Grid thinning algorithm is a popular algorithm in grid-vectorization. This paper not only improved this algorithm but also implemented semi-automatic tracking grid-vectorization and central line pick-up using this algorithm. Both of the two methods need the interaction with computer, and can vectorize the grid data on the fly and on demand. Furthermore, this grid-vectorization method has many advantages, such as low requirement of the gird data color and quality, high quality conversion results, high efficiency, practicality, no strict with the hardware such as memory, easier integration with GIS software, etc.

Digital elevation moded (DEM) is a digital expression of landform surface,and its application in geology has become more and more extensive. Xiangshan DEM is derived from the relief map of 1∶50000. The area-elevation curve shows that the earth′s surface come through heavy erosion. But the erosion degree is unbalanced,because of the different lithologies and varying intensities of tectonic activities of geology in the study area. The uranium deposits and dots are mainly distributed in the transition area with intermediate elevation variation coefficient,namely,the presence of the uranium deposits and dots is related with the erosion degree of the earth′s surface.

The article introduces the implementation of data acquisition and relative GIS of express establishment based on vehicle-borne 3D data acquisition system. Namely, the stereo images, video images, 3D point cloud data, instantaneous coordinates and attitude of the roads and the geographical objects along them could be captured during the vehicle running on the control of GPS. Through the post-processing software the spatial coordinates can be figured out, and the spatial database, even the GIS of express establishment were founded based on geometric information and attribute information. The application proved that the processed spatial data had good accuracy. The system and application meets the demand of relative users and is worthy to be popularized widely.

As a main factor of fractal geometry,fractal dimension is used to quantificationally analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of the cartographic point group.But it is proved in practice that the cartographic point group usually shows nonuniformity of local fractal characteristics.This paper puts forward a Meta Fractal Dimension Model(abbreviated as MFDM) based on the extended analysis that can be applied to describe the change of local shape of map objects.The MFDM,which makes the fractal method an expansion,shows good analytical ability for spatial distribution characteristics of the cartographic point group,thus is more effective than the traditional fractal methods: on the one hand,the experimental results reveal the spatial distribution characteristics and their change status of these internal points in a certain scope that is called neighboring radium or side length r;on the other hand,the distribution histogram and profile curve of MFD,which in the meantime thinks about macro-scope and micro-scope analysis,can further detect the internal spatial distribution pattern of these original points.So the method of the MFDM can be adopted to analyze point groups on the medium-or small-scale maps and to discover the distribution disciplines of the geographical objects.But there are also some aspects to be noticeable in applying this method: the original point group must reach a certain number;there must be a reasonable fractal scale and a non-scaling interval;and the size of the sliding window should rely on the research content and purpose.

Lots of investigation data about the ecological zone show that how to well and truly achieve the intelligent recognition of the ecoregion boundary and automatically classify the ecological zones is the key issue in the researches of ecological structure,ecological process,and ecosystem service function.On the basis of specialist experience and principle of ecological zones,the intelligent recognition model of ecoregion boundary is developed with the grid generation methods on the GIS platform.The model overcomes the limitations in the ecological zone methods at present,these limitations include low precision,long period,and difficult to be updated etc.Furthermore,the model could intelligently recognize the ecoregion boundary and automatically classify the ecological zones.

This paper analyzes the monthly and ten-day interval averages of the Northwest Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies data using empirical orthogonal function(EOF) to determine the sea surface temperature anomalies modes for these time intervals and to compare them.Finally,this paper uses the mathematical viewpoint to explain the sea surface temperature anomalies modes for the monthly and ten-day interval averages and why they have a negative correlation with temperal coefficient.

This paper discussed the application pattern of wireless communication technology based on GSM to the fields of alert GIS. This application pattern includes data collecting and data receiving, the former is usually completed at some sites for data collecting, which are distributed discretely in the monitored areas. Each site is equipped with professional sensor, GSM terminal, software system and other auxiliary system for data collecting. Data receiving is always completed on the monitor server which is related to the collecting sites with “one to many ” relation. The data collected at each site will be coded following a specific format and sent to the monitor server through the net of GSM in a manner of short message. When the monitor server receives this kind of short messages, it will decode them following a previously stated protocol and pick up all sorts of needed information, for example, the name of the monitoring station, the spatial coordinate, the detected data and other information, and then the system of alert GIS will analyze these information synthetically and provide some measures to solve the emergencies. In addition, this article has also analyzed some key common technologies and criteria used in this application pattern, such as the rule to code short message, the AT commands to communicate with GSM terminal, the serial communication technology, the multi-thread and synchronization technology, the coding and decoding of the detected data, etc. Finally, it abstracted the commonness of this application pattern, and predicted and prospected the development trend of the application pattern.

The geometrical stability of discrete grid systems couldn’t be represented completely only by studying the distortion characteristics such as area and shape of recursive partitions of the discrete grid systems. To study the spatial distributing homogenization of the grid nodes at each level of recursive subdivision is a new method to analyse the geometrical stability of discrete grid systems. Four statistical variables are selected to evaluate the homogenization of the grid nodes. The work of comparing the stability of several discrete grid systems is done and the factors which can influence the stability are also analysed. Finally,the direction of the study work in the future is identified.

The theory of being fairly well-off and modernized in various regions of China is based on the theory of being fairly well-off and the theory of modern in China.In theory,the period from 1980 to 2020 is called the stage of being fairly well-off in China.This period is the starting point of being modernized,and till the middle of this century,it will be the stage of being modernized.The relative theories are the theory of being fairly well-off and the theory of being modernized.On the basis of the above mentioned,this article,with the guiding idea of "let those who become rich earlier bring along those who become rich later" from Deng Xiaoping,"countryside first then the city" and "seaside first and then the inland",mainly explains the theory of being fairly well-off and the theory of being modernized.

Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are characterised by the ability to integrate geospatial data from a wide variety of sources.World Wide Web Geographical Information System(WebGIS) is the combination of Internet/Web technologies and Geographical Information System,it makes the Web publishing and sharing of geospatial information in the whole world possible and has exerted great influence on the national economic development and our everyday life.In the application of WebGIS,how to transfer efficiently the geospatial information,such as the user's spatial query submits and the result data from GIS database,through the network is a key factor to determine the capability of the system.This paper firstly analyses the problem existed in WebGIS,and then introduces the Rich Internet Applications,in short RIA,which is a brand-new Web application solution.Considering the trait of RIA,the thought for constructing WebGIS based on RIA is presented,and three key techniques adopted in RIA based WebGIS are summarized and analyzed.After that,this paper describes the framework of WebGIS based on RIA,consisting of five layers:client layer,presentation layer,business layer,integration layer and resource layer.In the design,the realization of client,server and protocol are discussed in detail.Finally,the thought given in this paper is proved feasible and effective with an experimental system,in addition,some future work in WebGIS based on RIA,such as security,interoperability are indicated and simply explored.The authors believe that with more research on WebGIS based on RIA,RIA will play greater role in publishing geospatial information,furthermore,the geospatial information web sharing will become easier.

Spatially integrated research methodology has attracted more and more researchers in social sciences, and geographic information systems (GIS) are increasingly becoming a new tool for historical research. This paper attempts to introduce GIS to the research of historical city. Based on the archaeological discoveries, historical literatures and research records of Kaifeng, a GIS for historical Dongjing city, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, aiming to represent the urban spatial structure, is discussed. Mapping and GIS issues in system design, data collection and processing are explored. The preliminary implementation of Dongjing GIS shows that it is feasible to represent the urban space of ancient cities in GIS using existing archaeological discoveries, historical literatures and research records, and it is practical to organize most of the historical data spatially in WebGIS for sharing. The authors also expect to develop a new spatially integrated methodology for historical research.

Now, in the field of Resources and Environmental Science in China, problems (just like less-sharing, large-redundancy, and miscellaneous-criteria) exist in using resources like data, computing, service and so on. Strong technical supports from the rapidly developing information technology drive the development of GIS (Geographical Information System), the foundation of the info-technology in the field. This paper, taking Resources and Environmental Science Data Sharing Platform of CAS as an example, systematically introduces the design for geoscience computing oriented resources and environmental science data sharing platform and its key techniques--metadata criterion/meta-database technique, XML/GML technique and net-meeting/multimedia technique.

The research of info-flow becomes more and more important in the research of the social spacial framework,especially,the city's spacial framework. The bandwidth is the foundation of the text,which analyzes the framework's grade,and flow mode of info-flow,then releases the spacial characteristics of Hebei Province Internet's framework at present,and advances simple assumption to the net-framework's progress in the future and some proposals to the orientation and method of the research in the future. In this paper,the central city’s six factors are used to reflect the weightiness of each city,include politics,economy,education,tourism,population and location. From the six factors,we can see the city’s current grade. And then we can get the advantage and the disadvantage in the structure of the Internet's special characteristics. This paper considers this structure as a "triangle mode". From this mode four advices are brought up to improve the environment of network and to decrease areal differentiation,to drive regional development in an info way and meet the whole region's development requirement so as to let the drives to periphery become more powerful and let the info's flow more unobstructed,and can improve the usability of the network.

There exist spatio-temporal fields in objective world, where most phenomena have the dynamic characteristic, with its space, time and attributes changing continuously. And there are many challenges when applying traditional GIS's data models to describe, organize and represent these dynamic data. And further dynamic analysis is far more difficulty. However, the research on data models based features and data organization process-oriented objects have made a few progress in cadastral dynamic management, detection and analysis. Firstly, the sextuple description framework of the line process spatio-temporal data model based feature is discussed with the core ideal of object-oriented technologies, which can realize the unified storage and dynamic analysis of space, time and attributes. Then based on the analysis of the characteristic of line spatio-temporal process, 3 main classes and 12 kinds of line processes are inducted, and then the feature-based line process spatio-temporal data model is proposed. Furthermore, the UML framework is designed by applying object-oriented technology, and the file hierachical block based-raster model is presented aiming at organizing the line process data. Taking the ocean fronts as an example, the paper discusses the application of the model in spatio-temporal ocean fronts data organization, spatio-temporal inquiry, spatio-temporal information extraction, and spatio-temporal visualization. It is proven that the model is well applicable to line process data with the dynamic characteristics, and can also provide basis for spatio-temporal data model whole designing.

Accessibility is an important factor in urban planning,real estate development and traffic management.According to the characteristics of Beijing′s subways that the passengers usually cares about the transfer times rather than traffic distance,this paper used the average depth value of spatial syntax to quantitatively evaluate the accessibility of Beijing′s subways in 2008.The evaluation results show that 1) the evaluation method based on spatial syntax is reasonable to measure the accessibility of Beijing′s subways;2) the evaluation results about each subwayline are more macroscopical and coarse,and the evolution results about starting/terminal station and transfer station are more microscopical and elaborate;3) the plan about Beijing′s subways in 2008 takes into account the bloomed traffic requirement on some keys districts,for example,Zhongguancun district,Yayuncun and Aoyuncun district,Xidan district and Dongdan district;and 4) compared with the other subway lines in inner city, the accessibilities of No.8 and No.9 lines are worse for the accessibilitise of the subways are closer to suburbs,therefore rational running plans should be made according to the OD flow,for example,to adjust the number of carriage,number of runs.

In recent years, with the rapid development of location-based services, significant changes have taken place on location maps which are considered as new map products in research context compared with the general map. Those changes expand location map’s research areas and scope. This paper is mainly divided into three parts. First of all, it analyzes the relationship between context theory and location map, and points out the significance of context theory in location services especially in the application of location map. Then, it develops the context model, which has two main problems in mobile services: one is that different context information is not relevant, the other is that it is difficult to realize the context inference. So we should analyze the role of activity information in context modeling according to its importance. Also it establishes the logical structure of the location map’s context model by using the formal description language “ontology”, proposing the three-layer model of location map which is based on active layer, researching the content and features of activity model, behavior model and context information model, and giving further analysis on the relationships between activity model and different behaviors as well as the relationships between behavior model and various context information. Finally, this paper gives an example about a user’s check-in behavior at the airport to validate the process and methods of location map’s context model that described above.

The guiding effect of website information flow to various human flows is an important cutting-point to reveal the geographical features in the information society.Choosing the remote countries as a space pattern and taking the situation survey of Internet application as a basis,"the geographical network space diagram of Sino-Australia study abroad exchange" constructed by various types of relative websites is established.The type and geographic feature of Sino-Australia study abroad website are also analyzed.Finally,the mechanism of guiding effect is revealed from three levels: application course of website users,platform organization of website function and interaction of new and old space.The research shows that although the establishment of Sino-Australia study abroad website does not have a decisive role yet it has a promoting role.

This paper systematically analyzes the economic situation in western China from multiple aspects and discusses the economic development of the west in terms of total output value of production,industrial stucture(primary industry,industry,mining industry,energy,tertiary industries,etc.) and eco-environment.

Contents of Web Geographic Information System research are,habitually,simplified as WebGIS or Internet/Intranet GIS by most researchers.In fact,there are many differences in data model,Web structure,function deployment between WebGIS and Internet/Intranet GIS.Therefore,if Web Geographic Information System is called by the name of WebGIS or Internet/Intranet GIS,there exist disadvantages in essence.On the basis of web and distributed calculation technology,this thesis achieves much restructure researches on conceptual framework,content system,applications analysis and existing problems of Web Geographic Information System in terms of broad sense and narrow sense,so as to promote Web Geographic Information System research.

Oracle Spatial is the extended module of Oracle dealing with spatial objects. The advantage of the extended spatial database model is that it makes the integrative storage of attribute data and spatial data come true, independent of the connection of the two kinds of data. And the open storage format for spatial data provides a new way to access spatial data sharable and reuserable in GIS. But the disadvantage is that the indirect operation of spatial data reduces the efficiency greatly, which becomes the choke point for the GIS application system, especially when the application is massive data oriented. In order to improve data accessing efficiency in spatial database based on extended model, we introduce data cache technology, which has made great contribution to relational database’s data accessing capability, into extended spatial database model. This article focuses on the application of client-side caching model in extended spatial database and strikes out the sticking points in the process of caching spatial data in client-side, including choices of spatial data to be cached, consistency maintenance of cache data, spatial data coding technology which is available for the users to limit the cache files’ size in client side, and the basic structure of the cache file. After that, we present some experimental record based on Oracle Spatial. In the conclusion of the article, we point out the main disadvantage of the technology and the continuous work.

GIS has undergone rapid changes over the past 20 years,moving from networks of expensive high-end workstations in government and university research laboratories to desktop personal computers in modest consulting firms. During this period of time,problems of public access to spatial data are being addressed by research aimed at resolving spatial query and display issues over the Internet. In order to support the development of WebGIS that are optimized for use by human operators,the HCD recognizes the need to inject human user considerations within appropriate activities of WebGIS development process. A usable Graphical User Interface (GUI) provides its users with presentation and manipulation of useful graphics for their tasks at hand without becoming bogged down in accidental interaction and domain features. In contrast,scenario-based design (SBD) is an effective method forming the design process of GUI,which employs scenarios as a central representation throughout the entire WebGIS lifecycle. In view of this SBD,it is crucial to catch user's intention and accomplish the linkage between presentation and control of interaction information. In the paper,this model is described from four quadrants including require analysis,activity design,information design,interaction design and usability evaluation,the purpose of which is to increase the effectivity for the usable WebGIS. The core of this approach is that scenarios are used to describe the details of the design process,and all these descriptions are based on HCD from the user's point of view and serves users. Finally,an example about WebGIS is given to validate the effectiveness of SBD. Although the system is not yet implemented,preliminary reaction to the system design by the eventual users was positive.

The rapid development of web technology provided possibility for supporting spatio-temporal process information and analyzing timely on line, and as a powerful tool it can also provide support for forecasting meteorological ocean disaster process. And on the other hand, with the popularization of WebGIS technology, the web real time integration and visual expression of Geographic Information System (GIS) spatio-temporal analysis model are also required urgently by people. It is necessary to build a new kind of model or method of GIS according to the special characteristics. Based on the analysis of the latest WebGIS technology, this paper discussed the method of querying, analyzing and visualizing the spatio-temporal process dynamically on line. And taking the typhoon process as an example, it organized and expressed typhoon process data effectively in web environment, and also constructed a prototype of typhoon process web application system which can realize spatio-temporal process's dynamical querying, visualizing, simple spatial analysis, etc. Based on that, it realized a spatio-temporal influence analysis of typhoon motion. The system was accomplished based on ArcGIS Server in dot net environment. Practice that GIS spatio-temporal process web dynamical method introduced by this paper can publish spatio-temporal process information, analyze influence on the web and also can visualize space-time dynamically. Furthermore it can forecast and estimate disaster process such as typhoon and seaquake, and provide spatial technology support for making decisions.

Thirty percent of territory of China is desert and Gobi,where there is plenty of solar radiation.The potential power of solar energy of China is 50 times that of the Grand Three Gouges Hydraulic Power Station,or two times the total amount of electricity used in the year 2006,which would meet the expected total demand for electricity of the whole country in 2020.Where are the profitable candidate sites for the plants and the technique-economic properties of the sites ? Considering the distribution of land cover and the state of art techniques of power plant,we give an initial estimate of the cost of the solar heat electricity generation.Besides the direct normal solar radiation and landuse and technology,the media of power production such as water resources or solvable salt or gas,maintenance expense,spatial distribution of human and economic activities,environmental and ecological influence,investment and rewarding period have to be accounted in making a detailed estimation of the cost and benefit.Geographical information system,remote sensing,spatial statistics,econometrics and spatial operation are tools in the decision making system.This study proposes a conceptual decision making system of choosing sites for solar heat power plants and produces a draft map of direct normal solar radiation of the country based on the observed data and Cokriging technique,for providing one of the layers of the suitable sites for the plant location.Coal power,hydraulic power,nuclear power,solar energy power,wind power and biomass power use different types of lands and areas,the temporal steady and spatial distributions and working times of the various powers are obviously different;in another aspect,the demands for electricity are also heterogeneous in space and time.Accordingly,there is room to coordinate the demand and supply in space and time.

China has had enough economic power for promoting agriculture circular economy now,but there are still many difficulties in view of the current situation and technical obstacles.In such a context,this paper expatiates the meaning of agriculture circular economy,puts forward the main technical fields that are needed for developing agriculture circular economy,and points out the development of basic subjects which are the important factors for agriculture circular economy,such as environmental protection,new energy development,biotechnology,water saving agriculture,etc.

The ways of regionalization affect the precision of population distribution based land-use and land-cover directly.In this paper,the authors made use of math-statistics to choose the factors to design the index of class-2 regionalization,and then did class-2 population regionalization using the technique of spatial analysis.Based on it,population distribution was modeled according to data of the rural residential area,city residential area and cultivated land area,and then distributed the statistic population of Shandong province in 2000 in aid of GIS.Eventually,the precisions of the population distribution data were compared between class-1 and class-2 regionalization in Tancheng county.The result of comparison indicated that the precision of population distribution based on class-2 regionalization was improved both in numerical and spatial aspects.

Based on the method of HASM (High Accuracy Surface Modelling), this paper developed an algorithm for interpolation of spatially scattered data. A case study is given at a coal mine which is near the Dafo Temple, Binxian county, Xianyang city of Shaanxi province, which compared and analyzed the spatial interpolation results from the method of HASM with those from other conventional interpolation methods. Statistical cross-validation is used to compare interpolation results from different methods. Comparisons show that the method of HASM has a better accuracy. This paper also analyzed many statistical results of other conventional interpolation methods and some conclusions are drawn which are useful for researchers employing conventional GIS spatial interpolation methods.

Based on flexible design,customization and framework technology,this paper introduces the concept and schema of applied WebGIS (Web Geographical Information System) customization platform. Three major characteristics of the platform were identified: flexible,multi-granularity function-reuse,and customization as fully as possible. The core function modules were researched and designed,including data customization and configuration,function customization and configuration,and interface customization and configuration. The development and application practice of the WebGIS customization platform shows that this development pattern makes agile development of multi WebGIS application system come true and provides support for data sharing,function-reuse,and consistency of interface.

With rapid development of social productive force, the extent of human activities has been enlarged, which inevitably exerted impact on hydrological cycle. In recent years, water resources of the capital region have （Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei） faced a serious situation such as the crisis of water scarcity, water pollution etc. However, the simple qualitative hydrological analysis could not directly resolve the problem of deployment of water resources, which is considered to be important in sustainable development. This paper aims at developing a water resource spatial distribution model which adopts the linear weighted method, based on spatial information technology. Three nature-humanity mixed factors were introduced as the parameters of the model to spatialize the statistical data of total water resources quantity:slope, the distance to the river and land cover. Slope would change water storage capacity. Distance is used to represent the water utilization capacity. While different land covers would be corresponding to various infiltration, storage and evaporation characteristics. The Analytic Hierarchy Process method （AHP） is adopted to determine the adjusted weight which is subsequently used to calculate the distribution of each factor. Finally, the sub-basin water resources quantity, which is an average of the sum value in the past 45 years（1956-2000） were spatialized via those factors by GIS spatial analyzing function. The spatialized result shows high resolution and clear physical significance, visually depicts the spatial distribution of total water resource quantity. Combining with the "one axis three zones" regional developing plan, the paper gives an advice on the usage of sub-region water resource based on both the result and regional demand for water.

Linear Spectral Mixing Model(LSMM) is one of the pixel unmixing models.LSMM is prevailing presently in sub-pixel applications for it's simple and easy operational characteristics.The unmixing accuracy of LSMM is restricted by kinds of factors.However,the research on LSMM is focused on appraisement of linear hypothesis relating to itself and techniques used to select endmembers for the present.The environment conditions of the study area which could sway the unmixing accuracy such as atmospheric reflectance or scatteration and terrain undulation are not previously studied.This paper probes emphatically into the accuracy uncertainty of LSMM from atmospheric condition and terrain undulation by taking unmixing vegetation abundance based on LSMM as an example.Four levels of processing data sets were derived to conduct subsequent unmixing and comparison,namely,the first level which is related to the original ASTER data,the second level related to the data which perform an atmospheric correction using MODTRAN simulations,the third level related to the data which perform a terrain illumination correction equipped with C-correction Method,and the fourth level sequentially,related to the data which were applied to both atmospheric correction and terrain illumination correction.Then the vegetation abundances were extracted from the four processed data sets based on LSMM.The regression analysis between NDVI and vegetation abundance was further conducted to assess the unmixing accuracy which quantitatively measures the atmospheric effect and terrain illumination in the study site.The results indicate that both atmospheric condition and terrain undulation could constrain the application of LSMM.Especially,the effective removal or minimization of terrain effects is essential for LSMM applications to moderate or small-scale mountainous areas.

Being a multi-scale hierarchical structure,circular economy's implementation not only requires integration of its organizational scale and geographical scale,but also requires communication across the scales.The organizational scale,with "macro-,meso-and micro-"recycles' model in implementations,can be considered as the projection of sustainable development evolution on current temporal section.The geographical scale,with its importance to the realization of material recycling and industrial symbiosis systems,brings rethinking of resources and environmental issues on economic development.Finally,their policy implications are also described briefly.