The effects of landscape pattern changes on ecological services are significant for ecological protection and landscape pattern optimization,especially for ecological fragile regions.This paper investigated ecological service functions due to landscape pattern changes in a typical region,i.e.the spring recharge area of Jinan,which is a major recharge source area of spring water.This was done based on the analysis of landscape patterns changes by spatial analysis methods of Geographic Information System(GIS) and interpretation of remote sensing images,and ecological service value coefficients evaluation of terrestrial ecosystems in China.It will provide theoretical support for regional sustainable development,landscape planning and urban construction.The results showed that: 1) cultivated land area and grassland area decreased,while woodland area,garden plots area and construction land area increased rapidly,especially woodland area changed most.On the transformation of landscape types,cultivated land was apt to transform into others,especially into construction land and garden plots;and the increase area of woodland mainly derived from grassland and cultivated land.2) The value of ecological services mainly depended on changes in woodland's and cultivated land's,which decided the ecological service function changes.The value of water and soil conservation function in the spring recharge area was the largest,and its proportion in the total value was about 20%.3) The value of total ecological services increased from 1995 to 2005.As for changes in single ecological service,service values of water and soil conservation,waste treatment and food production decreased,in which the value of water and soil conservation reduced by a most proportion,reaching up to 4.01%.It suggested that,more attention should be paid to water and soil conservation functions,in order to protect the spring recharge area,and gradually increase the total ecological benefits.

Along with society development,more and more greenhouse gases,such as carbon dioxide,methane,and nitrous oxide,were released to atmosphere by humanity.Scientific researches showed that the fact of global warming was incontrovertible,and how to contain or slow down global warming became a global hot spot of scientific research.In order to meet demands on evaluation of carbon source/sink inventories,UNFCCC invited the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to develop Good Practice Guidance for Land Use,Land-Use Change and Forestry.Based on the.NET and ArcGIS technology,the Carbon Accounting and Decision Support System of LULUCF in China was developed to meet the requirements of National Negotiation under the climatic convention and management of carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystem.The system was developed completely based on the IPCC idea and method,and it could efficiently integrated existed observation records,data,models and methods for dynamic assessments of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance,carbon sink effects of LULUCF and implementation policies.In this article,we first introduced the design and framework of the system.Then we made a detailed description of the system functions and the managements of database.Followed,we described the process of system development and the operating procedures showed in the interface of the system with C# as the development language.Finally we summarized the innovative characteristics of the system.The Carbon Accounting and Decision System of LULUCF in China has complete functions and strong expandability,and it could accept many types of schemes for comparison.Considering the actual national condition,the system adopted native scientific achievements as possible in method,data and parameter to reduce the uncertainty of carbon list checking and ratifying.It would supply reliable and efficient method for secondary national green house gas list compilation,and scientific basis for National Negotiation under the climatic convention and the implementation of the convention.

Three-dimensional modeling of trees is one of the key issues of building virtual forest environment.On the basis of analyses the morphology of trees,an object-oriented vector-raster mixed tree model is proposed.The main components of the trees were seen as vector model and the leaves as raster model in the tree model.The main components of the trees have been abstracted into several classes based on object-oriented thinking.Each vector class is composed of basic vector point,arc,face and body.The model has the obvious level feature.Five topological relations are introduced in detail among trunk,segment,branch and leaf.The three-dimensional modeling method of trees which combines the advantages of both L-systems and three-dimensional geometry framework is proposed base on rules and restriction.In the modeling method branching laws and spatial distribution characteristics of leaves are changed into rules.The tree model is consistent with the biophysical characteristics of trees.And it is provided with space geometrical features and topological relations.Model parameters are controlled by threshold,model adjusting and random restriction.The model achieved a higher precision.Tree restriction involves tree configuration,leaf size,leaf area index and random.Finally the tree model and modeling method are realized by Visual C++and OpenGL.The modeling method is tested by measurement data.The obtained tree model is more in line with the actual morphological structure parameters and bio-physical indicators than any other model.The obtained tree model supports physiological and ecological process simulation,rule discovering,and parameter calculation.

In this paper the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation cover in Northwest China and its influencing factors were analyzed by average method,trend line and correlation analysis during 1982 to 2006 using GIMMS/NDVI data.The annual average NDVI has been increased significantly with a rate of 0.5%/10a in Northwest China in recent 25 years.There were some significant spatial differences of the vegetation cover change.The trend line slope of NDVI were higher than 0.0005 in Xinjiang（Tianshan,Artai Mountains）,Gansu（Qilian Mountains） and the eastern part of Qinghai,and it indicated the vegetation cover was significant increased in this areas.The trend line slope of NDVI were lower than-0.000 5 in the southern region of Qinghai,Shanxi and Ningxia border region,parts of Gansu and Xinjiang（Talimu Basin,Tulufan,Tahe,Tuoli）,and it indicated the vegetation cover was degraded in this areas.The NDVI of woodland,grassland and cultivated land had an ascending tendency during the study period.Studies showed that: the vegetation cover change was caused both naturally and artificially in Northwest China.The temperature rose significantly in past 25 years in northwest China by an average rate of 0.67℃/10a,and precipitation increased by an average rate of 8.15mm/10a since 1986.There was a weak positive correlation between vegetation cover and temperature and precipitation inter-annual changes.However,there was a significant linear relationship between vegetation cover and the monthly average temperature and precipitation during the years.But when the average monthly temperature exceeded 20℃,the NDVI decreased and the correlation coefficient is 0.29;when the average monthly precipitation was 0~100mm,the NDVI increased and the correlation coefficient is 0.63.However,when the average monthly precipitation was more than 100mm,a clear growth trend no longer existed.The improvement in agricultural production and the ecological construction project are the very important reasons to increase the NDVI in Northwest China.

The Chinese meteorological satellite program,began from 1970's,consists of two series,i.e.,polar-orbiting satellite series and geostationary satellite series,as well as the ground operational segment.In partnership with the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation(CASC),the second generation of polar-orbiting meteorological satellite,i.e.,FY-3A,the first of this series was developed,and launched from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre in China on 27 May,2008.The FY-3A in orbit serves as a moving meteorological observing station,and is equipped with both sounding and imaging payload,providing three-dimensional,quantitative,multi-spectrum global remote sensing data under all weather conditions.It has more powerful applications in several fields over the FY-1 satellites.This satellite provides a unique source of environmental observations of the earth's surface,oceans,atmosphere,and near space.The observations are used to derive profiles of atmospheric temperature and moisture,sea surface temperature,cloud parameters,precipitation rate at ground,snow and ice coverage,fogs,aerosol,ozone profile,ozone amount,outgoing longwave radiation,and so on.The data and products are used in numerical weather analysis and prediction,climate change monitoring,oceanographic,hydrologic,agriculture,forestry,forage grass and natural disasters monitoring and services.The applications of the satellite data can greatly improve the meteorological and climate service and thus benefit the society and national economy.Users in the world can get the data and products from National Satellite Meteorological Centre by some ways for further uses.Now the FY-3A is a necessary part of the World Meteorological Organization(WMO) space-based component of the Global Observing System(GOS).It is not just for China use,but also make contribution to the word.This paper briefly introduces the major characteristics of the satellite data and provides some products and application examples in numerical weather prediction,regional weather and climate change,environmental and nature disaster monitoring.

Soil suitability evaluation is a complex issue which concerns many disciplines and depends on varied knowledge and experiences.In resent years,the ontology coming from fields of Intelligent Information Processing and Knowledge Management Engineering is a new method for knowledge representation,sharing and reusing.In this paper,the ontology-based knowledge representation and the technique of ontology-based knowledge base system(KBS) were applied in the soil suitability evaluation domain.Firstly,the necessity and innovation of using the ontology-based KBS in the process of soil suitability evaluation was discussed.According to the system target of soil suitability evaluation application,the framework of ontology-based KBS and the key technologies to implement it were prompted.By combining the essential connotation and general process of soil suitability evaluation,the system design ideas of ontology-based KBS used in soil suitability evaluation domain was determined,and the system architecture using OWL and Jena2 was presented.Based on analysis of soil suitability evaluation and associated fields such as crop cultivation and land use,the core concept set and relevant set of domain ontology model were extracted,and the soil suitability evaluation ontology was developed by OWL,the domain ontology language.Based on the extracting of reasoning rules for soil suitability evaluation and soil property knowledge representation,the reasoning rules of the system was put forward according to the rule syntax of Jena2.Then the ontology and rules was stored in the ontology-based knowledge base(KB) by using the system functions of persistence storage and rule editor.Base on the construction of ontology-based KB and rule-based reasoning mechanism,the KBS fruit planting suitability evaluation was carried out by developing and integrating of the system functions for ontology parsing,ontology instances constructing,rule-based reasoning and result querying.Finally,we present an example of soil environmental quality and soil suitability analysis to prove the feasibility and practicability of the system.The research shows that the ontology-based knowledge based system can make effective use in the process of soil suitability evaluation and increase knowledge sharing and reusing.

It is significant for environment protection and land reclamation to find out the influence of mining subsidence to soil moisture content by study the distribution and spatial variation of soil moisture content.This paper takes Shuanggou mining subsidence of Daliuta in Shenmu County,Shannxi Province as the test area to analysis the spatial variation of soil moisture content characteristic of coal mining subsidence by methods of traditional statistics and geostatistics.We set 69 sampling sites at the test area and collect 7 soil moisture content values at each site by TDR(Time Domain Reflectometry).Then we use the drying method to revise the original data obtained by TDR.The analytic results indicated that: soil physical characteristics of granularity,bulk density and porosity of mining soil changed due to converting and recomposing of soil layer vertically.So that,soil moisture content of mining subsidence more significantly reduced than that of natural soil by 14.2 % to 21.9% at the depth of 0 to 60cm.And the vertical variability of soil moisture content of subsidence was also stronger than that of natural soil with the coefficient of variation tended to be19.2% to 50% higher at all depths in the subsidence area than that of the native area.The Kriging contour maps of soil moisture content in the depth of 0,20,40 and 60cm of the test area showed that low value of soil moisture content lies in the collapse crater of subsidence area.It proved that soil moisture retention capability has been influenced remarkably by those subsidence configurations such as ground fissures,collapse pit or collapse cave in the ground surface.Soil moisture content reduction and enhancing in spatial variation directly resulted in the deterioration of vegetation living conditions.Furthermore,the ground landscape was also badly destroyed.

Groundwater is not only an essential component of water resources,but also an extremely sensitive factor of the environment in Northwestern inner land basin.The groundwater dynamic could affect the evolvement of oasis,vegetation growth and development.The remote sensing technique,for its large-scale covering and cost-effective feature,may pay an important role in obtaining information of groundwater level in inner land basin where there is a paucity of basic hydrological data for backward developed monitoring systems.Ground surface reflection is significantly related to the depth of groundwater level for the very few precipitations in arid region.This paper aims to develop the groundwater level monitoring model for in arid region based support vector machine(SVM) regression method by using remote sensing.The spatial distribution and changes of ground-water level in time-series can be monitored and analyzed with vegetation and surface temperature information from the image radiation.The inputs of the model are the Normal Differential Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature(LST) data extracted from the MODIS images products,as well as the field observations of wells.Various kernel functions including the one-order polynomial,cubic polynomial and RBF function for SVM regression method are tested and simulated to find appropriate one for modeling.The research results in Shule River basin of Hexi corridor,Gansu Province illustrate that the model approach proposed is effective especially for the shallow groundwater level monitoring in arid region.The shallow groundwater levels with depth less than 3 meters fit the one-order polynomial kernel function better,and for greater groundwater depth more than 5 meters,it is even more suitable for selection of RBF kernel function or a cubic polynomial nuclear function method to simulate groundwater level.The research results could provide the basic approaches for the water cycle module and hydrology research,as well as support the sustainable water resources development and management in Northwest regions of China.

Starting at analyzing the characteristics of vulnerable ecological system,this paper firstly selected 3 landscape indexes(FI,FD and FN) and 1 eco-environment index of erosion to make up the eco-environment sensitive factors;secondly,it chose ecological suitability as its automatic recovery ability.Thus it built up an Eco-Environment Vulnerability Assessment Model which was used to evaluate the effects of Grain for Green Project(GGP) on the Eco-Environment of Mudanjiang Region,Heilongjiang Province.In the processing,we divided the study area into 463 grids of 10km×10km by the fishnet command in ArcGIS to make the assessment results more intuitively.Calculating the eco-environmental vulnerability of every grid and assigning the value to the center point,we accomplished the value spatialization by Kriging interplating method.The results show that:①No matter before or after the GGP,the landscape vulnerability value from high to low is that:dry farmland>building>paddy field>forest>unused land>water>swamp>grass;②Horizontally,the eco-environmental vulnerability in Mudanjiang Region declines from the high center to low edge circularly;after the GGP,the area proportion of higher vulnerability zone decreases from 21.57% to 17.11% while the lower increases from 63.14% to 67.66%;③Vertically,the extremely vulnerable zone V and vulnerable zone IV separately exist in 200-400m and 100-600m elevation ranges,0-8° and 0-35° slope range,and their area proportions decrease after the GGP;the weak vulnerable zone II and the good eco-environmental zone I exist in >100m elevation ranges,separately in 0-35° slope ranges and every slope range,and their area proportions increase;the general vulnerable zone III belongs to the transitional zone and its changes appears little regular compared to the two formers.In a word,the model suits to the study area and the results show that the GGP relieved the vulnerability in Mudanjiang Region and promoted the environmental quality there.

Researches on historical land use and land cover change(LUCC) have important significance for the future human activities.In this paper,taking Zhenlai County of Jilin Province as the study area,the application of toponymy and other correlative historical data to acquire the beginning period of large-scale land reclamation in Northeast China was discussed.And integrating with reclassification methods,centroid transfer analysis and overlay analysis,the characteristics of residential area evolvement and land development in Zhenlai County were analyzed according to the historical records in the toponymy and so on.It was documented that during the Kangxi Period in Qing Dynasty or 1853,there were small-scale of land reclamation along with the settlement activities in Zhenlai County.From about 1875 on,the land reclamation became continuous,while it was almost in a natural state before.In the early days,with lagging techniques,the evolution of villages and land development process were interactional.Therefore,from the view of village evolution,we could deduce it was the most prominent period for land reclamation during 1907-1912;and by 1975,the village pattern in Zhenlai County was formed and stable,at the same time the land reclamation activities has transformed from individual behavior into the collective and mechanized farming.In brief,under the influences of various policies in Northeast China and natural disasters and wars,land development in Zhenlai County expanded from the eastern and central flat regions to the western high-lying areas.

Although the promotion of scientific data sharing has brought an unprecedented research opportunity,it still did not get rid of the traditional research process that is "collecting data-downloading data-analyzing data",which has severely hampered the efficiency of research output and the needs of data for researchers has been changed into the needs of information and knowledge.In this paper,taking China's socio-economic statistical data,vector data of national fundamental geographic administrative divisions as examples,in conjunction with ESRI and Google's global maps and image services,we discussed the virtual data integration methods of geo-multisource data and its visualization analysis application,so as to realize rapid knowledge discovery and information acquisition.The paper firstly described methods to publish the map data and attribute data as web services and then discussed three integration principles of multisource web services for the heterogeneous and homogeneous data:(1) all the records of attribute data are assigned a unique number as key fields for the association with a spatial map shape,so that the spatialization of attribute data could be realized;(2) all the spatial data are preprocessed to be suitable for integration by unifying their projections and coordinate systems;and(3) the integrity and accuracy of the data published for web services are ensured.Following the above three principles,the data were prepared.After publishing different types of data as web services,a scheme of online data statistical analysis and visualization based on integration data retrieved from multi-source web services were designed and a preliminary application system was developed.The results show that service-oriented technology can effectively solve the problems of multisource heterogeneous data integration and have obvious advantages as opposed to traditional data sharing and application system.Although the service-oriented technology has turned to be mature,there is still a long way to go for the wide and deep applications.According to our study,there still exist some problems such as the different data units from different sources,the complex operation processes and the ununiform service specification.In future studies,more attention should be paid to the standardization of different services,intelligent operations and application packaging,so as to promote the construction of E-Geoscience and provide all-round services for researchers ultimately.

Studies on the comprehensive index system are foundational works and important contents for energy security risk appraising.Coal and oil are the principal part of energy supply and consumption in China.The security risk sources of coal and oil come from five aspects,i.e.resources,production,transportation,market and consumption.In fact,the comprehensive appraisal for security risk of coal and oil is the integration and synthesis of possibility assessments based on the risk sources mentioned above.After that,the comprehensive risk index of coal and oil is obtained.Based on hierarchical analysis model and comprehensive appraisal methods used in relative researches,an index system with 4 layers(i.e.target layer,guideline layer,sub-criteria layer and the index layer) and 14 indexes is established,the comprehensive risk degrees are determined,and a risk degree assessment model for the risk sources is built.By calculation of the assessment model,the coal and oil security comprehensive risk index(ESCRI) is brought about.Furthermore,an integrated grade of security risk for coal and oil is divided,which,including 5 levels of risk possibilities,i.e.very low,low,medium,high and very high.The results of this study are helpful for assessment and management of security risk for coal and oil,or even for all kinds of energy.And this paper suggests an example both theoretically and methodically for identification,prediction and responds to risks.

Population spatial structure is an important part in urban spatial structure.For more exact modeling population distribution condition and more expressly reflecting population spatial pattern in urban region,with the fifth census data of Shenyang City,in this paper we spatialize population data by using grid calculating,model population distribution by using Geo-statistics,identify population pattern by using DEM models and analyze characters of population distribution.Main conclusions include: population distribution is unbalanced and accumulative in Shenyang City.There are 11 population distribution cores obviously instead of a monocentric pattern.Population distribution is more distinctly localized in the urban heartland.Population distribution is mainly affected by the two nearby population cores.This study implies that characters of population spatial distribution in Chinese cities take on several complexities under market economy system.So the rules and driving mechanism of population distribution in Chinese cities should be further studied.In the mean time,this paper thinks that statistics has shortcomings in studying population spatial distribution in urban region,geo-statistics and DEM models can heighten the theory and application levels of urban geography and population geography when they are applied in urban geography and population geography.

The description of a spatial relation is the reflection of human's cognition of spatial objects.It is not only affected by the topology and metric,but also affected by geographic semantics,such as the categories of geographic entities and contexts.Currently,the researches about language aspects of spatial relations mostly focus on natural-language formalization,parsing of query sentences,and natural-language query interface.In these researches,spatial objects are usually abstracted into geometric figures.However,geographic objects are not simple geometric points,lines or polygons.Spatial relation queries that just consider geometry property of objects cannot always meet human's habits of language and cognition.So,in order to get a sound answer according with human cognition in spatial relation query,we have to take the semantic aspect of geographic objects into account.Based on previous work on natural-language formalization and human-subject tests,the functions of the natural-language terms which describe spatial relations are calculated in this paper.Then,we sum up some knowledge about how spatial relations between two different geographic objects with different geographic semantics are represented in natural language,and design a knowledge base to represent these knowledge rules.Finally,using the rules in knowledge base and GIS platform,the prototype of a query system is implemented.The results show that spatial relation queries which take geographic semantics into account can be more in accordance with people's cognitive habits of geographic knowledge.

Web service,defined by the W3C as a software system designed to support interoperable interaction over a network,has been widely used in the internet application development.Considering the potentials of Web service in geographic applications,this paper discusses metadata description of geographic multimedia resources,such as image,audio,video and panoramic picture,and the system design and implementation technologies of geographic hypermedia systems using service oriented architecture.GeoRSS,an emerging standard for encoding location as part of a Web feed,was selected to describe the geographic multimedia resources.In GeoRSS,location content consists of geographical points,lines,and polygons of interest and related feature descriptions.In addition,the detailed video path was created as ArcGIS layer with linear reference of video time,which is used to identify the video frame of a specific location along its path.The key issues in the development of general geographic hypermedia systems are to manage the metadata of geographic multimedia resources,to integrate map data and multimedia data in HTML/XHTML pages or rich internet application using server or client script languages,to design the geographic multimedia player tools in order to meet application needs,and to implement the application systems using standard web technologies such as mainstream JavaScript,ASP.NET or Java.Two prototypes of geographic hypermedia application in campus and regional road management were developed to examine the data models and system design.In the applications,three types of Web services,i.e.ArcGIS Server 9.3 Web mapping services and GeoProcessing services,Flash FMS 3.0 Web video streaming services and GeoRSS XML HTTP services,were integrated to develop the geographic hypermedia systems.The first application was implemented in Google Maps using JavaScript mash up programming.The second was designed in ArcGIS Server 9.3 ADF.NET with hypermedia extension using C# and JavaScript programming.Applications development shows that the geographic multimedia models and system framework introduced in this paper are useful and flexible,and have potentials in professional or public geographic applications.Such geographic hypermedia systems have application potentials in geographical fields.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in conserving soil fertility,improving soil quality,and changing global climate.SOC is closely related to the spatial distribution pattern of soil organic carbon density (SOCD).It is necessary to predict SOCD for the un-sampled points.Thus,it is really meaningful to derive accurately spatially data of SOCD from discrete data using spatial prediction methods for SOC evolution trend research and for the exploration of the role that SOC sequestration played in alleviating global climate change.Based on 87 paddy soil profiles collected from Changxing County,Zhejiang Province for the Second National Soil Survey,this paper attempted to predict the spatial patterns of paddy soil organic carbon density in Changxing County using two different methods.The data of paddy soil profiles were used directly by Universal Kriging (UK),and the data of paddy soil profiles and 1:50 000 digital map of Changxing County were used by pedological professional knowledge-based (PKB) method to predict the spatial patterns of paddy soil organic carbon density in Changxing County.Prediction was evaluated in virtue of mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE).MAE (24.7) and RMSE (43.1) of PKB method were lower than UK method.The sum squared error (ESS) of the UK method only can explain 20% of the total variation.The PKB method widened the range of SOC density (49.6-650.1 t C hm^-2) as compared with the UK method the range of SOC density (66.7-165.7 t C hm^-2).The prediction by PKB method had less smoothing effect and more details of depicting the local variation under complex terrain.Therefore,PKB method was a better method for predicting paddy soil organic carbon density in Changxing County in this study.

Land-use type data at different scales expresses different content,transmits different information,and reveals different phenomena and laws.The macro-data at large-scale is usually generalized from many fine data at small-scale.The process of land-use type data generalization caused by type up-scaling was addressed and the methods of land-use type aggregating,merging of adjacent parcels with the same type,small parcels amalgamating,spatial-data simplifying and topology preserving are elaborated respectively.This paper focused in the approach of small polygon amalgamation by skeleton subdivision,which first used constrained Delaunay method to build triangulation network and used the triangulations to build the skeleton lines according to five different types of triangulation and then divided the small polygon using the skeleton lines into many smaller polygons adjacent to different polygons and merged them to the different adjacent polygons.Uses this approach to amalgamate the small parcels which their areas are smaller than criterion,the proportion of different land-use types was roughly the same as before amalgamation;then proposed a polygon simplification method to simplify land-use type polygons,which was based on the Douglas-Peucker algorithm and constructed a balanced line to preserve the same area as before simplification.In order to maintain the topology of the polygons,first divided the polygon into different polylines according to their adjacent relations and simplified them respectively and then rebuilt the polygon with the simplified polylines.The area preserved simplification process first used the Douglas-Peucker algorithm to simplify the polyline and got the smallest simplification unit and within the unit built a balance line to preserve the same area as before simplification.Thus the area and the topology before and after simplification are consistent.The results of the test data showed that the method is suitable for the generalization of land-use type data,and can be used else where when geospatial data were up-scaled.

3D GIS has become a focus field of GIS study currently,and high-resolution satellite image is an important data resource for the 3D GIS construction.In this paper,based on the high-resolution IKONOS satellite stereo images,using the method to extract the 3D visualization information of the research area,including DEM extraction,orthophoto map making,3D information and texture of the ground building,the progress of the DEM extraction was analyzed and the errors of the DEM were corrected.A technical method that uses the ERDAS IMAGINE and 3ds Max software to carry on hybrid modeling was put forward.By complementing the advantages of two kinds of software,this method can accomplish the modeling work of the ground building better.Finally,based on the VC++6.0 platform,combined with the DirectX SDK,the 3D visualization landscape was firstly constructed from two aspects,including the visualization of terrain and the loading of the ground feature models.In this process,in order to improve the operating speed,the Level of Detail algorithm and Mipmap technology were used to optimize the terrain visualization and the texture of the models.Further more,the diversification of the smog was simulated by constructing particle system and many factors of the environment and production facilities that can influence the movement of the smog were calculated and added.Through these work,the production activities of the special facility can be inferred,so it can provide support for the decision analysis.

In this paper,the relation in arithmetic between Kriging interpolation and sequential Gaussian conditional simulation(SGCS)were inferred and the statistical parameters for Kriging interpolation,for SGCS and for the original data were compared.It demonstrated that a stochastic realization of SGCS calculated by Monte Carlo Method could be divided into two parts by mathematic transform,one was Kriging value,and the other was a stochastic deviation which followed a normal distribution with the mean = 0 and the variance equal to Kriging error variance.The comparison among Kriging interpolation,SGCS and the origin data showed that the variance of Kriging interpolation value was lower than that of the original data with a reduction equal to one Kriging error variance.This was a result of demanding for optimal weights in estimating,which was attributed to the smoothing effect during Kriging interpolation.And because of the smoothing effect,the variogram for Kriging interpolation was lower than that of the original data,though it kept no change in autocovariance.By adding the missing variance back into the SGCS,the smoothing effect was corrected,and it kept no change in variance,variogram and covariance.But the error variance caused by SGCS was as 2 times as Kriging error variance which showed that the precision of local estimate of a single SGCS was lower than that of Kriging.However,SGCS could correct the shortage by adequate repeats because the mean SGCS and Kriging interpolation share a same expectation in theory.And then,in the function of geography mapping mean SGCS was comparable with Kriging.In practice it could be concluded that the advantage of Kriging method was to provide accurate estimate in a local zone though it underestimated spatial variation in the whole area.While the advantage of SGCS was to carry out uncertainty assessment for spatial estimate by providing multiple results about probability and reproduce the spatial variability in the whole area.

With a large population and a relatively less cultivated land,China's food security has always been a top priority for the country.For cultivated land resources and grain productivity are the basis for food security,researches that focus on effects of cultivated land change on grain potential productivity in China are of great practical significance and can provide scientific grounds for relevant national decision-making.This study,based on latest meteorological observation data and satellite retrieval data from 2005 to 2008,and on quantitative change and quality characteristics of cultivated land resources,combining cultivated land data and change data in 2005 and 2008,focuses on the effects of cultivated land change on light-temperature potential productivity in China from 2005 to 2008.The results showed that: productions of light-temperature potential productivity have both increased zone and reduced zone in the process of cultivated land change.There is non-equivalence of yield variation in increased zone and reduced zone,as increase of 7.8514 million tons in increased zone and reduction of 25.4361 million tons in reduced zone,resulting to a net decrease of 17.5847 million tons.There also is non-equivalence of per unite yield in increased zone and reduced zone,as average values of light-temperature potential productivity are 11.89 t/hm² in increased zone and 20.99 t/hm² in reduced zone.The later is almost 2 times more than the former.Increased zone and reduced zone have different spatial distribution: increased zone mainly distributed in Xinjiang,Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia,Ningxia,Qinghai provinces/autonomous regions,i.e.northwest and northeast of China,and ecological land reclamation is the main reason of its increase,accounting for 77.25%.Reduced zone mainly distributed in Jiangsu,Anhui,Shandong,Guangdong provinces,in other word,the Yellow River-Huaihe River-Haihe River Plain,the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta areas,where farmland transferred to construction land is the main reason of its reduction,accounting for 69.20%.

Severe challenges are faced by GML spatial data effective query processing while masses of GML spatial data are being produced.While,to query GML spatial data effectively,index is one of the key factors which control the data query performance.Considering XML format encoding style of GML spatial data,in order to take full advantages of Dewey prefix encoding scheme and achieve its new updating strategy that node's inserting and deleting do not effecting others' encoding values,a kind of extended Dewey encoding scheme,Ex-Dewey,was proposed,which is intended to encode the whole GML spatial data documents and construct index to GML non-spatial data.The construction model and processing strategy of non-spatial data index based on Ex-Dewey were well given and discussed.The whole nodes in GML spatial data document firstly are encoded based on Ex-Dewey,and GML non-spatial data index is constructed with three levels,the nodes index can be queried,inserted,modified and deleted while GML non-spatial data were correspondingly operated.Combining with Ex-Dewey,GML spatial data index construction mechanism based on R-tree was proposed,and its construction model and processing strategy were also well given and discussed.The whole GML features in GML spatial data document are the spatial objects.Extracting every GML feature's spatial coordinates and constructing its minimum boundary rectangle(that is MBR),the MBR and its feature's Ex-Dewey encoding value are set as the parameters of R-tree functions.Using R-tree spatial index construction functions with MBR and encoding value,the GML spatial data's index are constructed.Then,all spatial data index's query,insertion,modification and deletion can be operated using R-tree functions with GML feature's MBR and encoding value.Ex-Dewey and R-tree are independent and closely related between GML spatial and non-spatial data index constructions,which integrally implement index mechanism of GML data.Using this index mechanism,GML spatial and non-spatial data can be queried,inserted,modified and deleted effectively and correctly.This index mechanism is hoped to be used on index constructing of native GML spatial database system or GML document sets.

Soil water characteristic curve is an important parameter for quantificationally studies on soil water movement and solutes transport,and gives a description of the relationship of soil water energy and quantity at different scales.Factors mainly affecting soil water characteristic are soil texture,structure and bulk density.The effect of texture is most significant among these factors.Soil water characteristic curve playes an important role for researches carried out in coastal saline regions.Based on the experiment of drying soil,these data were used to fit the Gardner Model and VG Model.In this paper,soil samples in the profile of 0-20cm,20-40cm,40-60cm,60-80cm and 80-100cm were collected from planting soil in Tianjin Economy and Technology Development Area.The Gardner Model was simplified on logarithm and the parameters were analyzed by linear regressive algorithm.Also the nonlinear simulation function of MatLab was used to determine parameters of the VG Mode1.This paper showed that Gardner Model and VG Model are both adapt to descript soil water characteristic curve of planting soil in Tianjin Coastal Saline Regions.The calculation process of Gardner Model parameters was much simpler than that of VG Model parameters.However,the values simulated by VG Model were better than those by Gardner Model,considering relatively limited error.Meanwhile,it showed that each layer of planting soil profile have the similar fitted curves and water-holding capacity,so as to provide a scientific basis for vegetation recovery and soil water management in the salt land and drain in the north drought region.The result showed that soil texture and structure do not differ greatly between different layers of soil profile.Grasses and plants with shallow roots are suitable in this area,according to distribution of available water in the soil profile.

By using multi-source remote sensing data,DEM data and topographic maps,the remote sensing of seismic geologic hazard in Wenchuan County was interpreted and investigated.It has identified characteristics of geological hazards such as location,type,size and boundaries,summarized seismic landslides in ulcer slip type,ulcer collapse type,projectile type,peeling type and shattered remote sensing image features.The relationship between seismic geologic hazard and earthquake fault,valley topography,elevation,slope and lithology was analyzed.In the investigation of geological disasters in the earthquake,the high-resolution satellite images and aerial photo data have advantages such as high-speed and wide range collection,high-degree interpretation,higher timeliness,and so on.The high-resolution satellite images and aerial photo data can be applied in dealing with unexpected geological disasters in an earthquake,in a regional seismic survey of geological hazards.The advantage of multi-source remote sensing data,especially the high-resolution satellite images and the aerial photography,was summed up in the detailed investigation of seismic geologic hazard.

Quantification and spatialization of human activity intensity are the key and difficult problems of geography,ecology and resource science as human activities are considered.There are two kinds of methods to resolve these problems,the first is by statistic data and statistical methods,and the other is by geography information data(such as traffic data) and spatial analysis methods,but the satisfied result can not be obtained from these methods.A new method that combines statistic method and GIS spatial analysis was proposed,and it was used to simulate spatial distribution of human activity intensity of Hengyang basin in southern China.The main conclusions were:(1) there are two regions of high human industrial activity intensity,one is the urban area of Hengyang city and the other is west-east band composed of Qidong,Changning and Leiyang,and the low human industrial activity intensity looked like a circle that is composed of Hengnan,Hengshan,Hengyang and Hengdong;(2) the agricultural activities decreased from north-west to south-east;(3) the difference of traffic activities of different regions was small;and(4) the total human activity intensity of the study area was small but the difference among regions is obvious,the area with the maximum value located in urban region of Hengyang city and the surrounding of it,and Hengdong got the minimum value.Some tactics should be taken to adjust human activities in the study area,such as developing industry in northern region,strengthening the impact of urban region on neighboring regions,and controlling the practice of agricultural production in north-west regions.

Unlike a single map,the core of map design for an atlas is to compress massive information into serial maps with a logical order in order to convey an overall concept.This article is to introduce the compilation of The Atlas of Evolution on Population and Environment of The People's Republic of China and the characteristics of visualization in map design.Population and environment are two hot topics in China;the atlas summarized and expressed in means of visual map the evolution processes on China's population and environment by drawing on very current research and data as well as the most up-to-data mapping techniques.As a support,merged materials were adopted,which,collected from abundant investigation and research taken by various departments and authorities since the People's Republic of China was founded.On contents design,it deals with population and environment as a whole and sets up a matrix system from five aspects,i.e.population scale and structure,pressures on environment,environmental status,feedback and measures taken to control environmental changes as well as the establishment of a comprehensive database of evolution on population and environment.When design the map it emphasizes visualization characteristics of evolution on population and environment while showing current situation of relevant indicators,and clarifies the relationship between matrix systems through multi-dimension dynamic information map visualizing model in order to reveal the causes of the changes in population,environment,and their relationships.This paper introduces the design if the atlas by means of series maps,changes in structure and quantity,changes in percentage,change in quantity and the relationship involved,change in cumulative quantity,change in cumulative quantity with multiple indicators,changes relative to the annual average values,changes based on a certain point,change in statistical characteristics,and comparison of two periods.In technical aspect,based on basic theory,technology and methods of modern cartology,digital map printing technology were used to improve the quality and efficiency of its compilation and ensure it is up to date.Characteristic of visualization in map design is the main idea introduced by this article.

Geologic time is fundamental information for earth science problems.It is commonly described in diverse resources in different styles and formats.Traditional information searching method couldn't extract implicit meaning and relationships from terms in these datasets.Ontology is defined as an explicit formal specification of a shared conceptualization which can play a central role in semantic heterogeneity problem and lead to semantic integration of data across several disciplines of earth sciences.In this paper,we adopt ontology approach to resolve geologic time semantic heterogeneous problems among earth science relational databases.We firstly construct geologic time ontology and then encode it in OWL.This owl provides an organizational structure for classifying geologic time data that can be discovered by both human beings and computers.Based on this ontology,a semantic mapping mechanism for querying among heterogeneous earth science databases is addressed.We describe this mechanism which generates candidate matches from targeted geologic databases and specific ontology manually,and then creates data mapping and translate data based on matches automatically.We apply this mechanism to a four-layer hierarchical system based on WebGIS.A search example is given at the end of the paper.The result shows that this mechanism can discover matches with high accuracy and provide one simple query interface for heterogeneous databases.It resolves both syntactic and semantic heterogeneity and allowing integration of multiple distributed databases.

Mineral resource prediction and assessment(MRPA) is a work finding the best way to explore mineral resource under the uncertain conditions.There are uncertainties in our MRPA due to the diversity of mineral deposit types,the complexity of mineral deposit genesis,the implicitness of mineral deposit controlling factors and the non-unique understanding of the exploration information.Because of the complexity of ore-forming system,multiple characters of ore deposits and limitation of our understanding level,there are uncertainties in our geological information we acquired about the mineral resource.On the other hand,MRPA is a course to deal with this uncertain geological information.And more,MRPA is a complex systemic project and generates uncertainties on each stage.Of course,the uncertainties come from the previous stage can be transferred to the subsequent stage.Finally,uncertainties of technology assessment will result in the uncertainties of economy assessment.Nowadays,mineral exploration is becoming more and more difficult,and economic risk in mining industry is becoming more and more outstanding.Hence,the only way to solve the problem is to improve our MRPA technology.So we must seek some means to measure the uncertainty.This paper discussed the evaluation of information uncertainty in MRPA chiefly.At the beginning,the authors tell something about the characteristic and the nature about the MRPA,and discussed where these uncertainties come from systematically.Then basing on the information processing method of uncertainties in fuzzy sets statistics,the authors gave the general evaluation method of the uncertainties in MRPA.At the end,basing on a particular MRPA job,the authors explained this general evaluation method in the set of Cu,Pb,Zn prediction in the western Dayaoshan,Guangxi,with simple examples.In this paper,besides given a compute method to evaluate the uncertainty,the authors also wish more and more people will pay attention to the uncertainty in our MRPA.

The seamless integration of the aboveground,ground and underground objects is the research focus at home and abroad.Taking CD-TIN as a link and B-Rep-TIN-TEN as core data model,a new method is proposed for the integration of the aboveground,ground and underground objects based on the simplex theory in point set topology.The well-known B-Rep is used to represent complex above ground objects.Terrain is modeled by TIN,and geologic object is represented by TEN.An improved incremental insertion point method is proposed.In contrast with the traditional incremental insertion point method,this algorithm enhances time efficiency largely.The comparison result is listed in this paper.CD-TIN is constructed to integrate terrain points and aboveground entities which are represented by B-Rep model.Firstly,the boundary of above ground objects,which are taken as the constraint,is calculated.Secondly,the terrain points are constructed to form TIN.Then,the constraint elements are added to rebuild TIN.CD-TIN construction process includes three steps: the search of the constraint region,the triangulation of the polygon,and an overall Delaunay triangulation of the TIN based on the "half-separated additional characteristic point inserting technique" method by adding virtual point on the constraint line.The stratums are partitioned by CD-TIN firstly and the adjacent stratums form the top boundary and bottom boundary.Moreover,the side boundaries are also constructed to form the empty cell in the 3D space.The empty cell is the partition space of TEN.This can ensure TEN are in the empty cell and don't over the boundary.And,the empty cell is partitioned by TEN.At last,a prototype is implemented and developed under the Visual Studio.NET 2008 development environment combined with OpenGL technology to testify the algorithms,and the results are showed.The seamless integration of buildings,terrain and geology are implemented.

With the development of informationization and the separation between data management departments and application departments,geographic information sharing becomes one of the most important objectives for the spatial information infrastructure construction,and it is one of the hot topics in the filed of GIS research in recent years.Geographic information sharing is not only a necessary request of the development of earth system science,but also much importance of promoting science data sharing.Summarily,the research on geographic information sharing includes two levels,i.e.technical and non-technical.However,the former has been paid more attention in the past decades.In the light of experience so far suggesting that there are considerable non-technical barrier that are likely to discourage geographic information sharing,it is important to systematically explore and assess what factors are that contribute to such resistance.Geographic information sharing is essentially a social process;it involves also human behavior that is shaped by socio-cultural conditions.Geographic information sharing networks are made up of people and the relationships between those people.Any system relying on people and relationships is subject to the complexity of social coordination and motivation of involved individuals.This paper focuses on the socio-cultural aspects of geographic information sharing.At first,the geographic information sharing behavior model is introduced in this paper.Through questionnaire survey and empirical research in China,the non-technical factors influencing geographic information sharing in China are quantificationally researched.Combining with Omran's empirical research results in Egypt and the Netherlands,influence of motivational factors and cultural differences on geographic information sharing behavior is studied.On the basis of qualitative and quantitive analysis,geographic information sharing behavior model is validated and revised,and some relative suggestions for the construction of geographic information sharing environment in China are made.The results of quantitative analysis also show that the geographic information behavior model is applicable in different cultural backgrounds.Since the research of geographic information sharing behavior is still in its infancy,it should be deeply researched from new perspectives in the future.

Regional land use has been a hot spot for resource science and Global change researches,and land use change has been taken as one of the most important aspect by most environmental scientists.The mass flux and energy flux are affected by the topographical features such as elevation,slope and aspect especially for mountainous regions,and the land use spatial pattern also showed some relationship with the topographical factors.The ecological frangibility are the concomitant for mountainous regions,and irrational land use can caused ecological hazard such as soil erosion,debris flow,etc.It is important to analysis the relationship between land use spatial pattern and topographical factors in mountainous regions.Jiangxi Province is mountainous and abundant in water and energy resources,but the territorial red soil is infertile,and serious soil erosion can be caused by irrational land use.In this paper,Jiangxi Province was studied in order to find the relationship between land use spatial pattern and topographical factors.SRTM(Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data was used to extract the Digital Elevation Model(DEM) for Jiangxi Province.The study region was divided into several subareas by elevation,slope and aspect respectively,then the land use structure happened in each subarea was analysed by the spatial analysis functions provided by ArcGIS software.It showed that:(a) the topographical factors are extremely important as they can affect the land use patterns in Jiangxi Province;(b) farmland mainly distributed in regions with elevation smaller than 80m and slope smaller than 3° and it is obvious that farmland area in sunny slope are greater than that in shady slope;(c) area proportion for forest is increasing when the elevation is under 400 meter,and is steady when above 400 meter;and(d) area of grassland has a trend of decreasing when elevation increases,but the area proportion for grassland is increasing slowly when elevation increases.