Two Landsat TM/ETM+ images of 1996/9/6 and 2003/5/29, as well as two SPOT images, have been used for this study. To reveal urban expansion areas in Fuzhou of SE China from 1996 to 2003, the original 7-band TM/ETM+ image was compressed into a 3-band image using the band-dimension compression technique. The 3 new bands were derived from three thematic indices, which are Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index （SAVI）, Modified Normalized Differences Water Index （MNDWI）, and Normalized Differences Built-up Index （NDBI）. A supervised classification was carried out on this new 3-band image and the urban built-up lands were extracted from the classified maps. The results show that the expanded areas are generally coordinated with the Fuzhou City's Planning （1995-2010）..

陈述彭院士最近把他们用英文写成的新著寄赠给本人,余虽身体欠佳(胰腺炎),但粗略拜读一遍,深有所得,即奋笔作评,以表予敬佩之意。此书触及地理学者的思维,处处均有可学习之处。即欲推进地理科学的进展,处处均有用场。亦反映述彭兄对我国地理学界又作了一次重大贡献。

This paper firstly introduces the general condition and characteristics of the regional environment.Then it identifies the classification systems on ecological elements composed of environmental landscapes, such as geology, landform, soil, vegetation, etc. Based on these and two satellite images from Landsat TM/ETM+ in March,2001 in Xiamen city, the contents of the study on the serial integrated remote sensing mapping of eco environment in Xiamen city are defined. Its theoretical foundation, in fact, is a methodology of map deduction which is analyzed and discussed. Its cores or key contents are the synthesis based on the analysis and in the meantime on the analysis under the guidance of the synthesis. After the identified symbols of image interpretation are established, the remote sensing images are interpreted through the naked eyes and the results are corrected by field investigations. The paper further discusses the methods and steps, including confirmation of the outlines of the map and the methods of cartographic generalization, etc. Finally, the detailed processes are described on how to use GIS ArcView software to make the serial integrated remote sensing maps at a scale of 1:100 000 on Xiamen eco-environment, and the latest development tendencies and the view of new century of cartography are also briefly outlined.

The eco-environment is not only the substance base, which the human community depends on, but also a limiting factor that could not be ignored during economic construction and community development. The integrated information TUPU of eco-environment, basing on the investigation and dynamic scout, employs a great deal of digital information of the base of eco-environment and the dynamic database. It' s a kind of method and artifice that use the computer technique of dynamic multi-dimension visualization to reveal the interspace configuration and space-time transformation rule of the eco-environment and its essentials, after the abstract of epitome of graphic thought. It is significative for the study of regional sustainable development. Sustained by GIS technique, using the basic information TUPU of eco-environment in Fujian province, this paper designs a database according to the characteristics of the integrated information TUPU of eco-environment and develops a database system of integrated information TUPU of eco-environment in Fujian province. All of that is on the basis of the merger of various units, the abstract of attribute information and the chosen of rational targets. At the same time, it emphasizes discussion of the mutual query and searches functions of the integrated information TUPU of eco-environment and attribute information, along with displaying the associated query of interspace structure and attribute information under different scales. This research has a guidance effect on the more extensive investigation of the integrated information TUPU of eco-environment in Fujian province.

ASTER image is one of the high spectrum resolution remote sensing images which could serve as new information resources of higher quality. NDBI is derived from the NDVI and is rewritten into the formula of NDBI=(ASTER4-ASTER2)/(ASTER4 + ASTER2). In this study, an ASTER image of Fuzhou City was used to extract the urban land-use information of the research area by NDBI method. The result was testified by comparing to the other two methods: PCA and Unsupervised Classification with the same ASTER image and Supervised Classification with the TM image. The result showed that The interpretation result by NDBI method is better than those by automatically classification method. The NDBI method not only has higher precision, but also can distinguish the old buildings from the new ones.

The plates that make up the earth's crust are from a violent collision that happened between the earth and another planet from outer space. The Pacific Ocean is a giant hollow resulting from a collision and the Atlantic Ocean is a rift valley shaping like a huge "S". The water on the earth is possibly mainly from this collision.

In this paper, rape is selected as an example in Tengchong county of Yunnan province for discussing the characteristics and relation of homogeneous crop in different growth periods and with different overlay degrees, through measurement of typical samples in the open, and processing and analyzing these data. The pilot study indicates that spectrum reflectivity increases from 375nm to 670nm and decreases from 800nm to 1100nm along with the increase of flowers of rape, and the combination scale is close to the spectrum combination scale of rape with full flower and without flower. The spectrum reflectivity decreases and increases with the growth of overlay degree from 368.4nm to 738.2nm and from 741.2nm to 1110.6nm, respectively. The combination scale is close to the spectrum combination scale of oil and rape with 100% overlay degree. This research is of practical significance to the recognition of different growth periods and different overlay degrees.

One of the important research fields of the human settlements,which relates to three levels: macro-scopical, middle-level and microcosmic, is to construct the good city environment. And it is the combination of the physical eco-system and man-made eco-system. During the period to construct the sustainable human settlements, "3S" (RS, GIS, and GPS) can play good roles in spatial and attribute data processing, management, analysis and visiblization as strong tools. This article gives a case of Guiyang city area to discuss the concrete application of human settlements study in the analysis of city eco-environment. The study result can help us bring forward the improvement advice for the existing urban plan of Guiyang, and make this plan to suit the need of constructing the good human settlements environment better.

In the field of computer-assisted cartography, cartographic generalization is one of the basic theories and methods of mapping. It is not only an abstract cognition of objective world, but also an important means of spatial information transformation and an important step of mapping. In digital environment, especially in GIS, all kinds of geographic entities and phenomena on the earth's surface are abstracted as points, lines, and polygons. Point cluster is one of the most important objects in the spatial analysis. In GIS, size, direction and shape of spatial points are not vital, however the holistic spatial configuration of spatial point cluster can represent the overall characteristics of point cluster. Thus, the whole spatial configuration of point cluster must be taken into account in automatic cartographic generalization. For the former methods, the reduction of spatial points is settled commendably, but there are still insufficiencies of maintaining the boundary and spatial structure of spatial points. In this paper, the boundary and the clustering center of point clusters are defined in detail. For the point clusters, the delaunay triangle is built and the points on the boundary are located. Then a method to extract the key points on the boundary is set forth. For the center points, the cluster method is quoted to locate them. Finally, the optimum method to improve the maintenance of the structure of spatial point clusters is identified and the content of this method is designed at length.

Based on the Landsat TM image covering Qinghai Lake district received on June 29 of 1997 and using the fractal dimension arithmetic method for coastline, the length of the shoreline of the Qinghai Lake is measured and computed at different scales. It shows that the fractal dimension of the shoreline of Qinghai Lake is 1.0237. The results of this study indicate that, firstly, fractal dimension is a feasible approach for expressing characteristics of the shoreline. Secondly, remote sensing and GIS supported measurement of shoreline fractal dimension has obvious advantages such as saving considerably amount of work and raising work efficiency, which indicates that remote sensing and GIS techniques have very good application prospect in the measurement of fractal dimension of shoreline.

Loess Plateau is a kind of peculiar relief unit in China and in the world, attracting strong attentions for its various and complex morphologies. This paper firstly presents several traditional methods to express land-forms, and then introduces three main methods to model 3D landforms, namely, the surface modeling, the DEM modeling and the fractal technique, the latter is especially described in detail. Finally, some kinds of landform morphologies of the Loess Plateau are generated with the most commonly used two dimensional midpoint displacement algorithms of fractal technique. The results show that we can acquire a satisfying visual effect.

Geo-informatic Tupu is a methodology for geographic spatio-temporal analyses in the condition of modern information technology, which illustrates the spatial distribution and dynamic process of geographic phenomena. Optimization of land use structure is the integration of distribution and process, and Geo-informatic Tupu is strongly applicable for it. Some aspects of Tupu during optimization of land use structure, such as spatio-temporal scale, scenarios of process, hierarchy, inter-feedback between Tupu and models etc. are discussed in this paper. The Tupu of land use and single index of ecological safety produced in the first stage is counted in sign Tupu. The complex evaluation Tupu of ecological safety and land use in the second stage is counted in diagnosis Tupu. The Tupu of optimization scenarios in the last stage is counted in action Tupu. The type definition and grade classification of Tupu should be systematic and harmonious. The optimization case of Baxiantong in Horqin Sandy Land show that Geo-informatic Tupu in optimization of land use structure can provide series of scenarios for constructing the past, evaluating the present and predicting the future. Furthermore it will offer evidence for land use sustainable development decision-making.

Symbolization of geographic information in GIS is named with geographic information portrayal in ISO/DIS 19117. This International Standard defines a feature-centered rule based portrayal mechanism. Instances of features are portrayed based on rules, which make use of geometry and attribute information. Portrayal information needs to be presented to portray a dataset containing geographic data. The portrayal information is handled as portrayal specifications applied according to specific portrayal rules. The portrayal mechanism makes it possible to portray the same dataset in different ways without altering the dataset itself. The portrayal specifications and portrayal rules are not part of the dataset. The portrayal rules can be stored in a portrayal catalogue. The portrayal specifications can be stored separately and referenced from the portrayal rules. The portrayal rule mechanism can be used to handle portrayal issues that have to be solved as they happen, such as how to automatically place text on maps, and how to specially represent the feature instances according to time of a day, direction or scale. The portrayal rules in the portrayal catalogue can be tested on the attributes of the feature instances in the dataset. A portrayal rule should be applied as a query statement that returns TRUE, or FALSE. New portrayal rules should be applied until one returns TORE. The portrayal specification associated with that particular portrayal rule shall then be applied. If no portrayal rule returns TRUE, then the default portrayal specification shall be used. A portrayal service is used to portray a feature instance or instances. The portrayal rules, in the light of mapping knowledge, match the cartographic specifications with geographic information, and find the symbol in the portrayal specification in order to represent the geographic object. Integrating the portrayal rules and extensible style sheet language (XSLT), we can describe the new model, the portrayal rules based on XSLT, where the portrayal rules are presented by the XSLT markup language. In the experiment, the Geographic Markup Language (GML) is transformed into the MapML by XSLT, where the MapML is the user-defined markup language representing the map-making data. Finally, the MapML is symbolized in the symbols based on SVG. The experimentation indicates that the portrayal rules based on XSLT can satisfy the needs of geographic information portryal.

This paper discusses the difference between the system theory of geographic science and the theory of man-land relationship of previous geography, the different points include the following: ①the geographic science system emphasizes the man-land interactions;②the geographic science system identifies research scope covering the past, present and future;③the geographic science system can be applied either to an individual country and region or to global change study. Meanwhile, it also expounds the significance of geographic science system in modern economic construction.

The meanings of GIS and related topics are briefly reviewed and discussed in this paper. First,10 definitions of GIS from academic,industrial and governmental leaders since the late 1980s are briefly summarized. Second,several GIS-related topics,such as the National Spatial Data Infrastructure,GeoLibrary,GeoComputation,Geographic Information Science,OpenGIS Specifications and Digital Earth,and their academic background are introduced and analyzed. Third,considering the widespread of GIS technology and the emerging awareness on GIS and society,the author tries to investigate the close relationships among GIS,people,organization and society in the information era. Forth,GIS diffusion and several researches on GIS application in developing countries are emphasized. Besides geographic information technologies,it seems that there are quite a few economic,organizational and managerial challenges in GIS development in China and other developing countries.Based on the review of GIS concept and related issues,the author argues that: 1) The definition of GIS is diverse and the meanings of GIS have constantly evolved since the late 1980s. Nevertheless,spatial is special! The geospatial element is highlighted in all of the GIS definitions. On the other hand,the organizational and societal issues are becoming increasingly important in understanding GIS implementation,application,diffusion and utilization. 2) The field of geographic information is still new and immature in the context of information society. The contemporary technological and societal factors have begun to reshape GIS. Consequently,there exist quite a few scientific and empirical challenges in GIS research. 3) Along with the evolution of GIS,it is necessary to examine GIS from a broad socio-technical perspective. Researches on GIS and society,such as GIS and organization,GIS diffusion and utilization,are critical for GIS applications in developing countries. 4) The geographic information technology and knowledge are mainly developed in only some developed countries and embedded by their organizational and cultural traditions. Consequently,for GIS development in China,it is crucial to reexamine GIS meanings from social perspectives.

1概述自20世纪80年代以来,地理信息系统(GIS)在欧美国家已被广泛应用。特别是在与民生和经济息息相关的行业,如商业、城市规划、物流、交通、人口普查、疾病分析等领域,GIS技术的运用更是得到空前的发展。虽然如此,GIS技术的发展也遇到不少阻碍。世界各国的经验表明,这些阻碍并非来自软硬件技术与人才培养等方面,而更多的是由数据政策间接引起的。特别是获取GIS数据的困难是发展这项技术遇到的最大障碍,与其他技术不一样,GIS如果没有有用的数据便无法应用。

读《竺可桢全集》前四卷对《竺可桢全集》前四卷的问世表示祝贺,对其编委会和出版社同志们的辛勤劳动表示衷心感谢!捧读四卷,思绪万千。我似乎又回到了抗战烽火的“流亡大学”,正在聆听竺老讲《徐霞客游记》,讲“求是”精神。竺老深睿思考时的口头语和绍兴口音,言犹在耳。忘记了自己这个老学生已是耄耋之年、垂垂老矣!伟大科学家、教育家的人格魅力是永远的,万古长青的!我的一生都是在竺老的教诲下成长的。

After the completion of the Three-Gorges reservoir,a series of changes in fluvial processes of the upper,middle and lower reaches of the reservoir will inevitably occur, causing changes in Yangtze River bed. Firstly, river mouth bars and subaqueous deltas will be formed because of the elevated base level of the tributaries at river mouths where the tributaries flow into the reservoir and its downstream area. Secondly,swing and deformation of the riverbed will occur in the upper reaches near the reservoir and banks along the reservoir when the reservoir begins to store water. Thirdly, riverbed scouring and channel deformation will happen at the downstream of the reservoir because of unmixed water flows when the reservoir sluices, which will influence seriously Wuhan city and Jinjiang, the reach of Yangtze River from Yichang city to Wuhan city.These processes in Hubei province and Chongqing municipality should be studied and calculated as soon as possible so that the countermeasures can be made promptly.

中国地理学会地图学与地理信息系统专业委员会于2002年10月25～29日在美丽的海滨城市青岛举行了“新世纪地图学与GIS的开拓与创新”学术会议。来自全国各地50多个单位的90多位专家学者出席了会议,并提交60多篇论文。会上有14位教授作报告,近30位专家学者在分组会上报告。论文涉及地学信息图谱、数字省区、地理信息标准化、公共信息网、空间信息移动服务系统、海图数据库系统、生物量遥感监测、GIS在作战指挥自动化中的应用、计算机地图概括、数字电子地图、GIS的应用以及地图学与GIS人才培养等许多方面。这次会议的论文同上届学术会议比较,在研究深度和解决实际问

1　“国家安全”的广义理解国家安全泛指国防安全和国家公共安全 :包括环境安全、生态安全与信息安全…… ,诸多方面突发事件的综合应变能力。涉及到区域导弹防御体系、生物秘密武器、病毒传染、生物入侵 ,以及地震、地质灾害、洪涝、干旱、沙尘暴与风暴潮…… ,和黑客干扰、文化入侵、信息干扰、电子对抗等。无论来自人为的还是自然的原因 ,其对人民生命、财产的危害都很大 ;其预警、防卫、救治的方式则是非常相似的。对区域经济社会可持续发展的影响也是非常深远的。

1　“数字地球”新战略“数字地球”的观念 ,是美国原副总统戈尔( A.cole,1 999)提出的 ,引起了政治家和科学界的关注。中央军委江泽民主席在院士大会上号召青年科学家密切关注 ,中国科学院发起组织了第一届“数字地球”国际研讨会 ,发布了“北京宣言”,第二、三届分别在北美 ,欧洲举行 ,第四届 ( 2 0 0 5年 )将由日本举办。

Palaeoclimate is an important reference frame for the study of changes of modern and future climate. As palaeoclimate research is closely related to global change,it has become an important field of international geoscience. The key point in palaeoclimate research is how to reappear and rebuild palaeoclimate and to simulate the dynamic evolvement process of basic element fields of atmospheric circulation in the form of 3-dimensions (time as a dimension). In this paper,a model of temporal and spacial index (MTSI) is brought forward and an object of temporal and spacial index (OTSI) is created to deal with the corresponding relations of temporal progress and to solve the information query,display and analysis of palaeoclimatic basic factors(including temperature,precipitation,sea level pressure and 1000 hpa potential height) at t time on the dynamic visualization for palaeoclimate simulation. Using the object oriented programming platform,a TGIS-based dynamic visualization simulation of palaeo-climate (TDVSP) is completed and has a good visual effect. After a series of data files of palaeoclimate factors being opened,a video can be created in the TDVSP. In a video,there are two types of image formats(vector and grid) for demonstrating the dynamic change of the fields of palaeoclimatic factors,and the features of vector in image(e.g. isoline density,line width and line color) can be modified in runtime. In addtion,the two types of image formats at t time can be switched during running for researches to analyse the spacial pattern of the fields of palaeoclimatic factors. Moreover,every frame of a video can be saved as a picture.Therefore,TDVSP is a good tool for palaeoclimatic researchers to analyse,demonstrate and illuminate the results of palaeoclimatic dynamic simulation.

The research objective of Geo-information science is human intelligence sphere and its main task is to control and adjust man-land relationship of human flow, material flow and energy flow with information flow for the purpose of serving peace and development. This paper discusses the theory and practice of Geo-information science by making penetrating analysis of the examples. It then suggests to understand the nature, master the law of nature, inverse the past and predict the future by using Geo-information Tupu. Finally, it calls for the GIS world to introduce network computation technique as early as possible so as to promote development in Geo-information science.

The so-called“floating bridge island”,just as the American Indians referred to in 1910,is seated intoday's Bering Strait.The narrowest part was only 86km wide,and 30 to 50m deep.There were two small is-lands in the middle.Moreover,people could see each other after rain on sunny days.China's ancestors migrationto America on foot at this period of time is related to ancient sea level change,i.e.,the constant continentalglacier thawing and sea level rise in later Quaternary.Sea level is 100m lower than today's about 14000 yearsago,the Alaska continental bridge lying in the Bering Strait did exist between Asia and America;when sea levelrose to 60m about 12000 years ago,the last ice age was over,the bridge still existed;until 9000 years ago,sea level rose to negative 25m,the bridge began to be submerged,and yet water was shallow,people could stillgo through on ice in winter easily;till about 7000 years ago,it is on the eve of human civilization,sea levelwas still 5 to 6m lower than the present,people could reach America by raft or canoe,and therefore lots of Chi-nese ancestors reached America since then,records have been found in China's ancient books.As a result,China is not only a landmass country,but rather a great navigation country long before.

Remote sensing is a kind of science and technology with strong applications background. This paper states that serving national developing strategy is an important embodiment of remote sensing contribution to the society from the original intention of remote sensing development and today's outstanding achievement. A basic framework of technological system of earth observing technology by remote sensing at national level and the design idea of " Four major integration system" are put forward, This paper discusses the nature and characteristics of remote sensing technology and the relations among the basis, technology, application, product and system engineering issues. It is the development direction of remote sensing that tasks impel subjects.

信息化社会来临,数字化浪潮势不可挡,人们对数据的关切,空前高涨。2003年世界遭遇二大突发事件的冲击:一是伊拉克战争,美国以50多颗卫星和5000多枚精密制导和巡航导弹,数字化第四步兵机械师和全球定位系统等数字化装备,以压倒优势攻击伊拉克,掌握绝对制控权,打了一场很不对称,不正常的战争,充分显示出双方“数字鸿沟”的差距。二是非典型肺炎的世界性传染病,涉及20多个国家,流窜到人口高度密集,交通极度发达的国际大都市。我国政府和国际组织都对非典病人统计数据的可信度表示格外的关切和重视。

长江流经 1 1个省市 ,支流散布于 8省浸润中国1 /5的土地。在世界大河中迳流量仅次于亚马逊河和刚果河。本文讨论长江在未来经济发展上的重要性和一些问题。1　能源2 0 0 1年 ,中国能源消费 ,煤炭、石油、天然气所占的比例分别为 67,2 4 ,3。世界平均分别为 2 8,38,2 4。中国煤炭消费量太高 ,而石油和天然气偏低。中国石油储量仅占世界 3%,而天然气之比例更低。自 1 993年以后 ,中国开始输入石油。 2 0 0 0年石油进口量占消费量 1 /3。世界石油储量将于 2 0 1 0年开始下降至 2 0 5 0年 ,将消耗殆尽。

Data itself can make up an independent data project without an application system Up to now, it is quite urgent to introduce management mechanism for data project in China This paper first analyzes the various problems in data project construction in our country and gives the necessity of practicing data management Then, according to the particularity of data project and practice on data project management, some discussions on the mechanisms, contents, and flow process of data are presented The specialty, the difficulties and the operating regulations are discussed in detail.

A new interdisplinary subject called as Hydroinformatics was emerged in Europe in the early 1990's.It was resulted from the merge of traditional water science and modern information technology. It has developed very fast in the ten years time and is now well accepted all over the world. China is now in the transition period from engineering-based traditional water resources to management-based modern water resources. The infor-mationalization process of water resources in China has been remarkably accelerated in recent years. Various new concepts, such as digital water resources and digital watershed, have been proposed and many sophisticated information systems have been built in China′s water sector. We are now working towards industrialization of the water sector driven by information technology, which requires the development of our own hydroinformatics subject. Theoretical and technical studies of hydroinformatics are still very weak in China. There are yet no any universities opening hydroinformatics course, no formal acdemic journal of hydroinformatics, and no any relevant acdemic societies. The paper introduces the concept of this new subject and reviews China′s recent development in this field. Finally the paper strongly suggests to establish our own hydroinformatics subject system including its education, research, application and consultancy as well as journal publication and acdemic society. By doing so it is aimed to promote the theoretical preparation for further and sustainable development of China′s information technology in water resources.

Based on the developments of theories and techniques in the field of computer and system engineering on the modelbase system at home and abroad,after collecting,revising and categorizing the resources environment models we have had,we conducted the research progress of modelbase system theories and tried to design and explore the general platform of Resource and Environmental ModelBase System (REMBS) by taleing into the consideration of the integrated and complicated characteristics of these models. In order to take full advantage of those models and the avaiable knowledge and to create new models,the above-mentioned work should be done. The REMBS could offer the key techniques and support platform for solving the various and important issues of resources and environment. We designed the framework of the REMBS and the general scheme flows to realize the REMBS. Furthermore,we brought forward and designed the functions and structures of Resource and Environment ModelBase (REMB),resource and environmental model dictionary (REMD),Resource and Environment ModelBase Management System (REMBMS),and the framework to integrated REMBS and GIS,which are the key parts of REMBS. Finally,we discussed the benefits the REMBS could supply and the problems the REMBS could solve.