through the analysis of quality problems which may arise from building of the regional geological map spatial database based on MapGIS, especially in the process of map pretreatment, digitization, vectorization, error correction, topological reconstruction, attribute input and projection transformation, the authors try to find the solutions and preventive measures, so as to implement the control of quality, most minimize the deviations of spatial data, improve the efficiency of mapping and precision of spatial data, and provide better service for the public application fields of spatial database, such as the constructing of national economy, the developing of regional planning and the protecting of geological environment.

In order to meet the current needs of geological maps in three-dimensional mapping, we chose SRTM DEM as the three-dimensional data source. Through the process of geological mapping application analysis and factor analysis, we conducted the operation of the data accuracy analysis, the rapid extraction of contour, slope and aspect, to improve the water system accuracy combined with the DEM and so on. Then we made the geological map visual analysis with the geological map of Hunan and Anhui provinces as the example on the MapGIS platform. It proved that DEM can display the geological map as a map layer and enhance the map stereo performance. Meantime, combined the DEM with existing geographical data and geological data, through the comparative analysis, it proved that DEM can improve the precision of geological elements expression.

"OneGeology" is an international cooperative project which makes it accessible to share the geological map database on the internet aiming at creating a global geological map database at the scale about 1:1000 000. "OneGeology" system is a distributional system based on WebGIS technology. Every data provider can manage their data on their own Web server. The "OneGeology" portal accesses all of distributed web servers and displays the information. In this article, we took setting up of China 1:1000 000 geological map Web Map Service (WMS) as an examlpe, and implemented the methods and flow of WMS based on the research on MapGIS formate data. There are multi-methods to implement WMS. We used open sources MapServer and Apache software to serve our WMS. MapServer can publish ESRI'S Shapefile, so we need to transfer MapGIS file into ESRI'S Shapefile. Because symbol system library in MapGIS including 3 types (point, line, polygon) can not be used in ArcGIS platform, it must be built in the ArcGIS platform and symbolise the spacial data according to the attribute data. MapServer configures its web services by text configuration called "mapfile", which is the major delivering contents of geological map data and includes map service data sources, data output format, symbolizing type, and metadata information, etc. At last, each provider registers in "Onegeology" potal to offer serves for WMS.

We try to summarize the techniques used for digital map compilation for the marine territory of China in this paper. The new version of 1:1000000 geological and geophysical map series of China Seas and Adjacent Regions include five maps, i.e. the Bouguer gravity anomaly map, spatial gravity anomaly map, magnetic anomaly map, surface sediment distribution map and regional geotectonic map. The mapping area also covers part of the land and adjacent areas in addition to China seas. The geological and geophysical maps have not been renewed since the last map series published 20 years ago. And the maps published then were drawn by hands. Either precision or quality is not able to meet the demand of users. This time, we compile maps with MapGIS as a platform. Various equipments, such as computers, advanced digitizers and other facilities, are adopted for the map compilation. At first, we, using digital map compilation technology, standardized and unified all the data, including both the old and new data, and the data collected with different methods and from different channels. Rationale fitting technique and reliable coordinates transform are used to guarantee the quality of the maps. In the process of map compilation, a GIS database has been constructed. All the maps, including the base map and specific maps, were drawn on the MapGIS platform using point, line and polygons as legends and layers were designed and constructed according to the data available and the contents the maps need. The use of the MapGIS platform made us possible to ensure the precision of the maps and enhance the efficiency of map compilation. It is believed that the compilation and publication of the new version of 1:1 000 000 Geological and Geophysical Map Series of China Seas and Adjacent Regions will certainly help the readers better understand the basic geological regulations of China.

Geological-Geophysical map series of Chinas Land and Sea on the scale of 1:5 000 000 include eight geological and geophysical maps: Free-air gravity anomaly map, Bouguer gravity anomaly map, Magnetic gravity map, Moho depth map, Seismic Tomography Maps, Geological map, Tectonic frame map, and Tectonic evolution maps. The mapping area includes Chinese mainland and China seas and the adjacent land and sea area. This paper discusses the principal and method for choosing proper projection, which is the key question and mathematical base of GIS mapping. Based on the research of the former similar mapping and the understanding of the nature of different projections, we choose two common used equal-angle projections, i.e. Mercator and Lambert conformal conic projections for consideration. The deformation ratios of length and area are calculated under these two projections in the mapping area. The position and shape of Chinese land and sea boundaries are compared for testing different design solution of projection parameters. Lambert conformal conic projection is chosen finally not only because it causes less deformation, but also because it could limit the mapping area on a smaller scale which keep the map subdivision to a minimum. The central longitude of Lambert conformal conic projection is set to 105°E and the two standard parallels are 15°N and 40°N. The data requirement of different maps is also taken into account when setting the four corner points of the map. With this solution, Chinese mainland has a good visual effect, geological elements have small shape and direction deformation, and length and area distortion ratio can be controlled within 10%.

With the rapid development of modeling methods, the scale and depth complexity of the 3D urban scenes have increased significantly. One of the methods to increase the system efficiency is to build multi-level 3D models. However, the simplification algorithms of 3D models are unsatisfactory in real-time rendering because of the complexity of 3D urban models. Sort-First rendering clusters are broadly used when single PC cannot meet the requirements of real-time rendering, which is more suitable for high resolution and large screen rendering. The current researches are weak at quantitative analysis and self-adaptive load balancing. To overcome these difficulties, we studied the influencing factors of the performance by analyzing the speed-up ratio model of Sort-First rendering clusters, including node size, rendering resolution, network speed, task partitioning and so on. We also improved an existing load balancing method by using the rendering time and the transmission time as the feedbacks for adjusting the task partition instead of simply using the rendering time. Based on this, a necessary condition to achieve the highest speed-up ratio is proposed in an ideal situation that the load is completely balanced and the triangles are uniformly distributed on the screen. This quantitative expression of the condition may help us find out the bottleneck of the parallel rendering system and rationalize the configuration. We further point out that adding more rendering nodes might not help improve the performance if the rendering load is not very heavy, and the benefits of parallel system will decrease while the node size is large. A real-time parallel rendering experiment based on Sort-First was performed, which included 4 rendering nodes and used a large scale urban model. The results verify the above analysis and indicate that our improvement has increased the performance to a certain extent. Furthermore, our research could provide a reference for building Sort-First rendering clusters to reduce the abuse of the computer resources.

To achieve the design tenet "providing various products, and extending service sphere" of National Western Mapping Program, the product pattern of the whole program and Topographic Map Product Pattern are established according to the product concept of ISO 9000. In order to provide users with more diverse varieties of new GIS products that contain richer content, it is proposed that image topographic maps and hill-shading topographic maps should be produced as the DLG (Digital Line Graphic) topographic maps offered in the 1:50 000 topographic mapping of blank areas in the western region, China. In this paper we firstly described the product pattern and Topographic Map Product Pattern of National Western Mapping Program respectively. Then, taking the design and realization of the 1:50 000 Image Topographic Map as an example, we introduced design points in detail about how to develop a new type map product, including the contents contained in the Image Topographic Map and principles about how to represent them. Now, the technical specification document that specify how to produce image topographic maps have been put forward based on some experiments, and the study results have been applied to the 1:50 000 topographic mapping of blank areas in the western region project to guide the production of image topographic maps. In this paper we demonstrated that the image topographic maps are good supplementary products for topographic maps, which can provide more texture information for users.

"Serial maps of groundwater resource and environmental geology of Asia"(at scale of 1:8 000 000), including Hydrogeological Map of Asia, Groundwater Resources Map of Asia, Geothermal Map of Asia and Groundwater Environment Background Map of Asia, has been completed based on the research of groundwater resource and environmental geology and overall analysis of mapping pattern of groundwater resource and environmental geology in recent years at home and abroad. The compilation of series maps is of great significance at present for issues over global climate change, energy crisis, resource shortage and environment deterioration and frequent geological hazards we are facing, especially under the condition that water resource safe guarantee and geological environment directly affect the sustainable development in Asia. The mapping content and method suitable for Asia has been developed in consideration of systematical concept of compiling serial maps. The serial maps reflect spatio-temporal characteristics and distribution regularities of groundwater resource and environmental geology in Asia with the simple graphic language, and with application of GIS information system. The serial maps constitute a database of groundwater resource and environmental geology in Asia so as to provide scientific basis for trans-boundary exploitation and utilization of natural resources, planning of water resource, protection of geological environment and disaster reduction.

Lithologic unit mapping from remote sensing imagery is one of the important aspects in geologic remote sensing applications. Traditional lithologic unit mapping can be a time-consuming, costly and challenging endeavour when large areas need to be investigated, where terrain is remote and difficult to access and where the geology is highly variable over short distances. Digital classification using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) imagery for geological purposes often gives poor results, especially for the imagery with spatial and spectral limitations and areas with dense vegetation cover. The use of ancillary information may help to improve lithological discrimination. To improve classification accuracy, spectral data have been combined with ancillary data, such as topographic variables and DEM data. These ancillary data, which was used to add information about the geomorphologic nature of the different geological units, have been used in classification processing to enhance image quality. So, geological classifications were often conducted using various kinds of integrated spectral and topographic variables. In this paper, the topographic variables such as slope and aspect at different scales were extracted from ASTER DEM, and were then combined with original multispectral image including ASTER three VNIR bands and six SWIR bands in image classification for lithologic unit mapping. In order to evaluate the performance of topographic variables in lithologic unit mapping, topographic variables derived at multiple scales were analyzed in terms of images classification accuracy. The experimental results showed that, the inclusion of topographic variables in lithologic unit classification improved the classification accuracy in different degrees. In particular, when DEM data were included in image classification, the overall accuracy could be improved the most. Therefore, the inclusion of topographic variables in image classification is an effective method for lithologic unit mapping, especially in vegetated areas.

The sky view factor (SVF) has been commonly used to describe the shadow impaction of visualization or sunshine from neighborhood buildings or terrains in urban area. It reflects the influences of urban geometry on the microclimate in an urban area. Firstly, we provided a comprehensive review of SVF analysis both in natural terrain and urban area studies. Then we presented a simulation approach based on shadow casting algorithm to calculate continuous SVF values. And, using raster-based data model we analysed the effect of sun shadow shading by neighbor buildings, simulated solar radiation for many times by continuing translation of the solar altitude and azimuth and calculated whether cells were in shadow. The ratio of simulation times and the times of a cell in shadow is considered as an approximate value of SVF. An ArcGIS-embedded computer program is developed and a SVF map for entire area is generated by using high resolution urban digital elevation model of Nanjing old city. Some areas representing different land use types in Nanjing old city are selected for analysis of the small-scale spatial variation of the SVF. The result illustrates that SVF decreases as building height raises or building quantity increases. Mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation of SVF for each land use category within Nanjing old city are calculated and they are significantly different in different areas. The mean SVF values occurring in parks, open space and areas of historical and cultural value are higher than those of other land use types, which are more than 0.8. The mean SVF values occurring in community centers and residential areas are lower than those of other land use types, which are lower than 0.6. One of the most noticeable results is the unexpectedly higher mean SVF value in commercial areas than that in residential area in Nanjing old city. Meanwhile, spatial distribution pattern of SVF is derived by regarding block as a basic statistical unit. The mean values in the city centre are high while that in urban fringe are usually low. The blocks with high values line up in a northwest to southeast alignment, which may have an effect on urban microclimate.

City is a complicated macro-system whose boundary geometry was formed by a number of interactional causes. Research methods on urban form can be summarized into two groups, i.e. quantitive approach and qualitative approach, but, there hasn’t been a theoretical frame of urban form methodology which can be agree on till now. In this paper, the characteristics, hierarchical structure and driving mechanism of urban form are firstly studied, then, the epistemology of urban form is expounded, and, by comparing all the methodology on urban form research, the Geo-Info-TUPU methodology is considered to be the best one based on its special thinking modeling which integrates imagery thinking, mathematical thinking and deduce thinking together. Geo-Info-TUPU is a kind of methodology by which the spatial form and structure, the spatial and temporal variation rule of the earth system phenomenon are displayed after the process of the imagery thinking and the abstract summary, and using the computer multi-dimensional and dynamic visualization technology. It supplies a new method in the urban form research field. After defining the conception of the urban form information TUPU, the normal thinking rule and the technique process are summarized and the theoretical frame of urban form information TUPU is built. Then, based on integrating the spatial data with the statistic figure, the urban form classification TUPU of China is built by using the indices of the compactness and fractal dimension to identify different categories, and, cities of China are roughly divided into six categories, i.e. centralized form, ribbon form, radioactive form, two cities form, ribbon group form and centralized group form. And then, the normal process of the Geo-Info-TUPU guiding city planning is put forward: calculating the quantitative indexes; making sure the urban form; analyzing the impact factors; finding out the city development period; and putting forward the suggestions of planning. At the end, the advantages and disadvantages of the urban form information TUPU are summarized. The advantages include vividness, accuracy and practicalness, whereas the disadvantage is that, the basic knowledge of the city should be know because the TUPU analysis is based on empirical hypothesis. The Geo-Info-TUPU supplies a new method in the urban form research field, and it can be used to diagnose the regular discipline and predict the future.

The complex internal structure of modern architecture (especially buildings) which results in difficulty in fast and safe evacuation is a hotspot of indoor space intelligent navigation and path planning services currently. Based on the analysis of building data features and existing data resources, this article firstly explained the reason why it is better to choose estate spatial management data as the source. Then, an applicable building construction modeling method for emergency evacuation was developed as a foundation by establishing the mapping relationship between geographic entities and their topological expression. The data model uses "node" and "path" to express the spatial relationships and topology structure of building components, and each space entities (e.g., room, corridor) composing of the evacuating route were mapped into the "node" or "path" in the data model. After that, the whole process of modeling space route in buildings was addressed by two key steps: 1) the single floor route models were modeled, and were used to express the inner route of each floor; 2) the single floor route models were connected and the multi-floors route models were generated to express the inner route of whole building. Furthermore, some key methods including path extraction of corridor using Delaunay triangulation algorithm with constrained edge, fusion of room nodes (including elevator room, cubicle, etc.) into the ‘path', and three-dimensional route model construction from single floor to multi-floors, which were used to modeling space route, were illustrated in details. Finally, a prototype system was constructed and the New City Square in Long Jiang area, Nanjing was chosen as a case of study, and the whole building space was constructed according to the modeling method mentioned above. By integrating of the existing path-finding algorithm which named Dijkstra algorithm, the practicality of this modeling method is verified, which shows that the building space modeling method based on estate spatial data can well support evacuation route design.

Integrated application of multi-source remote sensing image is one of the best ways to improve the accuracy of land surface temperature (LST) retrieval. The difference between satellite overpass time of MODIS Terra and Landsat is small, so it is easy to get synchronized MODIS and Landsat TM images. The most challenging work of LST retrieval from Landsat TM images is acquisition of atmospheric profile parameters, and MODIS image has several near infrared bands that can be used to estimate atmospheric profile. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of atmospheric parameters estimated from MODIS image being used to LST retrieval algorithm of Landsat TM images, some experimental studies about Qins mono-window algorithm and Jimenez-Munozs generalized single-channel algorithm have been conducted in this paper, and the retrieval LST results of the two algorithm were validated using the observed data from weather stations. Finally, the differences in accuracy of the two algorithms from different land cover types were analyzed. The results show that (1)two LST retrieval algorithms can get high-precision result in support of atmospheric parameters from MODIS images, the average deviation of mono-window algorithm is 0.76K, and the deviation of generalized single-channel algorithm is 1.23k; (2) the differences in accuracy of the two algorithms from different land cover types are obvious, the difference of water area is smallest, the difference of mean is 0.02K, and the difference of vegetation area is largest, the difference of mean is 0.62K, and the LST results of mono-window algorithm are smaller than the LST results of generalized single-channel algorithm.

Bashibulake uranium deposit, which located in the northwest fringe of Tarim basin in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, was considered to be closely related with oil-reduced fading alteration. However, the evidences about the oil-reduced fading alteration genesis mainly came from the geological and geochemical microscopic researches. In this paper, the enhancement processing of Quickbird high spatial resolution satellite remote sensing data was firstly made on the basis of analyzing the geological characteristics of uranium mineralizing fading alteration sandstone and the band feature of Quickbird data. Through above processing, the ability of Quickbird images to interpret the fading alteration sandstone was further promoted. Secondly, the features about shape, spatial distribution for oil-reduced fading alteration sandstone which exposed on the Bashibulake uranium ore area were analyzed using the enhanced Quickbird images. Analysis included the following three aspects. One was the general distribution for the fading alteration sandstone from the wide scale of the uranium ore area and its around area. The second was the shape feature and spatial distribution characteristics for the purple red sandstone, which was not under subjected of fading alteration, from the scale of the whole uranium mineralization district. The third was the shape and spatial expand feature for the grey yellow fading alteration sandstone that is located in the internal of a large unfading purple red sandstone from the more large scale of the east uranium ore area. Above results provided the macroscopic evidence from both positive and negative aspects to verify the uranium mineralizing fading sandstone was generated by the oil-reduced alteration, rather than the original sediment genesis. In the same time, the idea about whole spatial distribution of the fading alteration sandstone can provide important information for uranium prospect in the outer edge of Bashibulake uranium mineralization area. All above researches fully show the great application potential for Quickbird high spatial resolution satellite remote sensing data on uranium mineralization exploration.

In the coastal zone of Yellow River Delta, artificial dams,which were built as a protection against the sea, have important influence on the natural vegetation landscape and the gradient changes of soil properties. In this paper,we aim to research the influence of artificial dams on ecological characteristics of the study area with the support of remote sensing and GIS technology. First, we designed the field investigation program, then extracted coastline and artificial dams from remote sensing images, and finally researched changes of vegetation communities with distance from coastline, the influence of artificial dams on soil environment and the gradient patterns of soil properties under dam disturbance by statistical analysis and gradient analysis. We found that: (i) dam disturbance affected natural vegetation cover and accelerated the forward succession of natural vegetation communities in the coastal zone of Yellow River Delta; (ii) In the area with dams, the trends of the total nitrogen, available phosphorus and total salt in the distance gradient from the coastline were more influenced by dam disturbance. The dams built in different regions and at different times have different influences on soil properties; And (iii) total nitrogen was a linear increasing, but available phosphorus and total salt all showed a linear decrease. The change rates of these three factors in the north were higher than those in the south. After the dam built, the longer the time,the slower the trends of the gradient of this three factors. And the rates of change were lower with the growth over time. About 25 years after the dam built, the change rate was 0.003, and the trend of total nitrogen was almost stable. The results further explained the reasons of natural vegetation landscape heterogeneity on the distance gradient from the coastline. It also has some instructive significance for the restoration and protection of wetland landscape under the context of the development of Yellow River Delta.

In this paper, according to detailed investigation of geological disasters, we firstly generated preliminary geological hazard susceptibility zoning based on geological disasters points' density on the GIS platform. Secondly, we classified the internal factors of geological hazards such as lithology, terrain slope, landform types, vegetation coverage rates, and multi-annual rainfall and so on. Then we covered the classification of internal factors to the preliminary geological hazard susceptibility zoning and generated the geological hazards meteorological early-warning based map. And, respect rainfall as the dominant external factors of geological hazards, we rezoned the geological hazards meteorological early-warning map in Jingchuan County. Finally, we employed the critical-day synthesized criterion of precipitation method in the key and secondary warning zones of Jingchuan County. Good prediction results were obtained through the actual test, which indicate that, being simple, practical and effective in the actual situation of the area, it can provide a scientific basis for the further study of geological hazards meteorological early-warning in the Loess Region of eastern Gansu Province.

We investigated the evaluative process of ecological environment of the Beijing-Tianjin sand and dust source region since 2000 based on three periods of land-use data (1995,2000 and 2005), which were acquired from interpretation of TM images, and NDVI product of MODIS. The spatial conversion matrix method, average value method, MVC(Maximum Value Composites)method and linear regression of one variable method were adopted to analyze the trends of land use and vegetation cover condition. The results show that: (1) the tendency of farmland reclamation has decreased; the rate of grassland and forest reducing has decreased, too; and the area of water bodies reduced, because of the arid climate. The phenomenon of grassland degradation and unused land increasing still exists. (2) The disturbing degree of human activities on ecological environment got slow down; but the rapid growth of residential land and industrial and mining land has brought great pressure to ecological environment of the study region. And (3) the research on the change of maximum value of NDVI shows that the NDVI has increased in the study region. That means the vegetation cover condition becomes better. With the comprehensive analysis on the arid climate, we consider that the trend of ecological environment deterioration in the study region has been restrained. The regulation programs of the Beijing-Tianjin sand and dust source region has showed its effect.

TM remote sensing data of Guansihe watershed in the two periods of 1995 and 2005 was taken as the basic information source, and vector data of landscape types was extracted with the RS, GIS and mathematical statistics methods. Three indices such as matrix proportion, change rate of patch number and area, change rate of patch density as well as transform rule of Landscape types were used for landscape stability study of the watershed. The results showed that: (1)In the whole watershed, cultivated land was matrix of the artificial landscape which was in frequent farming and dynamic change, the stability was not high; Pinus massioniana woodland was matrix of the semi-natural landscape whose stability was also low but had improved; (2) Patch stability of town and water areas were the highest, Pinus massioniana woodland, Quercus aliena woodland and Cupressus funebrius woodland took the second place, cultivated land and villages were the lowest; (3) Dramatic transformation of cultivated land, water areas and woodlands were the most, which was closely related to the land conversion projects implemented in the watershed since 1998. When cultivated land areas decreased, water areas and woodlands would increase gradually. As a result, the ecosystem and biodiversity would increase, function of the ecology would improve respectively, and the landscape pattern presented good development tendency, but the stability of water areas and woodlands still depended on its natural stability; And (4) stability of medium and small patches of Pinus massionian woodland and Cupressus funebrius woodland played an important role in the stability of the watershed. They should be protected, planed and constructed scientifically and reasonably.

Urban heat island effect in Chongqing is in rising trend with the gradual expansion of urban construction land. And this trend increases hot weather of Chongqing, known as a 'stove’, so analyzing and understanding the spatial distribution of Chongqing urban heat island has great significance. In this paper, we referenced single-window algorithm to inverse surface temperature using Environmental Satellite image (HJ-1B) as the main data source, made a preliminary validation on retrieval result using MODIS temperature products, and used thermal field variability index to further analyze Chongqing spatial distribution feature of urban heat island. First, atmospheric water vapor content and atmospheric transmissivity was inversed from MODIS second band and 19th band, and land surface emissivity was obtained after classification by HJ-1B/CCD. On this basis, land surface temperature was inversed based on single-window algorithm, further, spatial distribution of Chongqings heat islands and their relationship with NDVI and NDBI and the heat island effect were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) Chongqings urban heat islands are roughly northeast and southwest distribution along Liangshan and Tongluoshan; (2) The center of Chongqings urban heat island is not in the downtown area, i.e. Jiefangbei, of which buildings are dense, but in the Dadukou industrial park and Jiangbei airport, of which energy is consumed largely and population is dense, the heat island intensity is between 7.7℃; (3) The heat island effect is not clear in dense building land area, the typical region such as the Yuzhong District is close to the Yangtze River and Jialing River waters; And (4) NDVI and surface temperature are negatively correlated, NDBI and the surface temperature show a more obvious positive correlation, NDVI and NDBI have a significant impact on surface temperature, and NDBI, i.e. the proportion of building land and building density, has a greater impact.