The Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Network(ESSDSN) is one of the key programs of Scientific Data Sharing Project in China.It is very important for global change and earth system science research as well as national macro strategic decision-making and socio-economic sustainable development.For scientific data sharing,there are two key technologic issues should be solved,i.e.distributed & asynchronous data resources integration and one-stop sharing service.Firstly,the ideal of "founding Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Union by co-constructing and co-using" is put forward.And also three-level organization mode,head center-sub centers-data resource sites,is designed.From the viewpoint of technology,it adopts the method of centralized management for metadata and separate management for data body to integrate distributed data resources.Specially,in order to describe multi-discipline data resources,different metadata standards are used.However these metadata standards should be interchanged with each other.So the core metadata standard and extension method are researched using MVC(metadata standard schema,metadata view page,metadata handle control functions) mode to uniformly handle and visualize these different metadata standards.Finally,the distributed Earth System Scientific Data Sharing System(ESSDSS) is designed based on SOA(Service-oriented architecture).It is divided into three logic tiers,i.e.data resources tier,business function tier and web services tier,and implements interoperability by web services.ESSDSS has been deployed in one head center and 13 sub centers to form a distributed and one-stop Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Network(ESSDSN).Up to Dec.2009,ESSDSN has integrated about 18TB data resources including 5 spheres of earth system and provided about 25.59TB data for many users freely.

Coastal Zone is the transfer of land and sea areas.With economic development and opening to the outside world,various exploiting activities on coastal zone,on the one hand,promote economic development of coastal areas;on the other hand,make coastal areas facing increasing pressures,such as population increase,consumption of resources and serious environmental pollution,etc.In addition,coastal zone suffers frequent natural disasters,such as typhoon,drought and earthquake.Accordingly,coastal ecological environment shows a typical characteristic of vulnerability.In this paper,fragile ecological environment in the coastal zone was studied based on the Geo-Information Tupu methodology.Firstly,it constructs spatiotemporal database through earth observation,field investigation and social economic statistics,and a symptom Tupu is constructed from data mining and knowledge discovery.Then a diagnose Tupu is extracted by combined evaluation and spatiotemporal analysis.Finally,implement Tupu is generated by the support of forecasting model and the decision project is formed.The practice proves that the study of the fragile properties for eco-environment by the method of Geo-Informatics graphic analysis is almost same as the reality of Fujian Province.The fragile eco-environment including present situation,driving factors and the future trend could be reflected more intuitively through information Tupu.The study of fragile eco-environmental information Tupu by means of Tupu inversion and simulating the spatiotemporal change of eco-environment of coast zone would supply important scientific basis for the planning policy decision of sustainable development in coast zone as well as the countermeasure making of environmental management and disaster prevention and reduction through comprehensive assessment and forecasting of fragile eco-environment in coastal zone by Tupu form.

It was very important to learn the climate background in arable land changed areas of China then to estimate food production,to evaluate the balance of arable land quantity and quality,and to put in practice arable land protection and food security.In this paper,the arable land changed areas were firstly analyzed.Next,annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours were chosen to analyze the climate conditions in arable land changed areas so as to provide suggestions on land protection and economic development.The results showed that annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in arable land decreased areas were 0.45-1.05℃ higher,56.77-79.59mm more and 45.80-98.83h less than arable land increased areas during the four periods from the end of 1980s to 2008.While annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in areas with significant arable land reduction were 0.81-1.85℃ higher,85.69-305.26mm more and 86.96-207.85h less than those with significant arable land increase.The core part of China's arable land was gradually moving upward/northward from the end of 1980s to 2008.According to altitude,the arable land increased areas seemed to be about 0.5-1° more northward than the decreased areas,while the significantly increased areas seemed to be about 1-2° more northward than the significantly decreased areas.Otherwise,according to latitude,the arable land increased areas seemed to be about 100-200 meters higher than the decreased areas,while the significantly increased areas seemed to be about 150-350 meters higher than the significantly decreased areas.The difference in precipitation became more and more significant between the arable land decreased area and the increased area as time went on from the end of 1980s to 2008.These conclusions are important help for us to learn grain production,to evaluate the balance of arable land quantity and quality,and to readjust industrial layout in China.

Through remote sensing research of uranium deposit in Ordos and Tarim basins,the close relationship of its metallogenic environment and fault-block uplift(fault-uplift structure) was found.Based on this discovery,and combined with modern information technology(GIS,3d visualization,computer simulation,etc.) and geophysical and geochemical information such as gravity,aeromagnetic,airborne radiometric survey and earthquake prospecting,then adding in uranium geology professional knowledge,the information transform was made into new cognition,and finally,a viewpoint of fault-uplift mineralization and the theory of fault-block mineralization in Craton basin of China were put forward.To encircle the fault-uplift structure and its brink is the main direction of prospecting in this type of basin.So,the conception of putting the application of remote sensing "from the technical aspect to scientific aspect",which,was advocated by the late academician Chen Shupeng,was explored.This concept designated the direction of deep development and further application of remote sensing technology.The practice shows that it is an important approach to make full use of the advantages of remote sensing technology at first,to discover and put forward problems,then to use comprehensive information and integration technology,to make extension study of the remote sensing discovery and combine with professional knowledge,to make the data and information transform into innovation cognition,and finally to direct the practice and decision-making.

A geographic information system(GIS) integrates hardware,software,and data for capturing,managing,analyzing,and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.Addresses are one of the most popular geographical reference systems in natural languages.Address geocoding is considered as the most effective approach to bridging the gap between business data in management information systems(MIS) and GIS,which supports geospatial information visualization and spatial analysis.Chinese address geocoding faces three significant problems,i.e.address models,address resolution and address matching,because of the un-standardization of Chinese place names and the shortage of national address databases.Address resolution aims to automatically split address strings in natural language into address units without semantic incompletion.It plays a fundamental role in address models and address matching.Previous research focuses on rule or gazetteer based approaches,which are easily implemented but with poor coverage and performance.In theory,Chinese address resolution is similar to word segmentation in Chinese natural language processing.Based on the investigation of large-scale Chinese place names and address syntactic patterns,this paper identifies primary and secondary general characters that represent a variety of address units.And then an address numerical representation method is presented to induce syntactical rules of Chinese addresses.Finally,we develop an RBAI algorithm for implementation Chinese address resolution and illustrate an example.The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can achieve satisfactory efficiency and effectiveness for large-scale data processing,the accuracy ratio over 92% and the processing rate over 2,800 items per second.The proposed approach and system can be extended to such fields as land management,asset management,city plan,public security,postal system,taxation,public health management and other location-base services.

As a complex non-linear and dynamic process,full understanding of the urban morphology and evolution mechanism requires modelling.Due to its abilities of simulating and predicting a complex system,cellular automata(CA) have been increasingly used to capture the nature of urban evolution since the pioneering work of Tobler.More recently,intelligence methods were widely adopted to optimize geographical CA models.The similarity between the nature of self-organization of particle swarm optimizers(PSO) and the "bottom-up" approach of cellular models makes it particularly suitable for optimizing transition rules.Based on automatically searching the minimum differences between the simulation results produced by a CA model based on conventional logistic regression method and the actual pattern of urban morphology,this research integrates the PSO method and a CA model to stochastically optimize combination of parameters of CA rules and construct the PSO based CA model for urban expansion and evolution modelling.Based on Matlab,Visual Studio.Net and GIS,the PSO algorithm and the PSO-CA model were successfully implemented.By using the 17 years(from 1989 to 2006) historical remotely sensed images,the PSO-CA model was calibrated to simulate the urban expansion of Jiading District,Shanghai Municipality.Besides,the urban pattern of Jiading District at 2010 was projected with the PSO-CA model.Evaluated with a confusion matrix,the simulation results of the PSO-CA model obtained accuracies of 87.42% for the non-urban category,76.51% for the urban category,82.35% for overall,and 64.31% for the Kappa coefficient,which outperforms the logistic regression based CA model,with accuracies of 84.36% for the non-urban category,71.58% for the urban category,78.42% for overall,and 56.32% for the Kappa coefficient.This research have demonstrated that conventional transition rules were substantially improved by the PSO technique,which also can optimize a wide range of traditional CA models for urban evolution modelling.

With economic growth,eutrophication has become one of the most severe environment problems,including in lake areas.Currently,couples of lakes urgently need decision-making information for the coordination between economic growth and nitrogen and phosphorus emissions controlling.This paper introduces the framework of a multi-regional environmental computable general equilibrium(ECGE) model which is based on the theory of mathematical optimization solution to explore the relationship between economic growth and controlling of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions.A social accounting matrix(SAM) database is created based on the input-output table of 2007 for mainland China and an inter-regional trade matrix is built in terms of the gravity model assumption to support the ECGE model.A case study in Poyang Lake Basin is conducted to extract decision making information for nitrogen and phosphorus emissions controlling in order to avoid the broken out of eutrophication as well as to spur economic growth.Four scenarios are designed based on water environmental capacity and emission factors of each sectors of Poyang Lake Basin and simulated by ECGE model one by one.The simulation results show that the scenario,aiming at the Grade III water quality standards and reducing nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from those sectors with high emission,is the most efficient one among all of the four scenarios in coordinating economic development and eutrophication control.The internalization of external environmental costs under this scenario will reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emissions via increasing of science and technology input and improving on processing technique with economic growth of Jiangxi Province as well as other regions.

The gird scale effect is one of the basic issues on population data spatialization.For the demand of all kinds of spatial population data in the fields of resources and environment and global change models,a lot of researches have been done based on remote sensing and GIS technology both at home and abroad.But the models used are mostly on global(such as GPW,1995,5km),national(such as national population database,2000,1km) or provincial scale,and their resolution ranges from 1km to several kilometers.In recent years,there are studies on local distribution of population by using of high-resolution images.For all the researches,both the method of data source selection according to specific application and the analysis on production suitability are deficient.So,many uncertainties exit in population data application,especially in county level and secondary or tertiary rivers.To solve the problems mentioned above,in this article we mainly propose the method of scale effect analysis on population data spatialization.Taking Yiwu City,Zhejiang Province as the study area,using CBERS and IRS-P5 images we extract land use information and build a spatialization model to the statistical population data of rural towns,then get a set of population data gird ranging from 20m to 1km.Moreover,by comparing population data by grid and statistical population data in rural towns,the grid scale effect analysis is made;by comparing population data by grid and statistical population data in villages,the remote sensing data source scale effect analysis is made.The result of scale effect analysis shows: by using CBERS as data source,the suitable grid scale of production is 200m and its precision is 76%;by using P5 as a data source,the suitable grid scale of production is 100m and its precision is 84%.The method of scale effect analysis in spatial distribution of statistical population is argued in this paper and it can provide basic technical solutions and examples to optimum scale selection in the process of humanistic factors(such as population) spatialization.

Map Registration plays a very important role in many fields of GIS.An automated shape-base approach to affine transformation registration of two homonymous vector map features is put forward in this paper.This approach includes two stages which are coarse registration and fine registration.In the first stage,geometry moments are computed only through boundary for polygon features and three pairs of corresponding points are recognized according to some theorems of affine transformation invariants for line features,which will cause that six initial parameters of affine transformation be solved,and thus two map features can overlap with each other roughly according to solved parameters.In the second stage,fine registration is realized by an improved iterative closest points method using a point-to-line metric based on coarse registration result.Experiments show that this algorithm presented in this paper can still achieve a more accurate registration result compared with artificial registration even when there are many slight deformations between shape boundaries of two homonymous vector map features,which mean that it is robust to noise to some degree.Because this algorithm take complicated shape characteristics of map features into account,it is more suitable for registration of vector map features than other methods.After fine registration is fulfilled,homonymous corresponding points can be recognized and matched from shape boundary of vector map features based on registration result,which will lay solid foundation for following entire map registration.

The WebGIS development represents a natural answer to the growing requests for dissemination and use of geographical information data.WebGIS originates from a combination of web technology and Geographic Information System.The new technology,RIA(Rich Internet Application),is more frequently used to enrich WebGIS in meeting the demand of high interactivity and rich expression in some extent.There were papers introducing the solution of RIA applied in WebGIS such as Flex,but they mainly discussed the architecture,the function model and so on.Base on the research of Silverlight,the combination between Silverlight and WebGIS is presented in this paper.Especially,the authors discussed how to represent geographic information in multi-scale by simulating and improving DeepZoom,which enables smooth loading and panning by serving up multi-resolution images and using spring animation.And then we integrated vector and raster geographical data by making use of XAML(eXtensible Application Markup Language).It would be much more appealing if taking advantage of animation.The algorithm for displaying huge amount of data was also designed,and it improved the performance efficiently.In addition,the key issue of geospatial web services aggregation and web cache was also mentioned.Finally,to evaluate and present results obtained by this work,this paper includes case studies concerning implementation of the idea.The authors believe that WebGIS based upon Silverlight will play a great role in representing geographic information and aggregating geospatial web services in future,and also,it is more effective.

The distributed integration of geographical models is one of the main objectives of the virtual geographical environment. In distributed systems, the format of XML is mostly adopted as a unified standard to express and transfer all kinds of information in the network. This paper develops a universal editor for models data defining under the platform of Visual C#.NET. The format of XML is adopted for describing the multi-source heterogeneous data so as to actualize the integration and sharing of the geographical models. Also the intuitionistic graphical interface is provided, which satisfies the designer without procedure background and makes the intelligent integration of models possible. The groundwater models are distributively invocated with this editor. The result shows that this editor is effective and easily operable.

The construction of distributed data warehouse can contribute to management of great quantity of data and hierarchy decision support, this paper discusses the advantages and the disadvantages of concentration and decentralization for a data warehouse, points out a framework for Distributed Data Warehouse about Ocean Dynamical Environment at provincial level and analyses the metadata and the developing mode of the data warehouse.

There are many classification methods available with the development of remotely sensed imagery application. In the present study, we put forward and realized a new approach to the improvement of the traditional classification method through classification process control and classification data management. The way is improved on the application of the classification methods on the local imagery interpretation. The iterative method focuses on segmentation-based classification data, multi-stage classification process, mixed classification methods including supervised, un-supervised and area increase and some post-classification processes. It aims to combine the advance artificial interpretation with computer aided automation so as to extract ground objects in the regional mapping.

With the booming development of the current higher education, town of campuses have been appearing successively in China. Town of campuses is a particular and populous area. It is characterized by continuous dynamic change. And there are many new questions facing us. For example, how to actualize sharing of resources fully and how to manage with great efficiency? This text puts forward a conception of TCGIS (Town of Campuses Geographical Information System). First, the development principle and the development environment of TCGIS are introduced in brief. Then, the system of TCGIS is designed. Also we make the function analysis of TCGIS in detail. Finally, the outcome shows that TCGIS is a feasible system. With the help of TCGIS, resources from different campuses are shared completely and used efficiently. It provides a scientific method for the governor of town of campuses to manage efficiently.

In this paper, the gains and biases (G/B) of landsat-5 image data are summed up according to the USGS document and parameters in the head file of image, and the difference of G/B and its effects on the planetary reflectance is discussed. Planetary reflectance is calculated based on the image with a path of 119 and a row of 38, obtained on 26 July, 2004. Four kinds of G/B are used: 1) ENVI4.0 parameters dated 1986; 2) head file provided by L5 image; 3)the USGS document parameter dated after 2003; and 4) the USGS document parameter dated before 2003. The result shows that it is difficult to compare planetary reflectance value when the source of G/B is different. Taking the results of calculation by USGS parameter after 2003 as a standard, the reflectance of band 3 in terms of error distribution of other bands has the lowest relative error, and that of bands 1,5 and 7 have the highest relative error which may be greater than 20%. In order to make the TM application intercomparable, the planetary reflectance calculated using the G/B parameters provided by the USGS document may be a better choice.

Cloudtop properties constitute one of the important cloud properties. Cloudtop properties include cloudtop pressure, cloudtop temperature and cloud effective emissivity. One of the greatest current uncertainties in Global Climate Models is the role of clouds. The CO₂ slicing algorithm is one of the important methods for retrieval of cloudtop properties. It is founded based on the difference in atmospheric absorptions due to CO₂ between two spectrally neighboring channels in the wings of CO₂ absorption band with a resolution of 1km. This technique has been applied to HIRS data for about 20 years. Since Earth Observing System (EOS) platform launched in December 1999, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) has been the first sensor to have CO₂ slicing bands at high spatial resolution. This paper mainly describes the theoretical model of CO₂ slicing and it' s applications. An analysis of the characteristics of the method and the estimate of errors will also be discussed. Finally, research issues are recommended for future studies.

In order to meet the increasing requirement for the agricultural resources information sharing, the standardization for agricultural resources information needs to be conducted under the unified framework. Using ideas of international geographic information standard establishment for reference, through agricultural information process analysis from data collection, data management up to information service, this paper primarily developed and brought forward a technical framework for standardization of agricultural resources information-the reference model for information standards of agricultural resources. The reference model consists of three parts-guidance standard, general standard, profile and field standards. This paper mainly set forth the standard composition and essentials of five guidance standards and four types of general standards. It put forward important principles and methods for building specific agricultural information standard profiles based on basic standards. The reference model for information standards of agricultural resources has guidance meaning for the field information standardization which focuses on information accumulation and information service.

This research illustrated the framework of Open Source MapServer and addressed the methods generating flash map with Mapserver plus Ming. We showed one case study of open source web mapping, in which our enhanced flash mapping system served Global Vector Map Level 0 on the web. This methodology has been documented as a tutorial on the official site of MapServer at University of Minnesota.

The paper firstyly analyzed the water supply status quo of Changsha city, and then pointed out the problems of the city's water supply system, such as the outdated water supply infrastructure, the laggard management methods, and the disordered charge system. Then the paper put forward the countermeasures and approaches to solving the problems, namely, exploiting new drinking water source, saving domestic water consumption, and establishing the direct drinking water system based on GIS technique. At the same time, a project of solving the problem of domestic water supply based on GIS is brought forward. Finally, taking Changsha city as a case, the Changsha city water supply information system is established. From the application of the system, the essentiality and role of the city's water supply information management based on GIS technique is understood by all the people.

There are many researches and applications about the shortest path searching in GIS field, but mainly focusing on the algorithmic efficiency analysis and modeling. When those algorithm models are applied in the specific fields, they will face many difficulties for themselves to solve the details in cases. The typical sample is found in the shortest path searching for urban public bus network by using a shortest path searching algorithm based on the neighborhood node network, causing some problems in its applications, such as the lack of topo-logical network information, the difficulty to handle the complicated attribute data, etc. In this paper, the authors propose a new updated shortest path algortithem for urban public bus network through two aspects for optimization of algorithm and data storage configuration. The first one proposes the solution for constructing the topology of public bus network by automatic matching the bus stop and bus line data using the algortithm (before the shortest path calculation), and the second solution improves data storage efficiency by using the database to store the complicated transport attribute data and the newly produced transport network data in the processing, rather than through RAM. The scheme was applied in Beijing public bus network testing system, and has got satisfied effects in usability of data and saving ram storage.

Multi-source remote sensing data fusion is the development trend of remote sensing technology in depth. This paper analyzes in detail algorithmic application characteristics of multi-source remote sensing data from three levels of pixel-based, feature-based and decision-based fusion processings. Take Fengning County for example, specific applications of remote sensing data fusion methods in information extraction are illuminated. The data used in this study is firstly pre-processed, then the principal components of Landsat TM data in 1999 are analyzed, the first three principal components account for 97.8% of the total information, the resulted image of inversed principal components transformation is clearer and has more abundant levels. To extract information from remote sensing image, we select the fusion image from Landsat TM pan and multi-spectral bands after principal components transformation, color composition scheme of bands 4, 3, 2 and bands 5, 4, 3, and vegetation index and greenness index after tasseled cap transformation are analyzed, the remote sensing image information fusion with DEM and spatial data of GIS database can also improve the accuracy of remote sensing information extraction. Problems to be resolved and future direction of multi-source remote sensing data fusion are put forward.

This paper firstly analyzes the mechanism of the effects of IT on the GIS industry. Then based on the analysis of IT development trends, it tries to analyze the great effects of the IT development on the GIS industry. The information infrastructure has higher speed and capacity. The IT dynamically and itelligently processes larger quantity of data in real-time. The network and integration have been the emerging characteristics of information technology and applications. The trends of IT development have two different directions, both being more and more complex for professional use and more and more simple for public use. The middle-ware component technology is also the important trend. The IT development exerts great influence on the GIS industry. IT has been the most important innovation diffusion source of the GIS technology. It is also predicted to have deep and multi-aspect effects on the GIS industry in industrial standard, service mode, WebGIS architecture and business mode. The GIS application and industry will be more and more integrated and varied with the IT development.

The dynamic change measurement, transferring matrix of the dynamic change, and its spatial distribution indication of the landscape in Minjiang River Estuary wetland are critical issues for study on the dynamic change pattern of the wetland in different periods of time. Classification and information extraction of the wetlands in the present research are resulted from the remote sensed TM imagery in the imaging years of 1986, 1994 and 2000 respectively. In this paper, dynamic change for each classified type of wetlands is measured in terms of area; transferring matrix of the dynamic changes is formulated and model of transferring probability based on it is established; and applying the fragmentation index, mean landscape fractal dimension, and landscape diversity index, the spatial distribution structure of the wetlands is figured out. Combining these issues above, the dynamic change process of Minjiang River Estuary wetland has been analyzed for the periods of 1986 to 1994 and 1994 to 2000. The results indicate that the dynamic change pattern of the wetland in two periods are different due to the human activities imposed on it, which is highly associated with the local economic development level from time to time. It comes to conclusion that the wetland conservation plan in Minjiang River Estuary should take into consideration of the human activities affected on it in the progress of urbanization.

Several atmospheric correction methods were summarized firstly. These methods are dark object subtraction method, histogram matching method, empirical line method, soil line method, invariant-object method, cloud-shadow method, vegetation index related method, contrast reduction method, step function method, clustering matching method etc. These methods are related to aerosol retrieval methods, substantially. Then several atmospheric correction softwares or modules were introduced, which include ATREM (The Atmospheric Removal Program), HATCH (The high accuracy atmospheric correction for hyperspectral data), EXACT (Exact Atmospheric Correction Technique), ATCOR(Atmospheric and Topographic Correction Model), SMAC (Simplified Method for the Atmospheric Correction), FLAASH (Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes), ACORN(Atmospheric CORrection Now) etc. Sea color remote sensing, hyper spectral remote sensing, airborne remote sensing and multi-angular remote sensing have their particularities, their atmospheric correction methods are introduced, respectively. The problems and the way on how to improve the precision of atmospheric correction were also discussed.

This paper reviewed the state-based spatio-temporal data model and the event-based spatio-temporal data model. The state-based spatio-temporal data model doesn't explicitly describe the change procedures of the map, and so does the event-based data model proposed before. To fully record the procedures of the spatio-temporal change and make it easy to query the spatio-temporal change information, an improved event-based spatio-temporal data model based on raster data was proposed here. In this improved model, the changes of the phenomena were fully recorded, and the present state of the map was set as the base map. In many applications, users fetch the present state of the map more frequently, so the improved model would make the system more efficient. In order to show its advantages that it is easy to get the changed information, this paper gave some spatio-temporal query cases. These cases illuminated clearly how to query what happened to the map at any time, such as: what event happened at a location; where did an event happen, etc. Also, this paper discussed the storage efficiency of the data model. And as a conclusion, it was suggested that the model is more suited for some conditions.

The network of Chinese Sustainable Development Information Sharing has been supported by the Ninth Five-Year Plan and the Tenth Five-Year Plan and has accumulated mega data from different departments and fields. Now the network can provide sustainable development information services. But the system can only provide user data services, as for the non-specialty users it is difficult to directly use the raw data to conduct synthetic analysis. So how to map the data in the database to the indicators and generate add-value data to provide the user for analysis has become a pressing issue. To solve this problem, the sustainable development database management model and the definition of generating indicators and dynamic indicators are put forward, and the mapping model and the storage method are designed. The present research can change the services of network from data services to the indicator services, and can promote the users, especially the non-specialty users, to use the data in the sustainable development to perform convenient analysis.

Vegetation coverage is an important parameter for evaluating eco-environment of a certain region.Numerous methods have been developed to derive local vegetation condition information from remote sensing data nowadays. Because the existence of mixed pixel, many spectral immixture models have been developed such as linear, probabilistic, geometric-optical, stochastic geometric, fuzzy models. This article tried the most convenient and simple method, linear spectral immixture model on ASTER image data of Fuzhou area. Using this method this paper has generated the vegetation fraction image of Fuzhou area, and evaluated the result by doing a regression analysis between it and the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) image which is also derived from the same scene of the image. The evaluating result shows a strong positive correlation. The landscape matrix of the research area has also been obtained by using FRAGSTSTS software package, which shows that the vegetation coverage of Fuzhou area is in good condition except the dominant type is in the moderate condition.

Referring to the overseas and domestic data, this paper puts forward a remote sensing image metadata standard draft and describes remote sensing image data with the draft. It brings forward to manage remote sensing data and its metadata integratively with large RDBMS so that the structuted storage of remote sensing image data can be realized. It presents remote sensing image metadata with XML and gives the XML Schema of remote sensing image metadata so as to implement the query and search of the metadata and the sharing of sense image data on the Internet.

A newfashioned map, Digital Map, has aroused more and more public concern. It corresponds to Mapping Database, which includes all kinds of map datum. For rapidly searching map data at various scales, map data needs storing layeredly by "changing focuses". The Primary Problem of Changed-focuses Model is about establishing many layers stored-frame. This paper discusses how to establish multilayer storage structure and automatically reduce small scale graph from large scale mapping database by theory of changed-focuses Datum Model. Changed-focuses Datum Model is dynamic datum model, in which the change of graph scale is not only the zoom in graph measurement but the increase and decrease with object details and quantities. Digital Map Based on Changed-focuses Datum Model heightens agility in searching datum and graph expression, which reduces much unnecessary manpower and material resources used for repeatedly capturing data. So it is used in many fields.

The traditional modes usually cause the conflict between precision and efficiency when simulating the spatial distribution of solar radiation on level surface. A new mode was brought forward which builds non-linear regression model directly between observed solar radiation and its influencing factors. Comparing the traditional mode with base radiation, its errors are minor and calculation is 29-289 times faster. Stepwise regression model of the two modes are used to simulate the solar radiation in 1km grid-cells of China, the results show that their average difference is 2.41%, and the outcome of the new model is more approximate to the actual data. An experiential model was also built to simulate extraterrestrial radiation on level surface, which made the calculation 27 times faster than that of the theoretic model with almost the same outcome.