WLS(Wireless Location Services) will eventually influence the spatial information management market, and it will be one of the most important increment services in the next generation of mobile networks. GIS and spatial database will play a key role in this field. This paper introduces the implementation of wireless location services and its GIS server based on XML technology, including the system architecture, application scheme and the organization of the WLS spatial database. We provide an almost complete procedure of wireless location services based on our application scheme, which is described with example XML code stream via extended HTTP protocol, also called SOAP. According to practical urban LBS application and wireless communication cell's overall arrangement, we compared two spatial database storage models and draw a conclusion that the flavor of LBS data must be organized by spatial database and independent city style, not by communication cell style. An instance of such a GIS server about wireless location services on UNIX platform is provided at the end of this paper. This type of GIS server can be deployed at the background of GSM, GPRS, WCDMA, CDMA, etc. And it has been completely tested and will be launched into deployment soon.

GIS (Geographical Information System) is one of the computer systems that is applied to obtain, store, manage, analyse and display spatial data as well as for decision-making.It provides a new technique and study method to explore geographical environment.Today, GIS is used in many areas such as land use, resource regulation and city planning, etc.Along with the development of computer and internet technology, the speed of information spread is quickened and the diverse ways of spreading are available.The school education should be adjusted to adapt to the development, so as to bring forth the new network education technology which is based on computer and internet, combined with multimedia technology.In Nanjing University, the GIS network multimedia teaching system using the Authorware software and integrated it with the former GIS network teaching site using ActiveX plug-in has been realized.Our system leads students to an interactive net environment and let them study GIS basic knowledge, operation and its characteristic in the environment.By this means, the modernization of GIS education aims at popularization of GIS technology can be attained.Firstly, we analyzed the system demand and established its aim, function and content.Next we designed the main structure of the system, which includes the running condition of software and hardware and the whole frame of network teaching and Authorware courseware.We think that the proper operating system used in this teaching system should be Windows 2000 Server together with the Web Server IIS 4.0 and database system Access 2000.In order to make good use of this teaching system, the hardware system ought to be Pentium II and above, 128M memory, true color screen monitor with 800*600 resolution, sound blaster card, sound box and other multimedia equipments.To make connection between the GIS Authorware courseware system and the GIS course web site, the ActiveX control is applied.In the fourth section, we introduce the design details of our system including system implement scheme, the hierarchy and content organization of courseware system and designing of user browsing interface.The key technologies involved in it are shockwave knowledge flow using for browsing quickly in network, ActiveX control using for complex computation and human-computer interaction, design of demonstration of buffer analysis and ASP and HTTP using for searching function of GIS words database, etc.Finally, we conclude that our system is based on the working model which integrated Authorware courseware system with web net site system.The two systems can communicate with each other via plug-ins and form a system with full contents and running in high efficiency, so that we can get the aim that the contents and functions are complementary.

The Geo information Tupu is a kind of methodology of spatial and temporal geographical analysis, which integrates geographical process of va rious events into spatial and attribute data analysis It shows its advantages of quantitatively expressing spatial differences in various temporal processes and infusing different data and data mining methods in long term and continuous monitoring for complex Geo systems According to theories and methods on Geo information TUPU and land use/land cover models based on Tupu unit, four stages of land use spatial data sampled in YRD during 1956～1996 by 30×30 m 2 grid cell with Transverse Mercator Krasovsky projection at the central longitude of 117 degrees are acquired In order to facilitate the operation between the series of spatial data by algebra language in GRID, the land use category in YRD is limited to 10 classes, which consists of sea in research scope, farmland, garden plot, forest, pasture, residential and industrial area, transportation area, water body (including tidal flat), unused land, and saline alkaline area After unified by 30 m GRID cell,four sets of data consisting of 3 temporal units are identified according to the temporal order along the temporal axis, i e ,1956～1984, 1984～1991, and 1991～1996 Then with these 3 temporal units and 4 stages of attributes of spatial cells in grid that are created in ARC/INFO, it is possible for us to generate series of Tupu cells by map algebra language This article introduces methods of creatin g series of land use Tupu based on Tupu unit, which is integrated by "Spatial·A ttribute·Process", and is composed of relatively homogeneous geographic unit and temporal unit The integration of Tupu unit is operated in grid by its 4 stages of spatial and attributes data to simulate its change process In order to get rid of "noises" on land use Tupu, the article reconstructs the tupu units on remapped tables by reclassifying and recoding grid cells in its diversion direction reclassifying data, extracts "input" conversion tupu units as series of "Arising" Tupu, i e , the arising Tupu is composed of Tupu units of "input", where the other types of land use are converted to this one There are also 3 temporal units of Arising Tupu on land use influx conversion The article also analyzes the spatial difference of "Arising" Tupu units by admin istrative units, which include diagnosis Tupu analysis of land use changes on saline alkaline area, farmland and residential industrial land.

From the point of view of the landforms’cause of formation, landforms configuration and land use, regional characters of the three types of landforms in the hilly gully areas of the Loess Plateau are analyzed Approach and technology for automatic extraction of landforms are discussed using DEM as data resource,ArcView as instrument and regional characters of different landforms as basis taking Liujiagou River Basin in Suide County of northern Shaanxi Province as a case This research discovered that the approach and technology for automatic landforms extration using DEM is a high efficient method which is very important to guide biologic rescue of sloping plantation, govern water and soil conservation and test land use dynamically.

Comparing with traditional handcraft of mapping, to produce maps using computer can advance the work efficiency consumedly, relieve map-fabricants' labor intensity, make map digital and provide much more information. So,we say, great changes have taken place in mapping since the introduction of computeraided cartography. However, there are many differences in technological flows of mapping between computer mapping and artificial mapping, and some key technologies of computer graphics and images processing are also involved.Based on compilation and production of "The Geographic Map of the People's Republic of China", this paper introduced the main idea and the main content and the way of selecting and dealing with elements,and discussed the process of compiling and the experience of producing wall map, especially, the geomorphologic representation method for 1︰3 000 000 scale "The Geographic Map of the People's Republic of China". The selection of the relief method and the production process aided by computer.

The informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem is the GIS based development result. It is an assistant means to elaborate the study on the complex ecosystem,and has a premising future in application. It is helpful to study directly on the temporal and spatial features of the complex ecosystem with the informatic TuPu. This can play an assistant function for reseaching the features,future,laws,and decision support.In this paper,the autor expounds the necessity of establishing the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem,and promotes the basic framework and design philosophy to the structure of the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem. Furthermore，questions have aroused our attention in the development and application. These questions are how to distinguish the difference between the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosytem and information database and electron atlas,how to carry through assistant reseach by th informatic TuPu so as to get more in-depth conclusion than general reseach. Meanwhile,three parts reflecting the current state,revealing the feafures,and virtualing the future are put forward to the application of the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem by taking Fujian province as an example.

The imaging abilities and detective advantages of synthetic aperture radar(SAR)are analyzed.According to SAR imaging feature to ships,a method using back propagation(BP)neural network to detect shipson SAR image is put forward on the basis of summarizing the existing ship detection methods.Then morphologicmethod is used to adjust the net detective result.And ship length and width are also extracted depending on theknown pixel size of the SAR image.At the same time,the ship center can be oriented by interpolation usinglatitude and longitude information of the source image.Finally,tests are carried out by this method,whoseresults indicate that the BP neural network has very strong self-adaptability.Although under the circumstancesof low Signal-to-Noise,this method can also get good result.

In recent years, how to use spatial database to store and manage spatial data has become a hot topic in the field of GIS. However, the study on spatial database structure design has been ignored relatively. Most investigations just emphasize the realization of special application of softwares which are relative to spatial database. Accordingly the author carried out a comprehensive and in depth discussion about the related questions in this article, including the difference between spatial database and general database, the key technology and frequently asked questions while building spatial database. In this article many important thoughts and rules for the different design stages are put forward and the importance of standardized design is also emphasized. In the structure realization stage, a detailed treatise about how to scheme out a perfect Geodatabase with CASE tools has been given. The facts proved the importance of UML and CASE tools in the design of spatial database.

To identify the land use change region and the change type is the main purpose of the change information obtainment.With the development of remote sensing, we can use high-resolution image and method that have developed to obtain land change information.There are basically two classifications for the methodology that have put forward, that is Post-classification Comparison Method and Pixel to Pixel Comparison Method or Pre-classification Change Detection Method.This paper gives an overall analysis of the techniques and methodology for obtaining land use change information, then, it studies the automatic classification and compares the accuracy of the result. Furthermore it studies the methodology for obtaining land use change information based on Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, and analyzes the application of the high-resolution image.Finally the paper points out that the most urgent issue is to set up spectral knowledge base of the land surface objects and the expert knowledge base,mine information from GIS database or remote sensing data itself,and explore new analytical method of remote sensing image for the realization of fast,accurate and automatical classification and obtainment of land use change information using remote sensing image.

With the construction and constant consummation of land property right in China, land registration of railway and highway are becoming more and more frequent,but such a kind of land registration differs from general land registration, hence it is of practical significance to probing into railway land registration. Taking Jinhua-Wenzhou line as a case, this paper analyses the characteristics of the continuity, integrity and multi-plicity of the boundary point data of cadastral survey of the railway land. Based upon which, this study managed to realize boundary point data accuracy mapping and establish the land registration graphic database with the support of GIS as well as to present a technical flow chart of railway land map compilation and complete land registration cartography by applying powerful cartographic function and abundant spatial analytic and statistic analytic functions.

Inevitable transition to the models of sustainable development of the humankind is discussed A range of themes and indicators showing the possibility of sustainable development of Russia and the ways of its realisation is described It appears necessary to describe all thematic subjects within a hierarchical system from global to local level with due account to specific features of phenomena that should be represented at different scales Of particular importance is the temporal aspect of modelling the sustainable development of territories The structure of the Atlas of Sustainable Development of Russia is described Possible ways of the system application for the elaboration of scenarios for Russia and for the support of the teaching courses on the sustainable development of territories are discussed.

This article introduced the first aerophotographic experiment for archeology using super-light aircraftin China.After having made a fitting experiment plan through correctly comprehending the experiment's de-mands,we have successfully fulfilled this task through skillfully using flight and photographic technology.Based on the super-light aircraft,Landying AD-200Y,and airborne cameras,20 flights have flown for cap-turing the bird's eye view photos from multi-directions of historical relics in Huhhot of Inner Mongolia.799photos were taken by this operation will be useful for archaeologists.The entire procedure we adopted in this experiment is as following:①determining the historical relics item;②using relief map to analyse the basic geographic environment(such as location and landform)of the historicalrelics;③analysing the traffic and weather conditions;④choosing aerophotographic methods;⑤designing flightscheme for the super light aircraft;⑥choosing the camera and the film types;⑦identifying flight safety mea-sures;⑧choosing the base air station and runway;⑨implementing and directing aerophotographic flight;and⑩producing the bird's eye view photos' digital images.

Efficient spatial data management is a key issue of GIS technology. Object-relational database, because of its advantage in data sharing, security and transferring in network, is recognized as an effective tool for GIS data management, and many studies on this area have shown great success. But in actual application with large quantity of data, some difficulties still exist. This paper, based on the analysis of the features of Raster and vector data and the applicability of Object-Relational database to the management of GIS data, presented a practical integration model for the two types of data in GIS. This integrated spatial data model was applied to the GIS software-ViewGIS, which was successfully used in building the provincial forestry GIS of Hunan province in 2003.The ORDBMS based GIS spatial data model, which uses Oracle Spatial mechanism for vector data and RDB LOB mechanism for raster data respectively, realized the goal of managing raster and vector data in the same database. This can not only greatly benefit end users with remote data access, data manipulation and other mechanisms of the database, but also avoid the barrier of unopened data structure in ArcSDE and has higher efficiency.

Land is the carrier of human activities, therefore the dynamic change of land reflects the developing tendency of land use method and change of land cover.A comprehensive and objective reflection of land dynamic change is beneficial to reach a correct understanding of whether the development and use of land resources is reasonable, and to provide foundation for industrial structure adjustment of the area and for the formulating of long and sustainable development of land management and planning.The multi-temporal data of remote sensing have been used to investigate land use change.The information derived from remote sensing data is also valuable to evaluate the effects of previous environmental policy.The technology of remote sensing, which provides huge and abundant information source, is multi-temporal, high dynamic and macroscopic, while the technology of GIS performs the strong function of data processing, data management and spatial analysis, thus the combination of the two technologies, characterized by short period, high efficiency and low cost, which is better by far than traditional study methods, plays an essential role in land resource monitoring.The research establishes the interpreting signs by adopting respectively multi-band TM digital images in 1986, 1995 and 2000 with the combination of indoor material, outdoor investigation and expert experience.Furthermore, it also builds three-year basic database of land use/cover at a scale of 1∶100 000 and the dynamic database of 1986 to 1995 and 1995 to 2000, so that it finishes the edition, management and spatiotemporal analysis of database with the support of GIS.Through the research of land use/cover dynamic change of the upper reaches of Minjiang River from 1986 to 1995 by RS(Remote Sensing) and GIS(Geographical Information System), the quantitative illustration of the rapid decrease of forest zone of the area, and the large-scale increase in secondary grassland, it can be generalized that all these changes are due to the excessive and unreasonable land development of human race; and the land use/cover dynamic change and effect of policy driving force following 1995, such as converting farmland into forests and grassland and project for protecting natural forest, are analyzed in detail. The essay aims to provide some policy basis for protecting the limited and precious forest resources of the area, for restoring the ecological protective screen of the upper reaches of Minjiang River, and for the valid and sustainable use of territorial resources.

Since being raised the concept of Digital Earth has been discussed by scientists all over the world. With the introduction of Digital City,Digital Fujian,Digital Fuzhou and Digital Xiamen are being arranged. As the technological system has strong point,it is quite promising to apply nationwide. Geometric Tupu is a basic technique for chart expression of space-time in Geometry. The thesis involves a tentative research into Omen Information Tupu of Ecological Landscape on the basis of RS technology,and Fujian’s Yongtai County is taken as an object of study. Remote sensing is employed to monitor various elements of the ecological environment,including water,energy and basic ecological units. Meanwhile water and heat conditions and forest types are analyzed. Thus the study of the omen information of ecological landscape is on the basis of RS technology. It is possible to keep data up to date via monitoring by RS. Ecological landscapes are classified into different types to establish a classification system and to draw up a landscape diagram,followed by the analysis on the structure and the change of the ecological landscape.

It is difficult to collect data for multi-joined-point geologic structure in the system of computer-aidedregional geological survey.To found terra model and mathematic model is the root to settle the difficulty.If wecan do so,we can make Computer-Aided Regional Geological Survey more useful,and make terra working moreconvenient and efficient in the field work.The section plays an important role in geological survey,which makesthe geological phenomenon clearer.As is known the description of triple joined point Terra Model and Making the Section is an important con-tent of the research.In terms of the significance,the text mainly discusses the triple joined point Terra Modedescribed content and sequence.On the basis of those,the author chooses the Visual C⁺⁺ to design the sectionsystem.In the text,the section system is divided into three function models:data management,map edition and re-sult management.The author details the definitions of the structure of the data and divides the layer.

The vegetation changes in Xiamen of SE China from 1989 to 2000.have been detected using remotely sensed data.Three Landsat TM/ETM+ images of 1989, 1995 and 2000 have been used in this study.The change detection and change information extraction techniques were employed to reveal the vegetation changes.However, the resultant different images of NDVI contained false change information that was not produced by the vegetation change.Therefore, a series of thresholds had to be determined to distinguish the false change information from the true one and mask out the false information from the different images.The final results indicate that the vegetated area in Xiamen has been significantly reduced during the study years.This was due largely to the rapid urban expansion.Nevertheless, the speed of the reduction has been slowed down in the last five years from 1995 to 2000.Obviously, both governors and people have paid more attention to the ecological environmental protection while doing various constructions.

As the realization of Geographical Information System (GIS) is a quite complicated course, the method of modeling and hierarchical structure is used widely. Furthermore, the applied design pattern makes it easier and more convenient to use successful designs and software architecture repeatedly than ever before, which benefits the development and reconstruction of GIS. The thesis, through the analysis of geometry model architecture of Geographical Information System feature model, fully uses and combines various kinds of design patterns to probe into the combination of composite pattern and visitor pattern together for feature organization, and makes it possible to access inhomogeneous geometry in geometry collects. Generally speaking, composite pattern and strategy pattern on rendering geometry for feature visualization enable us to separate rendering from feature naturally and sustain various kinds of rendering during the development and implementation of visualization of geographic feature. Advantages of this kind of structure lie in not only satisfying easily Open GIS abstract specification and implementing specification of simple geometry, but also keeping structure clearly and module democratized, and making the structure more flexible and natural. It is beneficial to the development, maintenance and expansion of the Geographical Information System.

In the process of analysing polarimetric imaging radar data, one is often faced with the situation,namely some geophysical parameters must be inferred from an area that exhibits significant natural variability in the scattering properties.Using Cloud's decompositon technique, an average stokes or covariance matrix can be decomposited into a sum of matrices representing single scatterers.Then the targets can be classified as single, double, and multiple scattering targets according to their scattering machenism.Akasayqin lake is a saline lake located to the north of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, previous research revealed that the evolution of the lake is closely related with the environmental change caused by the uplift of the plateau.With the climate change in this area, a series of shore lines formed in the process of lake retreat during tens of thousands of years.To identify these shore lines accurately is very important for further research of the climate change.In this study, the Cloud's decompositon method was used to polarimetric SAR, Based on the target decomposition technique, some useful surface parameters include single,double, and multiple target backscattering coefficients can be extracted from the SIR-C du-frequency polarimetric radar data, by analysing these surface parameters, some useful information about the lake area can be got: 1.The L band Radar can penetrate the surface and get more information about the subsurface than C band Radar in lake area.2.Shore line features are easily discriminated from alluvium in co-polarization images than in cross-polarization images.3.As co-polarization images mainly reflect the result of simple scattering,and cross-polarization reflect multiple scattering, the poor exhibition of HV images in showing the variation of shorelines indicates that less depolarization was induced, due to small surface roughness of dry sand beds in L band.While for co-polarization images the radar's brightness and darkness features are enhanced due to its illumination to undulated shore lines.Results show that by using target decompositon method to polarimetric Radar, the multi-period bank lines can be identified, and the process of the climate change in this area can be known.

Web-shared digital map-symbol-base is an important research direction associated with sharing spatial information on the internet and interactive analyzing service. In this paper, we illustrate how the shared digital map-symbol-base was integrated into the Fujian province e-government information sharing platform service agent system, and analyze the present technique about designing and developing of shared digital map-symbol-base based on GIS component.A design principle on digital map-symbol-base faced network service application has been presented. By using GIS component ArcObject (ArcObject is built using Microsoft′s Component Object Model (COM) technology), the prototype of shared digital map-symbol-base has been established and its functions of symbol editing, storing and managing as well as its symbolizing process have been explored in detail. By integrating into the Fujian province e-government information sharing platform service agent system, the shared digital map-symbol-base can primarily meet the application demand on sharing spatial information based on the Internet and interactive analysis service in different departments and different realms of profession.

“模型”一词,在《说文》中早有记述:“模,法也”,清代人解释:“以木曰模……以土曰型……,皆法也”,都是指仿制或缩小仿制的意思。其有多种解释。当一个数学结构作为某种形式语言(即包括常用符号、函数符号、谓词符号的符号集)的解释时,称为模型。任何数学结构都由一个非空集合组成,这个集合称为模型的论域。形式语言中每一类符号都分别被确定地解释为论域中的元素、数学结构中具体的函数或关系,数学中出现的各种结构等都可以称为模型。如果一个数学结构使得形式理论中的每个公式在这个结构内解释为真,那么这个数学结构就称为这个理论的一个模型。对于一个理论模型不一定是唯一的(引自辞海)。

“数字中国”目前不再只是“热门话题”,而是真枪实弹地在启动、运作了。诸如“数字福建”建设规划的制订 ,建设全省公用信息平台 ,省政务信息网络工程和政务信息资源整合改造工程、组建福建省空间信息工程研究中心、制定省政务信息共享政策 ,同时启动“数字鼓楼”示范区。福建省是真抓实干 ,棋先一着 ,为“数字中国”领跑。另外 ,在全国国土资源信息化会议上 ,田凤山部长提出 ,以信息化带动国土资源工作的科学化和现代化。

“数字地球”如今不仅是信息社会的热门话题 ,而且已成为只争朝夕的行动。目前 ,各省 (区 )都陆续开展“数字省 (区 )”的研制 ,下面是“数字中国”的若干省区的数字化工程建设态势。( 3)数字山西充分利用已有的基础和优势 ,实施数字山西战略 ,合理利用资源 ,加强环境保护 ,以信息化带动工业化 ,提升传统产业的现代化水平 ,促进经济结构调整 ,全面推动山西经济的跨越式发展。数字山西建设将由省政府来抓 ,构建数字山西的基本方针是“政府主导、统筹规划、阶段发展、统一标准、联合建设、资源共享”。

The West China will be developing under a new era with network,knowledge based and globalized economy. The target of the national strategy is focused on decreasing the regional differenciation,spreeding the adjustment of economic structure, exchancing the friendship between all of the nationalities in the whole mother country.After the efforts of scientific surveying and exploration in the past 50 years, the geo information source in West China may be very useful for the regional planning or engineering design after the updating by the new satellite remote sensing data, GPS and GIS. Under the support by 'informatization', the 'modernization' of the West China will read the success step by step more quickly.

广东省深圳市启动一项计划 :1 0年半城披绿装工程。目标是 :全市城市建成区绿地率达 40 % ,绿化覆盖率达 5 0 %以上 ,强化绿化生态功能 ,建设具有岭南特色的亚热带海滨园林城市。云南省的昆明、安宁、开远等 5个城市已达园林城市标准。辽宁省 2 0 0 1年 9月召开河道工作会议 ,要求大力推广“绿堤工程”。种树种草 ,变大堤为绿色风景线。

城市是人类聚落的高级形式。城市是人类文明进步的重要标志。中国城市的发展,历史悠久。据考古发现,早期的城市可追溯到五、六千年之前。以往人们主要是依据考古发现实物,古籍文字记载,研究城市的萌芽及其发生发展历史。这无疑是研究城市发展重要的方法和手段。但是,还有一个不争的事实亦不应忘却,即古代城镇在其发展进程中的某一历史阶段,它的布局结构,如城廓范围、城门城墙、街道桥梁、寺观庙坛、宫学衙署、河流湖泊等自然、人文景观,或早或晚或详或略地被先民用图形、线条、文字,或示意性地或按一定比例,表示在绢、纸、木板、石碑等不同载体上。古代绘制的那些城市地图,有的流传下来了。

The paper probes the application of artificial neural network in basic land price evaluation after analyzing current methods of land evaluation and properties of artificial neural network. Two artificial neural network models for land evaluation are developed, which are called as the network model I and the network model Ⅱ. The network model I is based on the relation between general value of all factors which are taken into account in evaluation work and basic land price.The network model Ⅱ is based on the relation between the value of single factor and basic land price. The improved algorithm for back propagation of two kinds of models is presented. Taking Wuhan city as an example, the models developed in this paper are tested.After comparing different models, we can make conclusions as follows: 1.The training error of neural network model I is almost the same as the testing error of exponent model, which can reflect that the relation of general acting value of factors and basic land price is the exponent relation in the test area. 2.The training error of neural network model Ⅱ is relative smaller than that of exponent model, which shows the model can represent correctly the relation of acting factor and basic land price. The model do not need to decide the weight for each factor by the people and reduce the influence to the evaluation work by the people. 3.The result shows that the models of artificial neural network applied in land evaluation are objective and accurate.

The development and advancement of China national atlases since 1950's was discusses in the first part of the paper. And author also systematically summarized the theories, methods and technologies of the atlas compilation.

The meaning and characters of digital earth were briefly generalized and the transformation from Geo Information System to Geo Information Science was analyzed. The main content of Geo Information Science was generalized. Some key problems for founding Geo Information Science were put forward, which were spatial database and the description of geographical phenomenon.

At the early development stage of GISs, the planar graph model has been used for spatial data modeling. The multi dimensional and dynamic spatial entities were mapped into two dimensional points, lines and polygon objects with associated attributes. This resulted 2 or 2.5 dimensional geo spatial data framework, which has been widely used in various fields and has been found many limitations. There is now a demand from many applications to develop a new generation of geo spatial data framework for three dimensional and dynamic environment. This leads to the evolution of multi dimensional and dynamic geo spatial data framework. After a discussion of the concepts and history of geo spatial data framework, this paper tries to define the context of multi dimensional and dynamic geo spatial data framework, and identify a list of challenging issues for futureresearch.