This paper presented a case study on how to integrate virtual reality(VR) technology with geographical information system(GIS) for simulating the soil erosion process in Dongzhen Reservoir of Fujian Province,China.The research work was divided into three parts: (1) building a three dimension simulated environment of the whole reservoir area with remotely sensed image SPOT5 and digital elevation model(DEM) driven from contour relief map;(2) modeling the soil erosion process and visualizing the dynamic process on a computer,and(3) predicting the farther evolution of erosion process via changing the affecting factors and visualizing the future scenario of the reservoir area.Taking Dongzhen Reservoir of Fujian Province as a typical case,the environment condition and basin status around the reservoir area are simulated for display based on the VRGIS technology,the 3D simulation scene of soil and water erosion status and dam is built by the project of water and soil conservation simultaneity.Through this method,combined the integration of flood analysis feature and 3D spatial visual data,using the special function of GIS in spatial data processing and analysis,the unified data and graph of monitoring and predicting system of water and soil erosion is also realized,the scientific characteristic of monitoring and prediction of water and soil erosion is also strengthened,providing a reliable information source for reducing the harm of water and soil erosion.

Urban expansion is a complex spatio-temporal transformation process.It transfers different kinds of land use types into urban land,the results show that the scale of city expands increasingly.But land resources are limited,urban expansion simulation must be constrained by ecological security.So how to lead to healthy urban development and make good use of land is crucial to maintain human sustainable development.Based on the theories and methods of the complexity of science and ecological security,supported by the technique of CA and GIS,integrated with Tietenberg model,GEOMOD model,ecological applicability evaluation model,an ecological restraint urban expansion model(ERUEM) is constructed,and urban expansion simulation is researched based on the technique.According to the simulation,Nanning city expansion was predicted with the model.The results show that: ERUEM model effectively protects natural resources such as waters,paddy field,dry land and woodland.It also nurtures the urban ecosystem services and promotes urban ecological sustainable development;ERUEM model can be effectively applied to urban planning.The results are sensuous to the planners,and show how to develop the city by planning policy.The characteristics and innovation are that ERUEM model can overcome the limitation of simulating complex systems of urban expansion models constructed by CA model,and consider external factors in the macroscopic and microcosmic scale.

This paper discusses the information quality-index of the space governance in digital agriculture.Digital Agriculture space governance originated in agricultural development in the renewal and transformation of land structure,any of the agricultural modernization and transformation planning and implementation,we need space admittance for updating project approval and space management control decision-making evaluation.Based on the evaluation of agricultural modernization and transformation,the establishment of access to space admittance and space management decision-making evaluation index system was realized.Through analysis of the factors affecting data quality,it is designed to the quality index system of the space governance in digital agriculture.

Using TM and ETM image,we did a dynamic monitoring about coal resources of Xiangning County.In the remote sensing image,we rely on its texture,color,contrast and shape to distinguish Geo-object.Due to its low visual effect,we should do some data preparation.Refering to multi-statistical analysis,the best band combination is 4,5,3.Because of other Geo-objects interference,it's far from prefect,so we should do some enhancement.Through PCA transformation,useful message is increased and influences of mountain shadow are eliminated efficiently.Then,we did the supervised classification treatment and compiled a distribution map of coal resources of Xiangning.Next,we used GIS's overlap and statistical function and got the number of mines.Above all,this paper discusses the differences between mining and closed.The image reflects different intensityies.The closed mines have a high bright color.This experiment proves the availability to use remote sensing to monitor coal resources.This method is economical,efficient and can be applied in environmental protection and mining.

As the capital of China,Beijing is one of the first groups of cities that developed agritourism and rural tourism in our country.With rich history and culture,Beijing also has pleasant climate and colorful agricultural resources.All these provide excellent conditions for the development of leisure agriculture and rural tourism.According to statistics,until the end of 2007,there were 1302 agritourism parks in Beijing,generating 1.31 billion yuan income.More than 13570 families and 40000 people are involved in rural tourism industry.More than 26 144 000 tourists have enjoyed their services and products.Now,three types of leisure agriculture and rural tourism have developed in Beijing:agriculture leisure,folk culture leisure and Leisure resort widely distributed in Beijing's suburbs.The present development layout of Beijing's leisure agriculture and rural tourism takes on a three-circled structure and forms ten development bases.To meet the requirements of leisure agriculture industry,Beijing is launching five new tourist routes special for rural tourism products,which provide a good opportunity for leisure agriculture and rural tourism development.Based on the research on development conditions,present situations and characteristics,development layout and tourist routes organizations;this paper gives a comprehensive analysis of the development of Beijing's leisure agriculture and rural tourism.It also puts forward some suggestions for its sustainable development:rational distribution;enhanced management;increased investment;intensive training;and effective legal protection.

In order to meet the urgent need of building spatial data infrastructure for urban anti-earthquake defense,and to make decisions for urban developing planning,landuse planning and site analysis of major projects,this paper firstly applies a feature analysis on multi-source seismic data based on seismic probing data acquired from "National Seismic Active Fault Probing Technique System" program to depict data's major characteristics;secondly,a concept model is built respectively for active fault probing database and seismic risk assessment database;thirdly,considering the requirement of storing and managing original geo-physical,geo-chemical and geological survey data and associated log files,which may be attributes of spatial data in enterprise database as well as spatial data,a set of BLOB based archive tables and archive records to feature linkage principle are designed and developed;and then this concept database model is implemented using ArcGIS Geodatabase specification and UML tools;finally,we design and implement a series of work flow and conversion tool to import,transfer and re-construct probing source data into database schema.

With the increasing use of information technology in hydraulic engineering and the proposal of digital hydrology and watershed,hydro-information gradually turns into a main development trend in hydraulic engineering.The information and data,which are transferred and calculated in the digital hydrology and watershed system,could be collected,stored,extracted and transacted for the advantage of more accurate simulation of hydrologic and hydrodynamic process.Therefore,the system should play an important role in engineering design,flood control,disaster mitigation and water resource allocation.The floods in Qindao city's Daguhe River Basin always come fiercely with high flood tides and large flow rates,and may rise and fall suddenly and sharply.A flood management information system for the basin was developed to forecast the floods and supply the inquiry information for the flood prevention administration.Supported by MAPX GIS tools,databases and numerical simulations,the system stores all kinds of integrated information.Also the system uses the 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional numerical models for flood calculation and shows the results in a visual and brief way.The database design not only meets the demands of system development,but also makes connection to the existing Precipitation and Flow Automatic Inspection System in Daguhe River Basin.Accordingly,the integrality and veracity of data is in security.1-dimensional and 2-dimensional numerical models are integrated in the system,which calculates and forecasts elevation and velocity of flow in the main channel of Daguhe River in flood season and the flooded area out of levees if bank-break occurred.It is proved that the system has the advantage of very good practicability with friendly interface,complete functions and perfect performance.

Urban system planning is an important part in Chinese urban planning system.Compared with traditional planning methods,some modern mathematical theories and methods are more exactly and effective in aiding urban planning design.Based on the fractal theory,this paper analyzes the scale structure and spatial structure of the Xinyu urban system and calculates the fractal dimension of the urban scale structure,the aggregation dimension and correlation dimension of the spatial structure.Then,according to the result of the analysis,some suggestions on the Xinyu urban system planning are put forward.

With Fuzhou and Taipei serving as study regions,comparative analysis serving as study method,ASTER and TM serving as data sources,the study extracted green land information and calculated landscape indexes of urban cores in Fuzhou and Taipei.The results showed that:both areas of urban cores,green lands and their area percentages increased while there was an increase in land use of town and a decrease of green land area percentage in Fuzhou;and the change tends are almost the same in patch shape,connectivity and aggregation in the two regions while there was simpler patch shape,higher connectivity and aggregation in Fuzhou in 2004 than those in Taipei in 2003.

Human mobility has received much attention in many research fields such as geography, sociology, physics, epidemiology, urban planning and management in recent years. On the one hand, trajectory datasets characterized by a large scale, long time series and fine spatial-temporal granularity become more and more available with rapid development of mobile positioning, wireless communication and mobile internet technologies. On the other hand, quantitative studies of human mobility are strongly supported by interdisciplinary research among geographic information science, statistical physics, complex networks and computer science. In this paper, firstly, data sources and methods currently used in human mobility studies are systematically summarized. Then, the research is comprehended and divided into two main streams, namely people oriented and geographical space oriented. The people oriented research focuses on exploring statistical laws of human mobility, establishing models to explain the appropriate kinetic mechanism, as well as analyzing human activity patterns and predicting human travel and activities. The geographical space oriented research focuses on exploring the process of human activities in geographical space and investigating the interactions between human movement and geographical space. Followed by a detailed review of recent progress around these two streams of research, some research challenges are proposed, especially on data sparsity, data skew processing and heterogeneous data mining, indicating that more integration of multidiscipline are required in human mobility studies in the future.

With the support of Beijing,the country's hub of rail and air transportation,Tianjin port is the biggest man-made one in China.Coastal zone and Caofeidian have been built subsequently.Ports of Qinhuangdao and Huanghua have become some special ports for coal transportation.Ports of Yingkou,Yantai and Dongying have their own characteristics and complementary advantages.Port of Qingdao and Dalian radiate their influence to the North-east Asia,and North-west China.They all connect with Beijing and Tianjin,forming a best-best union.In 2005,across sea train ferry began to run.Coastal highway has reached from north to south.Pilotage from Yalujiang River over sea is also in consideration.Bohai is rich in oil and gas,but is also heavily polluted.Urban environments get worse and worse.All these problems need to be addressed.Efforts need to be made to strengthen regional harmonies,restore ecosystem so as to realize the objectives of prosperity and harmony.

The component-based GIS system has enormous advantages in seamless integration and the flexibility of the system.It stands for the development trend of GIS.Applying the ComGIS based technology,a specific GIS system for monitoring and management of the Minjiang River Estuary wetland based on MapObjects and Visual Basic has been developed in this research.The spatial visualization analysis of the wetlands' dynamic change,in turn,can be implemented.

Aiming at the current application and requirement of watermark technology on GIS vector data,this article proposes a double embedded auto-adapted watermark algorithm(DEAWA) for the vector digital mapping,which is based on the applied characteristic of administrative or physical division,and the various aspects of GIS vector data such as element style,data format and redundant initiation position.The DEAWA means that,once for point layer,the algorithm used for adaptive embedding and extracting is based on administrative(or physical) regionalization and for polyline or polygon layer,the algorithm is based on feature.This algorithm can automatically sense the carrier and adaptively adjust the intensity and the location of the watermark.However,because of the disordered point storage in GIS vector data,the watermark can be easily destroyed but the data precision keeps unaffected when the storage sequence of points is aggressively adjusted.Therefore,in order to avoid such invalid sequence,the DEAWA can be improved by using spatial relationship and position to arrange the point sequence in advance so that the watermark can be orderly embedded and extracted.Finally,according to the definition of difference,this article judges the imperceptibility of watermark algorithm for the GIS vector data through the operation of spatial analysis.The experiments show that the DEAWA possesses excellent imperceptibility and robustness.

In comparison,we analyze the merits and demerits of several general GIS(Geographic Information System) workstations for application system designing in urban planning department.Simultaneously we set forth the characteristics of the urban planning data and management.From the points of data formation and systemic compatibility,application system designing based on MicroStation is superior compared with the one based on other GIS workstations.So we bring forward that the MicroStation has some superiority when used to design urban planning MIS.We aim at providing some referenced opinions to the application system designing in urban planning department.As a good example,the Panyu Planning MIS was given finally and the practicability of MIS designing based on MicroStation was deduced.

Raster data vectorization is one of the key techniques for the integration of remote sensing and GIS.Although it's a traditional problem with a lot of algorithm proposed,there still exist many defects including,e.g.,the problem of the "island",especially the multi-nested "island" in many vectorizing methods.In this paper,an improved algorithm for raster data vectoriation is proposed.This method includes four main steps.The first step is to extract the vertices and nodes.Moving through the image using a 2×2 template window,we can extract the vertices and nodes and their connection information.The second step is to construct the arcs.We use the connection information to construct the non-closed and closed arcs.The third step is to build the polygons.With left-turn algorithm,we can build simple polygons from non-closed arcs.Besides,since closed arcs correspond to simple polygons,we only have to convert a vertex of an arc to a vertex of a polygon.The last step is to deal with the "islands".We judge containing relationship among these polygons.Since a polygon may be contained by several parent polygons,we should find its minimal containing parent and then deal with the "islands".The main advantages of the proposed algorithm include the follows.1) Algorithm efficiency is relatively fast.2) It isn't sensitive to the size of raster data,but only sensitive to the number of the nodes and vertexes.3) It can build the correct topology and then solve the problem of multi-nested "island".Our method is validated with many successful experiments when applied in vectorizing the remote sensing classification imagery.

The restrictions of hand-held devices and the characteristics of wireless network environment require improvement of the map to adapt to the new conditions.As an important tache in the process of map production,map generalization is the challenge we have to face in the moible environment.In this paper we probe into the efficiency of part of generalization algorithms on settlements,and test the usability of them.We also attempted to design the algorithm on settlement which takes the user's context into account,including user's task,user's location etc.Finally we proved the usability of the algorithm based on the given case.

The advantage of P2P structure is fast at discovering and getting service.And the advantage of GeoOntology Repository is helpful to make semantic reasoning and to solve the conflict of geographical semantics.So,in order to alleviate "single point of failure" of central system based on SOA,this paper combines semantics P2P with SOA to publish distributed web services instead of using UDDI of SOA to central publishing service.By creating the geographical ontology and introducing geographical semantics P2P into SOA,this paper extends the service bus of SOA into geographical service bus(GSB).The service discovery of GSB is based on semantic P2P,and the new service discovery mechanism is implemented in GSB.All these details are encapsulated in GSB,so it is transparent for each service attached to GSB.The communication way among services is the same as the way using SOA.This way can let the legacy system upgrade smoothly.So our prototype not only holds the advantages of SOA on interoperability and transparent use of services under distributed heterogeneous geographical information sharing systems but also utilizes semantics P2P to complete the auto discovery task.Our method also provides an innovative idea for large scale sharing geographial data and services of science data sharing platform.

The existence of speckle noise on the ASAR(Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) images has exerted passive effect on the extraction of any quantitative information from the ASAR images,hence making the ASAR images ineffectively utilized.In this paper,based on radar signal transmission theory,the power probability distributing function of ASAR is deduced.For the multiplying noise model,it is validated by theoretic deduction and experiment data.Based on the noise model,different methods and filtering windows are used to reduce the noise.Comparing each filtering result with smooth index,edge keep index and so on,it is found out that the best effect is 7 pixel ×7 pixel of the Enhanced Lee filtering method.

Nowadays geographical data working in GIS is mostly from digital map.The classification and encoding for the mapping elements on the digital map are very significant to building GIS,so the digital map data must be coincident with the geographical data which share GIS.The mapping elements are not equivalent to the geo-information features,or geo-information feature elements.The mapping elements and geo-information features are on different levels ontologically.To encode for the mapping elements,we must tell the difference of classification and codes for digital mapping elements from the geo-information feature's as well as give a system and encoding method of digital mapping elements which follows the geo-information feature's classification and codes.In the paper,the digital mapping elements are divided into two categories including "pure mapping elements" which are a set of mapping elements minus geographical feature elements,and "GIS′ elements" which are a set of mapping elements intersect the the geo-information feature elements;the concepts of virtual element,pseudo code and virtual code are introduced for the co-operation to the relations between the mapping elements and the geo-information features.The principle to design the classification and encoding method for the mapping elements on digital maps in the paper is to carry out the national standard of specifications for feature classification and codes of geo-information in the stage of digital mapping.The maneuverability of the classiication and encoding for the mapping elements in the paper is flexible and efficacious.The paper gives an example of the image from the mapping elements to the geographical features as well.

Ore body modeling is one of the most important contents of mine visualization.In the process of ore body modeling,model editing is the most crucial step.From the perspective of software development,this paper explores the 3D wire-frame model ore body editor of the designs and introduces development methods,development environment,modeling methods,spatial data models,key technologies in model editing,and then discusses the concrete implementation process of HCI editing of the ore body wire-frame model.The editor has been able to map the ore body profile contours in 3D interactive visualization environment,and rapidly builds the contours of the ore body wire-frame model.Finally,as examples,mine ore section photograph demonstrates the effectiveness and easy operability of the editor.

This paper reviews the study process of the land use and land cover change and thinks that the development of the study on land use,which took land use survey as the dominant way in the early 1980s,was slow.Until the late 1980s,the study on land use developed quickly because of the development of remote sensing from experiment to actual use as well as the advantages of the geographical information system.The research of land use initiated by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme(IGBP) and the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme(HDP) also promoted the development of the study.At present,the study hotpots such as technology applying trend and driving force study trend,landscape ecological research trend promote the study of many subjects in land use and land cover change.This paper also points out the problems in the land use and land cover change,such as giving emphasis on technology but neglecting theory,insufficient in microcosmic mechanism and target of the sustainable land use evaluation,ignoring substitutional study of land use, and unitary study of the service of the object.The study of land use and land cover change is conducted based on these problems mentioned above.After frontier extension,case accumulation,and technology preparation,the study on land use and land cover change should aim at these problems to strengthen the theory,grope for model and mechanism construction,extend the using frontiers,and bring the multi-subject into play.The land use and land cover change contributes to modern geography,brings geography into play,and extends a wide frontier for application in theoretical construction,math model expression,mechanism probing and so on.

Being the primary data source,3D points cloud is also an important means to describe and express the geographic objects and phenomena in 3D GIS as well as to perform model building.And the effective organization of the points is the basis for its operation and analysis.Therefore,in this paper,3D points are arranged and sorted according to a specified rule,and then organized by a compound structure of spatial octree and balanced binary tree,which greatly speeds up the query process based on the 3D coordinate,and lays a solid foundation for the further analysis of 3D points data.This paper also unifies the compound structure in both memory and database.And a case study has proved its validity.

In order to prevent and reduce the expense of lives and belongings of people which coming from landslide,on the basis of the demands of disaster prevention and mitigation,this paper analyzes the research actuality of the evaluation of natural disaster losses.On the basis of traditional method of evaluating disaster losses,and analyzes the method that has been existed of evaluating disaster losses and puts forward a quickly evaluating method of coast disaster losses based on multi-sources geographical spatial data.This paper discusses integrative analysis method of coast disaster for multi-sources geographical spatial data.The method was demonstrated in Yanhua factory in Wushan,the Yangtse River Gerges,and summarizes the method of evaluating model of coast disaster losses.Finally,a comparison between two results of model calculational and traditional investigation was made,and the method of model calculation was demonstrated in its feasibility and applicability in multi-sources geographical spatial data.Depending on softwares such as ArcGIS,Oracle and ArcObjects,the paper carries out the method of establishing database based on multi-sources and the model of loss evaluation.

It is known that land-use and land-cover changes paly an essential role in environmental and ecological changes and furthermore contribute to global change.To understand how land use/cover change affects and interacts with earth systems,information is needed on what changes occur,where and when they occur.Despite ongoing research efforts on land-use and landcover patterns,there remains a need for developing basic land-cover datasets to provide quantitative,spatial land-cover information.In terms of land use and related researches,topographical maps have been the important information sources.Based on topographical maps,integrated with graphics method and expert experience,we tried to extract the land use information without the image.In a typical study area,taking the arable land information extraction as sample,precision was tested and the error was less than 5%,which was compared with statistic data and image data.The result showed that rebuilding the land information based on topography is feasible,which can meet the need of cartography and analyze land use on the same or small scale.

The application of remote sensing technology to the monitoring of urban sprawl has become an important field of study.This paper presents a general method using remote sensing technology to monitor urban sprawl by taking Zhangzhou city in Fujian Province of China as a case.First,for ASTER remote sensing image,the built-up land can be extracted effectively and exactly by combining knowledge from unsupervised classification,multi-temporal vegetation index and terrain distribution of urban built-upland.The precision is over 90%.Secondly,for TM remote sensing image,this paper presents a scheme to improve the method for extracting the built-up land which was raised by Xu Hanqiu.The scheme combines temporal and spatial knowledge of the built-up land with Xu's method.The result shows that the precision of the built-up land,with a precision exceeding 90%,satisfies the demand for analyzing changes in urban sprawl.

In order to fulfill the promise of "Green Olympics",Beijing is joins hands with the regions surrounding Beijing-Tianjin,Hebei Province,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Shanxi,Shandong provinces,etc.,makes efforts to promote urban-rural integration and adjust industrial structure and layout;to carry out resources saving,energy-saving and emission reduction,as well as environment optimization project;to strengthen the infrastructure facilities to ensure energy and water supply;and to take measures to prevent sand storm and to purify air.Remarkable achievements have been made in ecological restoration.

Today's researches on PPGIS have been more about the effect of GIS technology on society or culture.Based on the requirement of public participation in civil informationization and sustainable development,together with the importance of spatial information technology in solving problems with geo-spatial reference,the authors present the necessity of studying spatial information service in PPGIS.In this paper,the authors mainly study spatial information service model of PPGIS from the view of Abstraction by building several models,including semantic model which includes organization model and process model,evaluation model,and so on.By doing so,the essence of service model in PPGIS is made clear.The purpose of spatial information service in PPGIS is to solve the problem by connecting information given by participants,that is to say,its information flow is two-way,and its aim is to solve those spatial problems by geo-spatial technologies which closely connect with people's daily life.The organization model mainly describes participants and their relation,and participants play two roles in this model: system users and information provider;the process model is built based on such knowledge: every difficult duty can be divided into several small easy sub-operations,including pre-evaluation,problem definition,spatial decision and decision evolution;the evaluation model is composed of data quality control and decision transparency evaluation,and service mode.The authors also discuss the system architecture for providing PPGIS-aimed spatial information service,and give an ArcIMS based example.Another part of the work of this paper is the design and development of extended spatial data engine for managing spatial data produced during participation in a PPGIS based on ArcIMS and ArcSDE.

Nowadays,the visualization of GIS spatial data is in static manner,and the data is managed on the server side concentrically.So,it is difficult to satisfy the need for the multi-source and different structure data.At the same time,it also can't meet the need for the ocean environment information data,which has a strong attribute of dynamics.With the development of web service and grid computing technology and also with the utilization of these technologies in GIS,it is possible to realize the visualization sharing of spatial data in a uniform client and manage these data in a distributed way.So,firstly,the article analyzes the requirement of visualization sharing of ocean vector fields information on network in real time and its technologic difficulties.Then the article introduces the web service and network GIS technologies,which are the theoretical base of the systeam,and discusses the method and the system structure of ocean environment vector fields network visualization system in detail.Finally,the article took ocean current data as a case study,introduces the realization of network real time visualization platform of ocean current data with the support of network service of ArcGIS and visualization of ArcEngine.The experimentation has proved that the ocean current remote visualization system based on web service can meet the requirement of data access and visualization for vector fields in network.

Chosen the land use of Xiamen Island as an experimental area,the paper analyzes the characteristics of the change of 8 landscape indices(such as NP,PLAND,TE,PAFRAC,LSI,SHDI,SHEI and CONTAG) associated with the increase of grain and confers the influence of spatial scaling effect on the landscape in order to provide reference for the researches such as the change forecast,comparison analysis and evaluation of the landuse types or landuse pattern among different grains based on the landscape indices.The result demonstrates that:(1)the characteristics of landscape types and landscape pattern of the study area change significantly with the increase of grain;and(2)in the study area,the PLAND is a pattern indices weakly sensitive to grain change that means the PLAND can be directly used under the range of reaches grains for landscape pattern study,and other indices(such as NP,TE,PAFRAC,LSI,SHDI,SHEI and CONTAG)are relative sensitive to the grain change and reflect certain spatial dependence,that means the scaling effect should be considered when studying the landscape pattern with different grains based on these landscape indices.

Waterfront resource is an important component of land resource in China,and resource evaluation is the major work in waterfront resource studies.In China,the studies began at the end of the 1980s and focused mainly on the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River.In those methods,quantitative analysis and GIS tools have been applied.It is impractical to analyze the waterfront resource only according to the natural conditions and economic conditions.In order to gain both socio-economic and ecological benefits,in terms of the characteristic of Nanjing section of the Yangtze River,the factor index in this study is established including waterfront depth,stability of waterfront,water-behind land width,water resources protection areas and scenic resort and historic sites.In accord,the steps of resource evaluation are to cut cells,to evaluate each factor,and to grade waterfront.Applying GIS and ArcGIS Engine exploring tools,this paper implements the integrative evaluation along the Yangtze River in Nanjing,on the basis of which,index of individual evaluation is evaluated and reasonable division of waterfront cells.The evaluation results show that waterfront resource is rich,of which the fine parts take up around half of the overall length;furthermore,the fine parts are very concentrated which are fit to utilization.All the jobs can provide some consultation for scientific and reasonable utilization and exploitation of waterfront resource of the Yangtze River in Nanjing.