Map is not a simply copy of the earth but the model of it, which is abstracted and generalized based on different needs after man's cognition of the world.Scale is one of the important properties of map.Scale not only establishes the geometry scale relation between the map and the real world but also reflects the generalization degree of people's spatial cognition.As a powerful tool of spatial cognition, the map's status is never fluctuated by other things.After all, the map's expression mode of spatial is more fit to man's thinking.Mental map is the inside tokens that comes from the brain generalized or managed many kinds of information.Map is the most important form within these information sources.This paper advances the concept of visual scale that adapts to visual sensation by way of analyzing process from visual sensation to metal map and the characters of mental map.And the paper expounds the effect of visual scale on founding mental map.Mental map is the mental product of man's spatial cognition of the world.It is the main mode for man to cognize and transfers the spatial information.As a mental element, the mental map's form is conditioned and affected by many elements.Reading map is the effective way to found the mental map and cognize the spatial information.Different designs and means and quality of map have different effects on founding mental map.The excellent map design can offer the mental map that is alike the real world.This paper discusses the map design's effect on founding mental map.Scale is another important factor in map design.And the appropriate scale can help readers to found certain measure (right) mental maps.Although the map's main scale is ensured,different reading conditions and different representations of the map can make the reader found different metal maps.The paper also debates the relationships of visual scale and mental map.

In the past 50 years, Guizhou province has collected a large number of data on its forestry, but, however,due to lack of unified standard, norm and digitalization the exchange and sharing of the existing forestry information have been hindered In constructing the Digital Forestry Information System of Guizhou, we processed the forestry data of Guizhou province using ArcGIS and realized the integration of information and system in terms of international uniform data standards In addition, we realize the three dimensional flying simulation of Mt Fanjingshan and the area from Guiyang to Huangguoshu, and construct the three dimensional digital landscape model and the three dimensional forest resources distribution model of Guizhou province This can hopefully facilitate information sharing and exchange.

Marine GIS has become one of the important developing domains of GIS sciences Both scholars in GIS and in oceanography are interested in it The basic representation is considered as one of the most important problems This article presents a data model to solve the problem It includes three database: basic database, data warehouse and database for marine phenomena; two data analyzing mode: data pre disposing and feature analyzing It uses multi level extended grid data structure with two kinds of global grid scheme One is equal angle, the other is equal area grid scheme They have some new marine chara cteristics.

Data information publishing in Grid-GIS, one of the key technologies of Grid-GIS realization, is publishing the stored data information in GIS database with the means of Grid. It has such characters as all-purpose in realization, high-powered in publishing, easy-realization and publishing software reuse. Data information publishing in traditional WebGIS is realized by ways of CGI, API, JDBC, ASP, JSP etc. Any one of this methods has it's deficiency in publishing, such as it's heavily relying on the Web server makes Web server heavily laden, low intelligence, and difficulty to realize in heterogeneity database. Software Agent as an intelligent software, can continuously and independently work in the Web. Middleware is also a software which has such characters as standard communication protocol, distributed computing and transparent manipulation of Web, hardware, and software systems. So it can meet the need of highly computing and independence of hardware and operation system. Agent and Middleware provide basis for of the Grid-GIS realization. In this paper, the character of data information publishing in Grid-GIS was discussed. According to the characters of Grid-GIS, a new method, using the Agent and Middleware to realize the publishing of data information,was also discussed. In order to achieve this purpose the authors design such Agents as Login Manager agent, Grid-Web Interface agent, Messenger Agent, Task Manager Agent and Database Interface agent.

Component software development has become one of the main technique trends nowadays. Development technique based on COM-GIS has been widely used in GIS projects. Precision agriculture is the classic application for integrated GIS,GPS and RS,and this application needs support of farm GIS software. The paper studies the R&D of Precision Rice Cultivation Information System (PRC/INFO),which is used in China Precision Agriculture Experimental Unit in Shanghai.The paper analyses the key technologies and information procedure of precision rice cultivation initially. PRC/INFO can be decomposed by 5 parts in its general design based on its business logic. They are Attribute DB Management,Cropland GIS Management,Decision-making System of Rice Cultivation,Economic Evaluation System and System Integration. All the modules are organized in an integration system. Cropland GIS system provides the I/O interface and APIs for the whole platform. PRC/INFO is designed to be supported by ComGIS technology on the foundation of cropland GIS module. The platform is developed by Object-Oriented programming language. Its integrated development environment includes MS Visual Basic 6.0 components,SuperMapIII GIS components and lots of rice cultivation models. ComGIS development technology’s advantages are proved suitable to PRC/INFO in the development experience.

Agricultural land grading is still in the experimental stage and its technical routes and methods arestill discussed up to date.And there are no full-blown and self-contained agricultural land grading system atthe present time.It is very important to set up an agricultural land grading system to make grading systematiza-tion and automatization.In accordance with this situation,the author explains the necessity and feasibility ofsetting up an intelligentized and roboticized system.Agricultural land grading information system which inte-grates GIS and ES,and then based on the principles of grading,classifying and pricing agricultural land andcomposite type geographic information system(COMGIS)and computer technology,the prototype of general in-formation system of grading,classifying and pricing cropland is developed.Studies on the grading informationsystem was made using the coefficient revising method of agricultural land,based on VC++6.0 and ActiveX ofMO 2.0.This system is suitable for evaluating cropland under Chinese conditions.The modules included areprojects managing,classifying,grading,pricing,layer managing,system tools,view managing,production putout,consultation,windows and help etc.It has powerful functions in managing attributive data sets and spatial datasets,grading,classifying and pricing cropland and outputting achievements etc.,the storage of related data andtheir retrieval and statistical analysis.Various data and picture files concerning agricultural land can be provid-ed at user's request.Its interface is friendly,and the operation of the system is simple and convenient.It canrealize automatic grading,classifying and pricing agricultural land,and offer the friendly and convenient com-puter business management tool for land and government administrative department of different levels.

It is significant to integrate and standardize the government affair information sources in the process of implementing electronic government. In this study, we analyzed the digital situation of Fujian provincial government affair information sources, then brought forward a series of criterion, classification system, exchange means and service modes for information standardizing and sharing in digital Fujian project. In order to integrate those differently-constructed databases which were divided into spatial database, relation database, file data and multimedia database and were distributed on each office or each profession, we designed and developed an electronic government sharing system in Fujian province based on XML Web services technology. The system made best use of the advantage of Web services which were used to transform all kinds of data into XML format, then integrate data with application system. The result of this study achieves integration of information and application, and improves the level of government affair information sharing utilization and service.

Urban Population Geo Information System(UPGIS), a product in the wave of computer technology since the 1990s, is one of the most advanced applied information technologies in the world.Based on database system and combination of population information with geographic imformation, UPGIS is a kind of dimension- distributional management information system, being concise,distinct and visualized.So far,UPGIS has been widely adopted by some developed countries.In order to meet the need of future achievements in Qingdao, Qingdao Statistical Bureau, Population Resource Environment and Geographic Information System Research Center of Xiamen University and Xiamen KingMap Information Technology Ltd.,jointly developed the Qingdao Urban Population Geo Information System(Qingdao UPGIS) Population.Applied current computer technology, especially GIS technology, and based on data of the Fifth National Census of Qingdao, this system covers statistics, demograph,geography,administrative management and up-to-date research results at home and abroad.All macro statistics since 1978,such as population, industry,agriculture,tertiary industry,transportation, science and technology,education,tourism and foreign trade,which have been archived,analyzed and organized in good order according to the standard of Five Geographic Districts, have been integrated into different scales of electronic maps.Qingdao UPGIS,which consists of composite and intersectional analysis of all related demographic and geographic marco-and micro- factors is not only characterized by statistical and topographical accuracy,but also can be used as computer management and decision-assistant information system favorable for predicting and evaluating all social activities.Through this GIS, the operators could:·acquire information such as the number, composition, quality and distribution of population in any district;·print out various demographic lists,graphics and longevity lists of any administrative districts superior to villages and towns;·predict future transformation of any demographic index and forecast the change of sex radio, infant mortality and aging problem.All data and results of this UPGIS are reasonable, so the analysis offers reliable data for decision-making of municipal government and social activity participants. Integration of information of population and geography,as well as application of mathematical-statistic and data-digging method,increase the flexibility and practicalization of this UPGIS. For instance,data of number, structure and distribution of BASIC UNITS in any district, plus the Five Geographic Districts could contribute to Qingdao information system of BASIC UNITS CENSUS.Therefore, UPGIS is appropriate for all fields, education, insurance, sanitation, police,real estate and business and so on. All sub-systems stemming from this UPGIS could promote the development of economy and society.

Over the past few years, digital process to map design and making has become popular.Several of map symbol patterns were introduced into the manifest on screen and widespread with the network.So, there is the urgent need to promote the guideline or standard for electronic maps compilation, especially in symbology and the related database design, to ensure the information of the geographical entity carried on the symbol right convey on the map, and to be recognized by the map reader in various fields.For the challenging work on map symbols, the useful and effective ideas in the international reference and local domestic document related with map symbols were introduced and with careful evaluation.According to the characteristics of screen manifest of electronic map, the past map legend for paper media topographic map or general geographical base map would be improved for the specific visual environment, especially on the usage of color, the shape of elements of symbol, and the complex composition of map elements.As the research conclusion, the list of symbol system divided into 2 catalogs of content list and shape list.The map symbol content list is mainly derived from existing standards about the fundamental geographical feature catalogue, with the addition of new coming features like highway facilities, entertainment facilities, etc.the visual element of color is recognized as the first to distinguish the high level feature catalogue, such as river, boundary, residence, road and railway, etc.For more, the different effects of other visual variables, such as shape, size, fill texture, on the symbol of electronic map was discussed with the practice on the compilation of fundamental geography base maps, and forestry maps, with the popularized GIS software of ARCGIS.The proposed standard on the symbol list is in the evaluation stage and would be improved with worthwhile comments from the cartographic colleagues.

This paper analyzes the new environment and the new role on city management at information age Combining the characteristics of Digital City,a new mode of the space governance on Digital City is discussed From the background of city management facing globalization,pluralization,informationization,network, intelligentialization,the macroscopical requirement & developmental inevitability of the space governance are demonstrated on Digital City The author suggests the connotation of the space governance and major task of space admittance & space management on Digital City According to the task & target of information collection,information management,decision making service,decision making application in the space governance,the system structure of the space governance is designed on Digital City.

To meet the development requirement of tourist industry in Anhui, bring tourist industry into a new supporting industry and construct much better tourist circumstances,through coordinated development, this article studies and designs Anhui tourism information system supported by GIS It mainly explains the designing aim and principle, constructing process, primary function and the characteristic of the system based on GIS technology The successful construction of the system will benefit large numbers of users and have an important influence on both the development of Anhui tourism and the improvement of its soft circumstances.

GIS is evolving into a heterogeneous, distributed and loose-coupled environment. There has been a strong expectation for the GIS platforms and applications to support collaboration. But the existing GIS software seldom sees the powerful capability to make it. Referencing the development trends of the computer support cooperative work, we set forward in this paper a system architecture for collaborative GIS. Compare with N-Tier architecture, it puts more emphasis on the collaborative logic in every layer. Collaborative logic in different layers has different research topics. The main topic of collaborative logic in data service layer is to support concurrency access data under the environments of multi-user and multi-database, e.g. concurrency control of R-tree, spatial data phantom, and concurrency control on multi-user editing. It in business logic layer is to make resources in client and server use reasonably, e.g. load balance, message control, workflow control, and transaction management. It in presentation layer is to realize collaborative visualization, e.g. collaborative virtual geographic environments, cooperative mode of colony. The CoGIS is a new and important development direction of GIS. It is thus necessary to develop more methodologies and techniques to support CoGIS.

One of the tasks of ocean color remote sensing is the measurement of marine primary production variation with time and space,whose important index is chlorophyll concentration of phytoplankton. The study on the inversion model of chlorophyll by remote sensing has been carried out for more than 30 years,and the main method is based on the ratio of blue and green channels. With the development of new ocean color remote sensors and new inversion methodology,the method based on fluorescence line high and neural network has being developed. In this paper,the neural network inversion is studied by means of the data set of global chlorophyll and in-situ radiance which was collected by SeaWiFS Bio-Optical Algorithm Mini-Workshop (SeaBAM). Finally,the result by neural network in the study is compared with that by Sea BAM’s empirical inversion.

The technology of logistic management is fastly developing enhanced by modern science and technol-ogy.The information flow is more important than ever before among logistic flow,business flow,capatial flowand information flow.The key of successful logistic management depends on the precision and real time.In thearticle,the author firstly introduced the logistic management technology,spatial information technology and theintegration of the two technologies mentioned above,and then introduced the basic architecture of CORBA andits advantages in computing distributed objects.Applet,one of java applications running in web browser,is suit-able for the characteristics of comprehensive operation of logistic management system.The architecture of spa-tial logistic platform was designed based on Applet-CORBA.The author finally analyzed the graphic user inter-face tier,business logical tier and enterprise information system tier respectively.

The data management has changed enormously as companying with the development of the Information technology. It changed from structured data management to non-structured data management. This change leads to many new problems and challenges. Metadata works importantly in information sharing system. Metadata can avoid the repeatedly data construction and conform information sharing between different data supply departments. The information mining technology based on agent was proposed, and the integrated data management was designed and developed. With the help of intelligent search tactics modeling, the quick search of metadata base, the quick download of the data, the mutual preview of the data and information cache were realized. In this paper, we discuss the data management in digital Chengdu based on metadata and intelligent agent.

The integration and interoperation of distributed inhomogeneity GIS system is the direction of GIS development. Based on the research of WMS(Web Map Service),WFS(Web Feature Service) and GML, this paper presented a new XML-RPC based distributed computing model of internet-GIS. The Model is composed of three tiers, the diverse geo-processing or geo-processing-enabled client, the GIS distributed computing mid-ware and the geo-processing server. XML-RPC is used to carry out the communication between geo-processing client and geo-processing server by GIS distributed computing mid-ware. Login,Logout,GetCapability,GetMap,GetFtrInfo,GetSelFtrs,GetThemMap and GetStatMap are defined as the basic GIS computing command in XML. GML 2.0 is used to present the geo-spatial data and geo-processing result. The geo-processing sever may implement the XML-RPC interface directly, such as Web Map Server, or use a adapter to encapsulate the geo-processing service. The geo-processing client uses these basic commands and their combination to call the geo-processing service. The geo-processing sever executes geo-processing using its own geo-spatial data,application model and computing resources. Then the geo-processing client receives the geo-processing results as image stream and/or feature stream encoded in GML 2.0 and thus integrate the distributed inhomogeneity geo-processing server systems.

Ecological landscape mapping is one of the fields of thematic mapping.There are some characteristics, such as, the mapping can reveal the features of natural elements and artificial functions and reflect correlative and quantitative relations of all kinds of landscape elements.Furthermore,it has advantages of combining principles with practice.Based on the methodology and principles of remote sensing and GIS, the ecological landscape maps of Hotan,a representative of the arid zone, are made.Meanwhile, some principles and methodology of geographical information science are emphasized for thematic mapping.Especially, the effects of ecological mapping on information identification, information mining, and information integration and information analysis are showed.Moreover, the importance of classification and dynamic changes and analysis of ecological landscapes are pointed out for information cognition and expression and retrieval.

This paper discusses the characteristics and the technological method of 3D scene system construction of digital city The functional characteristics of the 3D scene system of digital city are information interaction, accessibility, distribution,real time display and reality In order to meet these requirements, we use Direct 3D SDK to develop our system At the same time some key technologies on engineering construction of 3D scene imitation simulation of digital city, such as scene background changing, informational inquiry of 3D scene objects, reality of atmospheric effects and construction of 3D terrain are discussed The construction of 3D scene s ystem of digital city involves in data organization,2D to 3D conversion,and environment scene object construction At the end of this paper, a conclusion is drawn.

With the idea of agricultural information sharing, benefits of macro agriculture decision support are analyzed, a prototype macro agriculture decision support system is built, and its application to restructure crop planting is made successfully Through agriculture statistics,a large amount of agricultural information has been collected and archived each year. In the information era they are now stored in databases and are shared all over the country via the web Hidden in the large databases, the mass valuable knowledge can be of great help for decision making so as to promote sustainable agricultural development The utilization of the hidden knowledge needs a decision support environment for ordinary users to use resources distributed across the web to analyze the data, to detect the knowledge, to visualize the knowledge for decision support The prototype system is a web based one, it is composed of the distributed agricultural databases, the model bases, the decision support process generator, and the reporting and visualization tools Within the distributed databases, different data servers across the country are linked to provide high efficient data services There are many data analysis models inside the model base, and they can be used to analyze the raw data The decision support process generator is used as an interface to form practical decision supports, it is in a flowchart process where models are combined with data in each step to make an analysis Reporting and visualization tools are used to form standard statistical tables, graphs, and thematic maps for gaining direct knowledge of the result With the help of this prototype system, different decision support processes can be formed easily and can be run to get scientific background for decision supports A decision support system for restructuring of plantings has been generated and run to demonstrate the benefits of the prototype system.

The article brings forward a kind of distributed and generalized spatial data engine (SDE) expressed by semantic object models, based on the resolution of GML criterion and the frontier research of spatial data engine. Supported by current large database platform and communication mechanism, we construct a fairly-new distributed and generalized SDE model by GIS language of semantic object. This paper gives a brief introduction to the application of the exploitation result and the direction for future development.

Location selection is a very complex decision process which relates to many influencial factors. The evaluating models are used to express the relationship between the location and the influencial factors,and are the foci in the spatial decision support system for location selection. The traditional models include the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP),the Delphi Method and the regressive analysis model,etc. So,firstly,the author introduces these traditional models in brief: the principles,the processes and their characters. Some limitations of these modes are concluded,and then the author analyzes that the neural network (NN) model is useful and may cope with the troubles the traditional methods are faced,hence the NN model will be a perfect method to evaluate the location.Based on the characters of location selection,some difficulties in building the evaluating models are identified: (1) it’s very difficult to express the relationship among the complex factors; (2) according to the location selection problem for most establishments,there are limited criterions to describe the concerns and the rules affecting the factors; (3) it’s difficult to confirm the accurate formulae to express the real relationship be-tween the factors and the evaluating results; (4) some of the factors are very difficult to be expressed by accurate number; (5) some uncertainties hide in the analysis swatches. Then,the famous Error Back—Propagation network is introduced，and there are two very important points of it:optimizing the structure of the network and optimizing the learning algorithm of it.Genetic algorithm is a kind of stochastic search methods that mimic the metaphor of natural biological evolution.The author discusses the method to integrate the genetic algorithm (GA) and the neural network，and discusses how to use the genetic algorithm to optimize the structure and connected power of the network.Finally,integrating with a project of breach planning of a certain bank，this paper researches the process of evaluating the location by the neural network model，including the steps of implementing the method，and some concrete important outlines. It’s turned out that the evaluating model can play a steady role in evaluating the location. Based on analyzing the results in detail，some useful conclusions are also put forward in the paper.

GIS Web services have the potential to revolutionize the way in which GIS is developed,accessed andused.They make it easier to share geographic data and functionality,and for GIS to be deeply integrated intoother technologies.Ordinarily,GIS Web services are used to complete display,analysis functions on the Web.Inthis paper,a framework“Easyway Suite”is presented to provide a new technology for exploring the GIS Webservices.Easyway Suite expands WebGIS applications from simple query and analysis,to advanced data collec-tion,edits,and maintenance,and helps customer build their cost-effective,distributed WebGIS network editingsystem.Easyway Suite is in S/C architecture.The Server is a Pure-Java,and platform independent Data EditingEngine,integrating with ArcSDE and Oracle.For Client-end,it provides customer with three versions of userinterface:Easyway Editor(Light),Easyway Editor(SVG),and Easyway Editor(JAVA).Based on the development ofEasyway Suite,a web data edit engine,this paper analyzes the advantage and disadvantage of current WebGISapplication,and discusses the technology,requirement,and applications of web data edit engine to explore thescope of WebGIS application.

Wetland is not only an important land resource but also a source of human production and living materials utilize wetland resources. It is of great significance to the utilization of GIS, RS and GPS technology on the whole, to study how to scientifically manage and rationally use wetlands. The wetland in Anqing is distributed in the north bank of the Yangtze River, the largest in distribution in Ahhui province. It covers an area of 9.87×104hm2 being mainly composed of four lakes. It has invaluable function to conserve biological diversity and scarce species. At the same time, it is also a typical region to study the development and restoration of the lake wetland under the influence of human activities. Anqing wetland information system has two kinds of structure, one is logical, the other is functional. Database is the core, which is comprised of attribute data and special data. Information of the system comes from on-the-spot survey, statistical datum and remote sensing image and so on. In this paper, the structure of the system, design principle and function are preliminarily discussed in order to provide a new method for Anqing wetland research and management.

Using SST and chlorophyll-a data derived from remote sensing images and statistical production data collected from fishery companies from 1995～2001, the relationship between fishing ground of Ommastrephes bartrami in Northwest Pacific Ocean(35°N～45°N,140°E～170°W)and its marine environmental factors was analyzed. The results indicate that the Ommastrephes bartrami is distributed west-eastwards extensively, while spatially isolated due to the effect of sea conditions. Especially from 140°E to 160°E, the spatial patterns of fishery, SST range and averaged chlorophyll-a have a good relationship, and a reasonable explanation is given. With the help of GIS, the function of spatial analysis is extended to quantitatively construct the relationships between Ommastrephes bartrami resources, sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration grades,which provide a more delicated analysis between the spatial distribution of squid fishery and the environmental factors. And we find the environmental factors, especially the sea grades have an important impact on the Ommastrephes bartrami distribution. But its output and sea grades in the specific area are not related simply in quantity, and their spatial patterns are contiguous, not overlapped exactly. Further research on the mechanism of Ommastrephes bartrami fishing ground should be carried out to collect more information on deeper water such as temperature, salinity and chlorophyll.

The electronic atlas is a digital map production, which integrates cartology and computer technology.It is characterized with flexibility, inter-activity, dynamics and extensibility etc.This paper expounded theories, methods and technologies of the Electronic Version of Officer Atlas, including the Electronic Version of Officer Atlas' collectivity design, database design, automatic map division design and theme map design etc.Collectivity design mostly comprises the design of system's structure, the design of geographic database, the design of each function module.In electronic atlas system, the use of multi-scale and magnanimity data requires mighty database's support.This system introduces one kind of data structure, which is prone to storage and manage.And this paper explains all kinds of data description chart in database.Automatic map division design is a new function in electronic atlas.This paper advances the methods of map division in electronic atlas: longitude-woof map division, rectangle map division, name map division, and region map division.Also, it discusses the merits and demerits of these methods.The design of theme maps is another important aspect in Electronic Version of Officer Atlas.The design of theme maps in the Electronic Version of Officer Atlas characterizes series and military property.This paper advances the principle and methods of theme maps designing.At last, this paper discusses the making- process and shortcoming in design, and points out the trend of electronic atlas.

This paper firly analyses characteristics of urban spatial ba se information and its function on digital city Secondly, it discusses the establishment of spatial basic database and design of basic GIS Finally, it elucidates the importance of database establishment for the future.

Precision agriculture is one direction of the world agricultural development in the new century and also is the case in China Precision agriculture in China is in the initial stage Rice yield amounts to about 40% of the total output of grain in China It is of great significance for better utilization of agricultural resource and environmental protection if the precision rice cultiv ation is realized The experimentation of precision rice cultivation has been carried out in experimental and demonstrated base of precision agriculture on Wusi Farm in Fengxian County of Shanghai The experimentation has got the support from Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Agriculture, Industry & Commerce General Corp and Shangh ai Meteorology Bureau The experimental results show that the applied chemical fertilizer decreased by 15%, per unit area yield of rice increased by 8%,and the total income increased by 18% compared with paddy fields without practising precision cultivation Information system for precision rice cultivation (PRC/INFO) is the kernel for realizing precision rice cultivation PRC/INFO 1 0 is finished by now The software modules included the following: (1) management of database; (2) conversion, management and analysis of paddyfield spatial data; (3) decision making of paddyfield management and fertilization; (4) economic evaluation of precisionrice cultivation; and (5) visual output of fertilization plan The module of paddy field spatial data management among the system is only based on SupperMap 3 0, ot hers are developed by ourselves This paper introduces construction, flow progress, main function and technol ogical characteristics of the system The system was only used in experimental filed of Shanghai by now It should be improved step by step.

Spatial database update is a matter of urgency, which will become the "bottleneck" to GIS application instead of spatial data production, hence it has become a focus in GIS research fields. The aim of this study is to provide reference to help solving the problem of spatial information update. In this paper, ways of land use spatial data update and the methods to achieve update are studied. Overlay analysis, spatial relationship between spatial entities and smart snap based on spatial analysis are the technical bases for spatial data update. Complete update and partial update are two main ways to spatial data update, and they have differences in many aspects, such as existing way of data sources for update, operational object, technologies for update and key technologies.

When the human society enters the information era，information plays an even more important role in people’s life. Especially with rapid development of tourism,people need more and more information about tourism. Therefore,development of WebGIS-based cicerone system is a need of information era; also it has great effects on tourism necessity and the people’s travel. In this paper,the cicerone system of Chongqing was constructed,on the basis of comparison between the main platform and technological model of WebGIS,and in combination with the tourism development of Chongqing,as well as following the principle of being convenient to the user. The information of tourism resources was collected,stored,managed,analyzed,calculated and displayed in the form of pictures and graphs on the basic WebGIS platform by means of computer network and the database management. The travel information was comprehensively displayed in pictures and texts,sounds and images in the cicerone system. The cicerone system of Chongqing consists of three modules: basic database module,application analysis module and decision supported module. The former two modules are most important parts in the cicerone system. And the cicerone system of Chongqing can achieve three functions: to query the information of tourism,analyze spatial data of tourism information,and help making decisions. After the cicerone system is established,it will be published on the Web supported by WebGIS software. Supported by the basic database,by using WebGIS browser,the spatial query,the spatial analysis and assistant decision can be done on the Web by user. In this cicerone system,the reliable information and foundation were provided for the tourism management and tourism development of Chongqing city,and also for the people who want to take a trip to Chongqing.

With the development of GIS and with the improved apparatus,spatial data are used more and morewidely in many fields.The extraordinary feature of spatial data is its plenty of information.So it is necessary tofigure a quick and effective way to manage the metadata of spatial data.Spatial metadata includes the content,quality,identifier,coordinate system,and format of spatial data.It somewhat is regarded as the index of spatialdatasets.According to the Metadata Standards of NFGIS(National Fundamental of GIS)drafted by NationalCenter of GIS,this paper discusses how to manage metadata of spatial information and build Oracle Database.Taking Ningbo GIS as an example,the building flow and architecture of spatial metadata management systemwas introduced.The study showed that spatial metadata management system can help to manage metadata morequickly' and efficiently,thus meeting the social requirement for spatial geographical data to the fullest extent.