This paper,taking Changping District of Beijing as a study area,conducts a detailed analysis on crop characteristics combining ASAR image,new PALSAR dual-frequency images and TM multi-spectral image.Firstly, MIMICS is used to simulate the backscattering characteristics for spring maize and orchard based on extracted backscattering coefficient from images,and the modeling result is compared with the radar measurement result. Then,a classifier based on BP neural network and normal fuzzy distribution function was established utilizing redundancies and complementary of multisource remote sensing data sufficiently.This classifier used training samples generated by Gaussian fuzzy distribution function,taking the advantage of the study ability of fuzzy neural network to adjust membership functions and fuzzy rules,completed fuzzy inference,consequently made the system have adaptive characteristics.Results indicated that:the dual-frequency and multi-polarization radar data can afford more crucial information for crop classification,this kind of classifier is able to be used in crop recognition after training, and the classification precision increases by about 10%averagely,it is an effective crop recognition method.

Land cover change is an important part of global change.Aiming to present situation of land cover in China,according to terrestrial ecosystem characteristic and remote sensing mapping,in this paper we put forward a remote sensed land cover classification system.In order to combine the accuracy of interpretation and speediness of self-classification,we integrated remote sensing classification,alternating interpretation and assistant information analysis,under the control of polygon's position and borderline which provided by higher accurate land use data,with the data source of MODIS vegetation index products in 250m resolution,to realize national land cover remote sensing mapping in 2005.Using field survey data,the accuracy assessment is also implemented.Results show that: each class of land cover map has an exact precision,and the map can represent the characteristic and distribution trend of land cover in each region on the whole;the polygon patterns matched the image geography characteristics quite well.The overall precision of national land cover map is 91%,and the precision of each class is over 89%.

Maintenance of a sustainable ecosystem services is critical for human future.Ecosystem services degradation,however,is a common phenomenon around the world which leads to poor ecosystem services.In order to protect ecosystem services,it needs to implement ecosystem services management within different functional zones.Methods for ecosystem services division are the key to generate and represent functional zones,and studies on zoning ecosystem services can guide regional eco-management.This paper introduces spatial fuzzy clustering analysis embedded in System for Identifying and Zoning Ecosystem Services(SIZES).SIZES contains four main modules:multi-level indicators of ecosystem services characterizing module,importance rank of ecosystem services generating module,the core ecosystem services spatially identifying module,and zoning boundary of ecosystem services delimitating module.This approach can iteratively generate ecological delimitation boundary after inputting influencing factors of the ecosystem services and the core ecosystem services is extracted using factor analysis and then the boundaries of the ecosystem services zones are delimitated.Application of SIZES approach in Xilingol League shows that six functional zones scientifically and rationally explain the ecosystem services,and the result provides valuable spatial and temporal decision-making information for ecosystem services management.

Conceptual framework is one of the most important research topics of map generalization,but at the same time it has been too much ignored.There are both relationship and difference between spatial data multi-scaling representation and processing in GIS and map generalization.The multi-scale representation and processing is mainly driven by the objectives of geographic information analysis and querying,while map generalization emphasizes more on the cartographic representation,driven by the objective of information transmission and communication.This paper makes an attempt to study and look for a simple knowledge representation method and processing framework,so as to set up a scale-independent spatial database,or so called multi-scaling GIS,which has provided the theoretical foundation and practical experience for the efficient organization and management of spatial database as well as the research and development for multi-scale representation and processing.It proposes that "information selection" is the core not only for spatial data representation,processing and organization but also for map generalizationmakes analysis on the difference and relationship between geographic spatial databases and map databasesemphasizes that geographic spatial databases are the abstract representation of features in the digital landscape model,but not just the display of graphicsmakes analysis on the requirements of multi-scale representation and processing to spatial databaseemphasizes that feature elements should be represented integrally and seamlesslymeanwhile,proposes that attention should be paid to the significance of various thematic spatial partitions and logically thematic spatial information in multi-scale representation and processingand proposes multi-grade modeling representation rules based on thematic models in different subject realm as well as knowledge representation framework of multi-scale representation and processing based on spatial feature classification structure and parameter table.This paper aims at GIS analysis purpose.Based on analysis of lots of literature,a number of issues about spatial scale,multi-scaling,manual map generalization,digital map generalization,geographic database,cartographic database and conceptual frameworks are discussed.This paper proposes and tests a simple conceptual framework for spatial data multi-scaling representation and processing in GIS.

At 2∶28 p.m.on 12 May,2008,a devastating earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale hit Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province in southwest China,and resulted in death of thousands of people.The author went to An County that located close to Beichuan County as an emergency response team member of public health.Some geographic epidemiological methods were used to explore the geographic features and distribution of the diseases and high risk population in An County after Wenchuan earthquake.Thematic maps,curves and statistics tables were developed.The methods are tools to help public health workers to understand the sanitation situations after earthquakes visually,gradually and directly.According to the results mentioned above,the discussion on geographic epidemiology methods has been carried out from different aspects,such as their inherent advantages,key points and modes of their implementation,and the direction of further study in the field.The important conclusions obtained are:1)the successful usage of the geographic epidemiology is relied on the quality of epidemiology data with positioning accuracy,the frequency of updating and completeness of content;2)the targets of the study in the field must extend from the outbreak description to the forecasting of the outbreaks and decision making for their control and prevention as soon as possible;3) dynamic method will be used in future studies to demonstrate real in situ circumstances on time;4) decision support,early warning and forecasting will be the new outcome of the geographic epidemiology.It will be done in future studies.

As a typical land cover class of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,glacier is widely distributed in alpine terrain.However,field measurement is impossible in those areas because of complex terrain and adverse weather.At first,on the basis of analyzing the glacier image features such as the spectrum and shape,object spatial relations based on context and environment distribution including terrain and climate,this study combined and developed the existing features description algorithm of object-oriented method.Secondly,we build a series of combined extraction models for glacier information using high resolution remote sensing images and DEM data.At last,based on object-oriented method and combined extraction models,the paper tested the glacier landform extraction in the study area under the Western Mapping Project in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Results indicate that the multi-feature combination model is feasible.The researches introduce a new remote sensing auto-extraction approach of glacier information where it is hardly to make field measurement.Moreover,the paper develops some new ideas for researches on glacier ablation monitoring and climatic change.

In this paper,we took Jiangsu Province,which consists of northern,central and southern parts,as the study area,and extracted land use conversion matrix tables of the three parts based on land use data of Jiangsu Province during four different periods(1985,1995,2000 and 2005).Accordingly,we analyzed the regional differences of land use and the driving mechanism of land use change in light of data on population,urbanization,adjustment of agricultural structure and policy.Land use conversion matrix tables show that cultivated land declined and rural and urban land use degrees expanded from the southern part to the northern part of Jiangsu Province,and regional differences become greater over time.Moreover,driving mechanism analysis shows that the use of cultivated land is extensive and the problem of advanced non-agricultural use is very serious in southern part of Jiangsu Province.In a time before a rapid development,the more developed the social is,the more the population growth will lag behind the reduction of cultivated land.During a process of urbanization,the more developed a city is,the less the increase of the urban population density will impel cultivated land to be converted into urban land."South Jiangsu Model" is an important factor to result in regional differences.

Urban expansion influences the regional environment remarkably because there are many human activities concentrating on it.This paper took Kunming which is a major city locating on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau as a study area.The expansion of Kunming urban area in different periods during 1974～2004 was obtained by using one Landsat MSS image and five Landsat TM images.The spatial-temporal features of the urban expansion and the relationship between population growth and urban expansion during the 30-year period were analyzed by using expansion speed,expansion elasticity and fractal dimension.The research shows that the built-up area in 2004 is 3.07 times larger than that of in 1974.The expansion rate is distinct from each other and Kunming has experienced two fast expansion stages in 1992-1996 and in 2000～2004.Considering the relationship between the construction land area and population,the urban sprawl rate of Kunming did not match urban population growth during the study years.The increase of the fractal dimension value before 1992 shows that the built-up land sprawled out from inner city in a radial way while the decreasing value after 1992 shows the city sprawls by the way of low-density fill between main roads.The cultivated land is the primary land use type converted to urban land use which accounts for one half of the urban area increment in each stage during 1974～2004.The natural environment is the limiting factor to the urban expansion.The economic development especially the increase of GDP and the growth of average salary is the fundamental driving force.The policy and the urban planning are the guidance of extension of the urban built-up land.

In this paper,the information about wetland landscape features of the Yellow River Delta in 1986, 1996,and 2006 were extracted respectively based on TM images and by support of Remote Sensing(RS)and Geographic Information System(GIS)techniques.By analyzing the information,we investigate the spatial and temporal changes of wetland landscape and explore the driving forces for wetland landscape pattern change in the Yellow River Delta within the past 20 years.Our results show that:(1)the area of man-constructed wetland demonstrated a sharp increase,whereas the proportion of natural wetland decreased accordingly.As an important part of the natural wetland,the tidal flat and Chinese tamarisk shrub wetlands in the Yellow River Delta has significantly shrank in coverage and degraded during the past two decades.(2)Since 1990s,some of the important landscape indices such as the number of patches,Shannon's diversity index,and Shannon's evenness index have increased.This indicates that the fragmentation degree of wetland landscape in the Yellow River Delta intensified, the type of landscape was much diversified,and each type is distributed uniformly in the wetland landscape and no dominant wetland landscape types can be recognized.(3)Landscape style transfer occurred between wetland and wetland,wetland and non-wetland.During the interval from 1986 to 2006 A.D,about 18.1%Reed meadow had been transferred to farmland,26.6%Seablite meadow transferred to salt pan and 11.9%Reed swamp transferred to Reed meadow.(4)The driving forces for wetland landscape pattern change analyses were conducted, and the result implies that both natural factors and anthropogenic factors have played important role in altering the pattern.The former includes decrease of discharge and sediment,self succession,while the latter mainly consists farmland reclamation,exploitation of tidal flat and oilfield development and construction.

The study area is located in Miller county,Yunnan province,China.An experiment to select the appropriate classification method for multi-temporal remote sensing images was done.Typical classification methods including Object-Oriented Classification(OOC),Back Propagation Neural Network(BPNN),Spectral Angle Mapper(SAM),Maximum Likelihood Classifier(MLC),and Comparison After Classification(CAC)were tested in this experiment.In this study,using two-phase remote sensing images of CBERS02B-CCD and Landsat-5 TM,the suitability and accuracy of typical methods to deal with multi-temporal images classification were compared,based on different phenological characteristics of sugarcane,corn and paddy.Using full sample test method,visual interpretation results were used as reference data to validate the accuracy of different classification methods.The experimental results show that the order of overall classification accuracy from high to low is OOC,BPNN,SAM,MLC,and CAC,and the Kappa accuracy of them is 0.655、0.635、0.631、0.601 and 0.577,respectively.As it is easy to identify paddy,its accuracy is higher than that of sugarcane and corn.The order of accuracy of paddy for different methods is as the same as the order of overall accuracy,the highest and lowest accuracy of paddy is 0.706 and 0.621,respectively.The accuracy curve position between the accuracy of various land covers and the overall accuracy are consistent for MLC and CAC,and the overall accuracy of CAC is the lowest one.The accuracy of corn for OOC is the highest one with Kappa of 0.611.The Kappa accuracy of sugarcane for OOC,SAM and BPNN is 0.594,0.575 and 0.575,respectively.In general speaking,for the remote sensing classification of Multi-temporal Images,OOC is the best,BPNN and SAM is better,MLC and CAC are the worst.The conclusions of this experiment have some guidance to select the appropriate classification method for multi-temporal remote sensing images.

A web map is a web-based service on the Internet that provides maps for users to search and browse spatial information,such as place locations and routes.With the increasing development of Internet,web maps have become popular on the Web due to their convenience,low cost,and dynamic characteristics.The evaluation of web maps is useful to improve the services of web maps and their popularization.The previous methods considered only parts elements.Moreover,it is difficult to quantitatively compute the performance of web maps with them.To overcome these problems,this paper discusses four hierarchical elements correlated to the performance of web maps.Based on the assumption,an evaluation system with the definition of 39 measures is proposed,and then the quantitative and qualitative evaluation approaches are described.Finally,nine Chinese web maps such as MAPbar、MAPabc、Baidu、51map、Google Map、Microsoft Live search、Sougou、Aiwen、Yahoo are analyzed with these measures.The results indicate that 51map achieves the best performance,Google map provides the best interface but with lower performance because of the shortage of data.In conclusion,there are still many problems in Chinese web maps,especially standardization of named places,natural language search,and incompletion of map data etc.

This paper analyzes the difficulties and characters of informationization in small & medium logistics enterprises,emphasizing on designing of the general framework,which involves four parts,i.e the management information sub-system,the monitoring sub-system,web site sub-system and data exchange platform.It also discusses the general framework and functions of the logistics information system based on GIS(Geological Information System) for minimizing the informationization cost,in which the key problem and choke point of huge data accessing and the priority of multi-user based on web data exchange platform are also discussed.Furthermore,it introduces the implement of the management system,involving the visual models of operation process based on UML(Unified Modeling Language),the key technologies and arithmetic based on GIS(for example the optimal distribution scheme based on real-time vehicles dispatching and the location model of logistics units based on ArcGIS),and necessary and optimal equipment of hardware and software.The research and development of the logistics information system aided reconstructing and optimizing the operation flowing and supply chain,improving working efficiency and level of management,which had been applied to some medium logistics enterprise in Nanjing successfully,and set a good example and reference of operation informationization for other small &medium logistics enterprises.

Landsat ETM+data are used to extract the water bodies in build-up and mountainous areas based on the spectrum characteristics of water and background objects,by the methods of threshold,spectro-photometric, index models and criteria function,respectively.The results of the test indicate that MNDWI index model has the best performance in the water body extracting,while the other four methods mix the other objects information with water body.Studies are also carried out on other types of water body in different areas in order to validate the above conclusion.The MNDWI index model is still the most effective method to identify water body information. However,restricted by the spatial resolution of remote sensing image,some trickles which occupy less than one pixel or distribute over several pixels simultaneously are difficult to be extracted.If the spectrum and spatial resolution are,appropriate,this method will be feasible in applications.Tests showed that MNDWI index model was effective in restraining shadow,residential area and vegetation information.It is convenient,fast and accurate in water extraction and can be used in many situations.

At present, slopes are usually derived from discrete DEMs. When deriving slope from DEM, the variation of DEM resolution will cause changes in the slope values which are extracted from the local grids. The variation will be significant in understating the general rule of the variation of average slope with respect to DEM resolution. 8 areas representing the typical geomorphology in Loess Plateau were chosen as the sample areas, and the DEMs with a 5m resolution were established according to the topographic map scaled at 1:10 000. In every sample area, 22 500 sampling points were selected, and the slopes which were derived according to the algorithm of third-order finite difference weighted by reciprocal of squared distance on the sampling points were taken as the research object. The regression analysis, single-factor variance analysis, contrast analysis were adopted to analyze the rule of the influence of DEM resolution on grid slopes. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) the average slope may increase as the resolution of DEM becomes coarser; (2) in all the sample areas, with the resolution becoming coarser, the number of the grids with negative slope error is at least 1.13 times of the grids with positive slope error. The amplitude of average slope of the grids with negative slope error is greater than 3.1 times of the latter. The number of grids with decreasing slopes is 1.81-4.04 times of the grids with increasing slopes; (3) the change of average slope can be explained in this research by combining the author proposed index with the previously mentioned conclusion (2); (4) the number of grids with varied slope values is not sensitive to the resolution of DEM. The slopes of the grids which have positive slope error or negative slope error are intensively distributed in certain intervals of slopes that derived from the DEMs with 5m resolution. The intervals are not sensitive to the resolutions of DEM; (5) the total slope error can be computed, according to the empirical formula proposed in this research and calculated from the DEM resolution and the average slope of DEM with a 5m resolution.

It is of great significance to study on the scientific organization and integrated method of multi-source eco-environmental data in regional ecological environmental research.Taking Qomolangma National Nature Reserve in Tibet as a case study,this paper discusses the key issues related to data integration,such as data characteristics of typical plateau ecosystem,data classification and organization,data modeling,as well as data encoding and metadata,etc.We design a conceptual modeling framework of eco-environmental data integration firstly,then,provide a multi-dimensional description of the basic semantic structure,which concludes datasets hierarchy and organization,attributes encoding and metadata standards.Lastly,we construct the multi-source ecological environment database of Qomolangma Nature Reserve.Through CASE tool Microsoft Visio 2003 modeling and data pre-processing,we seamless integrate eco-environmental thematic information that stored in FGDB database.Combined with spatial cognition rules and stacking the semantic characteristics demonstrated by feature class,basic information extraction orientated data integration analysis can be completed,and new knowledge and laws can even be generated.Based on eco-environmental data organization and integration,the solution we designed for Qomolangma Nature Reserve can establish a preliminary suit of ecological information flow mapping mechanism of "data integration-information extraction-knowledge discovery",which provides the practical and reliable data infrastructure for regional eco-environmental research.

In this paper,the Longwan volcanic group which locates in the southwest part of Jingyu County,Jilin Province is taken as an example for extracting volcanic landforms information.In the process of extraction,according to the chief feature that the volcanic cones are situated in lava platform,the study area is classified as plain and mountain firstly.Then,the slope data are multiplied by the elevation data,which is similar to weight the elevation in accordance with the relief.It is a way to better highlight the craters in the elevation data on the performance.Taking into account the craters' form characteristics,that is,lower in the intermediate,higher on the surrounding,and their performance on the DEM,a template for craters identification can be established.Finally,the results of the extraction need to be verificated and revised based on remote sensing image.

Jiulong River,the second largest river in Fujian province,is the mother river of economic region in the south of the province.Assessment on index and model of eco-environment which suit to Jiulong river basin is built based on multi-source and multi-temporal remote sensing data from Landsat TM,ASTER and "Beijing-1" satellite(DMC+4 micro-satellite) and additional data.Eight factors involving soil erosion,vegetation,soil brightness,elevation,slope,rainfall,humidity and accumulated temperature were extracted from remote sensing images,DEM and meteorologic data.Based on summing eight factors by multiplying respective weights,eco-environmental quality and its change maps for three periods during fifteen years from 1989 to 2003 in Jiulong river basin are acquired for the first time.The result shows:(1)Eco-environmental quality is good as a whole in three periods for 1989,1998 and 2003.There is the largest area for excellent eco-environment in 2003,up to 3425.36km2 and the smallest area for that in 1998,amount to 2010.31km2,while the largest area for bad eco-environment in 1998,up to 504.43km₂.(2)The eco-environmental quality firstly declined from 1989 to 1998 and then improved from 1998 to 2003.Specially,common characteristic of eco-environment in Jiulong river basin is that the middle region is better than south and north areas,and the west is better than the east.Eco-environment of two regions is poor all the time.One region is sub-basin Xinqiao brook and Xi'nan brook,the other is at the estuary and circumjacent region of Jiulong river basin.Activity of human being,which is driven by economy benefits,is main factor to change the quality of eco-environment in the past 15 years.The study also shows that not only 3S technology gains the larger advantage over traditional field investigation in cost and time but also owns high quality result for eco-enviroment evaluation.

WebGIS based Basin Flood Management System is an advanced high technology based platform for supporting the large river conservancy commission in flood forecasting and warning,emergent operation of flood works,flood damage assessment,flood water utilization,and decision making for flood fighting.Based on Computer,internet and intranet,WebGIS,Datebase software,hydrological and hydraulic model,flood damage assessment model,the WebGIS based Basin Flood Management System is designed and developed.In this paper,firstly the framework of the basin flood management system is discussed in detail,then the database structure and the hydrological and spatial data introduced.As a pilot project,Songhuajiang Basin Flood Management System is developed.Its function includes the basic flood information management,flood monitoring and warning,flood forecasting and works operation,2D flood simulation,flood damage assessment,and flood fighting management.The analysis models include Songhua River Basin Flood Real-time Forecasting model,which consist of Basin Rainfall Runoff Simulation based on MIKE NAM and 1D River Network Hydrodynamic Simulation based on MIKE11 HD,and Flood Damage Evaluation Mathematical Model,2D Flood Simulation Model based on MIKE 21 model in four important City and 2 Flood Detention Basin,and flood damage estimation model.As the first Basin Flood Management System in China,the issue and experience for design and development of Flood Management System is helpful for further researches.

With the exponential increase of marine remote sensing data and their retrieval productions,it has been an urgent requirement for marine information services to dynamic visual express,query and analyze the marine spatio-temporal process through the Web.Based on the analysis of the resent network visualization technologies for the massive data and the characteristics of spatio-temporal process of marine scalar field,this paper discusses the network visual expression for point process and polygon process of marine scalar field.A new method to realize the remote realization for the marine spatio-temporal process has been proposed here and a prototype system has been set up to visualize the sea surface temperature(SST)of Taiwan Strait through the Web.In this prototype system,some functions were accomplished,such as the value query in the whole process and the process curve drawing of any random point in the SST field,the visual analysis for the polygon process in the SST field.

To improve both the reuse and the quality of existing spatial data,it is urged to develop approaches for integrating and updating spatial data,which possibly are collected from multiple sources,at different time,and/or multiple representations for the same spatial region.For this purpose,object matching has become one of the crucial technologies,and it is conducive to detect change and/or difference between different spatial datasets(e.g.two different scales of maps)by comparison of corresponding objects.Currently many matching methods have been developed for different types of objects in practical applications.These methods can be classified by two modes,i.e.matching criterion and object type.Methods based on matching criterion can be classified into three categories,i.e.geometric,topological and semantic matching,which are respectively implemented by geometric constraints(e.g.distance,shape similarity,direction),topological constraints(e.g.connectivity,node degree) and semantic constraints(e.g.semantic similarity),whereas the matching methods based on object type can be further referred as point-to-point,point-to-region,line-to-line,line-to-region,and region-to-region matching.In the process of object matching,there are possibly six matching mapping relations,i.e.1∶0,0∶1,1∶1,1∶N,N∶1,N∶M.As for the latter three matching mapping,an iterative searching process is needed to build the mapping relations between the correspondences in two different spatial datasets.Through analysis of literatures,one can find that each of the matching methods to some extent has its advantages for some particular types of objects(e.g.line or area) and/or applications.That is to say,they are lack of generality.Based upon this situation,this paper makes a systematical investigation on existing matching methods,including their classifications,basic principles and procedures,and the applications in geo-spatial information science(e.g.map updting,spatial data integration,etc).A detailed comparison is made for these matching methods from aspects of matching criterion,object type and scale.In particular,it is pointed out the characteristics of object matching with different scales of map updating,which is distinctly different from the object matching with same or similar scales.This work is very helpful for further development of general matching methods.

Based on analysis and research on characteristics of regional geomorphology of morphological and genesis types in China,the basic content and legend system of 1:1 000 000 geomorphologic map of China were fully understood.Starting from the basic issue of analyzing quantitative cartographic symbols,this paper designs various point,linear and polygonal symbols and annotations according to different morphological and genesis types,so as to establish quantitative cartographic symbol and annotation database.The parameter types of symbol system includes its shape,size and color,and the symbol system database of the geomorphologic maps of 1:1 000 000 of China includes point,linear and polygonal types,come to about 278 types.The annotation contents include character,numbers and letters etc.,the parameters of annotation system possess character font,character size,character interval,character position and character color et al.The symbol and annotation system database was used in the geomorphologic maps of the People's Republic of China with the scale of 1:1 000 000.

MODIS has become a potential remote sensing data for monitoring inland lakes' water quality because of it's high spectral resolution,time resolution and radiance resolution.The correlation between water quality parameters and visible and near infra-red bands was analyzed and the liner model and BP neural net model were used to retrieve water quality concentration.It was demonstrated that SS in Taihu Lake has the highest correlation coefficient with MODIS band 13,chlorophyll-a in Taihu Lake has the highest correlation coefficient with MODIS band 2,in the hundreds of band combinations,SS in Taihu Lake has the highest correlation with M12/M17,chlorophyll-a has the highest correlation with M2/M8,so the chlorophyll-a concentration can be retrieved by band combination of M2/M8 and M2/M9,while solid suspended concentration can be estimated using band combination of M12/M17,M13/M17 and band 4,but the estimation accuracy is very low that can't be used in practical applications. So a two-layer BP neural net with 16 input nodes of visible near-infrared bands of MODIS and 1 output nodes of water quality,was constructed to infer the water quality concentration in Taihu Lake,the accuracy of this model was highly improved compared to the linear model.Water quality in Lake Taihu can be effectively retrieved via BP neural net and MODIS's visible and near-infrared bands.

A rare freezing rain and snow disaster attacked most parts of southern China from 15th January to 9th February,2008.The extremely bad weather has not only destroyed people's daily life and production badly,but also influenced local eco-environment greatly.In this article,we monitored the impacts of southern ice and snow process on eco-environment with a case study at Zixing County in Hunan Province by making use of remote sensing and field survey methods.The results showed that the vegetation was destroyed badly and NDVI decreased for a large scale,and the decreased area of NDVI occupied 54.12% of the total land area.The forest ecosystem was damaged badly.Except for some parts of shrub,all forest ecosystems were affected by disasters,which added up to 3.02 million hectare.It took on the following characteristics,coniferous trees were damaged more seriously than that of broad-leaves trees,young forests were damaged more seriously than mature forests,alien species were damaged more seriously than native species,planted forests were damaged more seriously than that of natural forests.On the other hand,the comprehensive risk degree of geological disasters increased,because soil water content increased and slope stability was weakened,which maybe induced geological disasters,such as landslides and collapses,occurring frequently in engineering construction regions and near edge of forests and steep-slope regions.

The tobacco geographical information analysis system is important for tobacco planting,production and distribution.The necessity and application requirements were analyzed.In.Net framework,this system was built by using ArcEngine and ArcSDE which is Client/Server structure,and Oracle was used as spatial database and vb.net as the language.The system structure and realized functions were introduced;these realized functions include map services,tobacco geographical information query and statistics,tobacco geographical information spatio-temopral analysis and decision-making.Some crucial techniques were summarized at last,including spatio-temporal database,tobacco spatio-temporal event analyzing model based on spatio-temporal serial and Web services and so on.The spatio-temporal data include two types: business data and district data.For the district data,the life circle of a district and the changing events should be recorded at the same time.The historical data of one district can be gotten through the district changing table,and then spatio-temporal analysis could be realized.This system had profound influence in tobacco planting and management.

Optimizing traffic and providing real-time information have become important tasks for modern urban management and public services.Currently,quality of city road network service is still quite weak,which restricts both the balanced utilization of road network and the improvement of travel efficiency.Although the technical bottleneck of traffic information collecting and transferring have got broken through in recent years,the lack of real-time traffic information processing technologies however results in low efficiency in involved applications,such as vehicle navigation system,public travel information service platform,logistics system and other ones in Location Based Service(LBS)and Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS).As one of important means to process city road network related information,information fusion has great influence on the service quality of city road network management and traveling information service in ITS,LBS,modern logistics,and emergence response applications.This paper discussed the information fusion technologies in detail for city road network management and traveling service,including the integration of linear reference systems and road spatial information,temporal and multilevel dynamic segmentation,multi-model transportation network building,and dynamic connectivity relationship processing,and evaluated the corresponding solutions respectively.

Based on analysis and research on regional geomorphologic characteristics and spatial distribution pattern in China,according to the physical color model of geomorphologic map of China,different transformation and combination of three basic features of color(hue,intensity and saturation),adding people's physical or psychological characters into their feeling with color and the quantitative analysis on more than 2000 color types used in 1: 1000000 geomorphic map of China,this paper establishes a complete color system of geomorphologic types by taking account of the relation between the color value and unique geomorphologic type which is constructed by the four color value(C,M,Y,K) of modern digital map printing technology.The rules of different color value correspond to geomorphologic genesis types.Sea bottom landform using blue color and the color value can change from continental shelf landform to continental slope landform,to marginal sea basin landform,until to abyssal basin landform.Marine landform using blue color;lacustrine landform,blue-green;among fluvial landform,plain and tableland,using green color,and hill and mountain landforms,brown;among arid landform,plain and tableland using light yellow-brown color;hill and mountain landform,dark orange-brown;aeolian landform,yellow;loess landform,soil yellow color;karst landform,dark brown;peri-glacial landform,blue-purple;glacial landform,purple;and volcanic and lava landform using red color,etc.The 1:1000000 geomorphic map of China which is achieved based on the above can not only represent general rule of Chinese geomorphology completely,but also the difference among different geomorphologic types.

The essential issue of remote sensing application is to extract thematic information and domain knowledge from earth observation images,and thereby these information to be used in various processes of analysis and decision-making.However,information computation is the basement of the entire remote sensing application service technology system.Based on the theory of geo-informatic Tupu,we proposed the spatial cognition theory coupled with remote sensing information Tupu,constructed the theoretical and methodological system of remote sensing information Tupu in the way of "pixel-object-target-pattern",which can be divided into two levels of "pixel-level" and "object-level".This paper also discussed the idea of the designing and developing the remote sensing Tupu computation platform based on the high performance computation environment,and summarized the developing trend and important research issues of remote sensing information Tupu computation.

Change detection was a technique which was used to determine the change information between two or more time periods of a particular object of the study area.Because of the advantages of macroscopic information, timeliness,periodicity and comprehensive nature,remote sensing has been popular in land use study.The land use change can be monitored quickly,objectively and precisely.In this paper,detailed introduction about the classification process of land use in Guangzhou is gaven a supported by RS and GIS software using the data of Landsat TM of 1997 and 2003.After being geometric corrected,subseted and enhanced,the images are classified into 9 classes as farmland,orchard,forest,disk-pond,urban and rural land,developing area,river,lake and unused land by using maximum likelihood classifier.The total classification accuracy was 85.4% for 2003 and 87.2% for 1997 respectively.And then the mathematic method is used to analyze the change of land use by the conversion matrix of land use between 1997 and 2003.Through the above analysis,the article draws the following conclusions:1)In 2003,the areas of orchard,forest land and rural land have higher percentage than the others in Guangzhou.And the areas of 9 types of land use are distributed unevenly in all the regions with obvious difference. 2)The characteristic of the change on the structure of land use in Guangzhou from 1997 to 2003 is that the change of farmland and forest land is not obvious while area of disk-pond and unused land decreases,orchard and that of urban and rural land and newly development zone increases.3)The change rate of newly development zone and urban and rural land is the highest followed by orchard and pond.4)Regional difference in land use change is obvious,and displays a dissimilar transformation situation for each type of the land use in space.

In recent years,the coastal regions of China have frequently experienced algal blooms,which are harmful or otherwise toxic because of their potential threat to human being as well as marine organisms.This article mainly focused on the following aspects:(1)analyzed the MODIS spectral characteristics of four typical kinds of seawater: clear water,turbid water,red tide water and mixed water;(2)analyzed the merits and shortcomings of band ratio method for red tide extraction;(3)proposed a new red tide information extraction method: Supervised Classification method based on Band Ratio(R4/R3) and MODIS band 1,4 and 3.Based on this method,successful information extraction has been carried out for the Pearl River Estuary algal bloom event in Feb.2006.

Land use/cover change is one of the most important areas of global change.On the basis of the Landsat TM and Landsat ETM+images and other auxiliary data,the rules of decision trees were developed in this study. Land use/cover classifications in 1989 and in 1990 were implemented based on the decision trees with satisfied accuracy. The land use changes from 1989 to 1999 and their spatial distribution were analyzed quantitatively with GIS techniques in semiarid Laohahe River Basin with a catchment area about 19,000km² in North China.The results show that in this period,distinct land use changes happened in the study area because of the impacts of climate change and human activities.The changed area accounted for about 33.64%of the basin.The most important change was the conversion among agricultural lands,forest lands and grasslands.Water areas,bottomlands, forest lands,grasslands and fallow lands are decreased.And the fallow lands decreased especially seriously because large numbers of sandy lands and bare lands were exploited.Rural and urban areas,paddy fields and drycrop lands increased.The paddy field areas increased more than 10 times because of the change of agricultural cultivation. And rural and urban areas increased because of the expansion of Chifeng city.This study provides an important precondition for the study on the effects of land use change on evapotranspiration and hydrological processes in Laohahe River Basin.