As one natural or man-made hazard or phenomenon,landslide is sensitive to temporal and spatial characteristics of its triggering factors. The research of landslide concern knowledge from many research fields such as geology, landslide, lithology, geo-sciences, and computer technology. From the point view of geo-informatics, landslide research is one process during which landslide information was represented, manufactured and analyzed. Landslide information Tupu is one landslide information representation and construction method, the more important function of landslide information Tupu is one valuable method for landslide research.. Landslide information Tupu were classified into landslide symptom information Tupu, Landslide diagnosis information Tupu and landslide action information Tupu, and the content and research methodology of each landslide information Tupu were also described in detail in the paper.

The Paper recounts the investigation of flood and debris flow calamities by remote sensing technology in Mentougou District,southwest Beijing. This work has msde a grest role in against the natural calamities in the flood seasons these years,and has achieved a notable social-economy benefits. Judgements are raised for the main types of calamities and their harmfulness,meanwhile,villages and towns of the district are divided into four categories acording to the potential disaster conditions.The prevention and control proposals are put forward for all of the four categories of villages and small towns.Finaly,the potential factors related to the calamities are analysed,and the control measures are advanced.

In this paper, regulation and methodology of correlation between different soil classification systems are discussed, correlation between soil genetic classification and Chinese Soil Taxonomy of main soil types in Fujian is demonstrated, and the draft of keys to soil taxonomical classification of Fujian Province is put forward based on research experiences and data accumulated, which could promote the reformation of regional soil classification, be in favor of academic exchange and introducing technology in the domain, as well as providing a basis for correlation of soil resource across Taiwan Strait.

It's the important process of the city remote sensing and digital that the digital city image maps are produced and applied. It's also the important sector of the city base space data and GIS. The station and action of producing and applying the digital city image maps are gathering steam increasingly in the city construction and development. This paper discusses the cartography technology,manufacture flat, scale setting,photo demand,controlling data,quality demand and application model of digital image maps. Comparing with digital photogrammetry system and commercial remote sensing image disposal system, we think that producing and applying the digital city image maps has great advantages and prospects at present. This is proved through the examples of this paper.

With the development of Internet technologies, Internet based information system arises with more advantages: Firstly, it is convenient for users to use owing to the introduction of Internet technologies. Secondly, it benefits greatly the data dissemination and data sharing based on Internet. The most important but not the last is that users can establish the information service network supported by its technologies and the facilities of information highway. So, it would be significant to design Internet based information system to realize data collection, sharing and dissemination on Internet. There are many factors affecting regional environment. So it is not easy to realize the integrated environmental monitoring. Given this, we designed the Internet based environmental monitoring information system. By the virtue of the Internet based environmental monitoring information system, the management and storage of environmental monitoring data would be easier, which lays the foundation for the actualization of the environmental monitoring efficiently.

Based on research into the system architecture of digital city and the whole design of the digital city engineering, the paper discussed the information platform, electronic commerce, electronic government affair, intelligent traffic, intelligent community, security safeguard, science and technology, education, culture, entertainment, and information servers of digital city. It described also the date obtaining and updating system, database system, network system, industry data engineering system and standard system of digital city engineering

IKONOS satellite images are important information sources with one of the highest spatial resolutions as today's remote sensing application. The islands are complex objects with multi-dimensions and multi-scales, and there are special requirements for their detections. Nanji islands are typical representative areas of multi-kinds of biotic resources. Their detections for environment and resources are of a great potential by using IKONOS remote sensing methods. The paper shows some results on the detection of coastlines and their structures as well as some object features over sea from Nanji Islands by using IKONOS remote sensing images.Nanji Islands National Marine Nature Reserve was established in September 1990.It is located between 27°24′30″-27°30′00″N and 120°56′30″-121°08′30″E with an area of about 200 km2. The reserve is a marine ecosystem in nature, which mainly protects shellfish, algae and their ecological environment.There are 421 species of shellfish, 174 species of macro-benthic-algae, 459 species of macro-algae, 397 species of fishes, 257 species of crustaceans and 158 species of other marine creatures in the reserve.These kinds of biological resources exist mainly at the tidal zone areas. IKONOS imagery processing and extraction of key information are very important in achieving the coastline and inland features and their parameter estimations. The geometric correction of remote sensing images includes the selection of transfer schemes and correcting methods, achievement of the controlling points, the boundaries of output images, pixel sizes of images and re-samples of imagery grey scale. The transfer schemes are divided into both immediate and mediate methods. Mediate method is dealt with in the study. With regard to transfer method identification, the second order multinomial is chosen. More than 6 control points are required because there are 12 unknown data in the multinomial.Concerning IKONOS image fusion,there are quite a number of approaches for this purpose, for example HIS, essential component analysis, wavelet transfer and so on. Here HIS transfer combines with other methods. The fusion is carried out after image enhancement. The imagery fusion is perfected by using part of IKONOS's black-and- white band and multi-spectral images. Of them, multi-spectral images are chosen as the groups of 432 or 342 and 321 respectively, and then the excellent images with rich information are obtained. As for the extraction of coastline and island land covers, Envi software and supervised classification are applied to extract various informations in the study. Data on coastline, the construction of coastal zone, the natural and man-made objects and sea surface objects as well as land coverage and so on have been obtained based on information extraction from IKONOS images. The results indicate that it is of great potential to conduct large scale mapping of the islands and detect small marine objects. The developments of coastal and marine remote sensing applications for IKONOS and other new satellite images with high resolutions are very important. The problems and difficulty in applying IKONOS images are also discussed.

In this article , illustrated by the example of Changqing , a county of Jinan city , Shandong province, land fertility and cultivated land potential productivity are carefully studied . At first, multiple factors influencing land fertility are expounded , and the GIS and RS based synthetically evaluation is discussed .Then using the mechanism methodology and computing models ,five kinds of cultivated land potential productivity are computed and the results are precisely expressed as grid map that the size of it's single grid unit is 900 square meters.

The essay generally introduees the green revolution appeared recently and brings us the concept of the green culture,lt also elaborates the value of green , the general principle of the green culture as well as the relations between the green culture and the other cultures.ln the essay,the author explorates the idea of constructing of the green community first time. It also shows the readers a green future which wle human being must correet the prejudice against geo-environment and ecocrisis caused by the anthropism in the past. We should read just and set a good relation between human being and geo-environment

Under the ISO9001 quality control system the discussion of this paper is emphasized on the setting and control of the data file because they will bring great influences on the mapping quality in the product flow of digital map. Furthermore, the quality control content and method for standardization and programming production of digital map are discussed in the electronic publishing system and CTP system.

Geography Information system is gradually developed to a new industry not only a well thought out technology. It plays more and more important roles in survey, geology and minerals, agriculture and water ,conservancy monitoring of the environment and regional development. There are lots of data in domestic geo science. The study and practice on visualization technology of GIS space data publication can not only meets the demands of GIS space data publication ,but also has great significance on making full use of GIS data resource and enhancing mapproductivity. This paper discusses the types ,relationship,vector data structure of GIS space data,their shared and restricted factor in electronic publishing system,and the basic method for visualization technology in electronic publication of GIS space data. Two solutions are derived for enterprise based on practice.

Land use/cover changes(LUCC)have long been important issues in Taiwan. Many studies have been done by geographers and related researchers. Most work investigated environmental impacts of land use/cover changes. Some focused on the issue of exploration or explanation of spatial distribution of specific land use/cover pattern. Since last decade, university experts and government agencies in Taiwan have conducted many international LUCC studies. They have actively involved in research activities in the Southeast Asian Regional Committee(SARCS)for START(Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training), LUCC IGBP(the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme), LUCC IHDP(the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme), IGU LUCC(International Geographical Union)and other international LUCC related research activities. To establish temporal digital databases of land use/cover in different periods is the most important work for the study of LUCC. This research is an attempt to present briefly LUCC studies for several sources in Taiwan. The digital databases of land use/cover in Taiwan are introduced. In additions, a browsing of LUCC over past 40 years is also described.

Digital Mapping Technology is one of the functions of MAPGIS.The autor investigated and analyzed the requirement of mapping for land exploitation and arrangement planning. In this article there is a technoloical line on land exploitation and arrangement with MAPGIS.

Concerning the paradox in evaluating the national resources-environmental security from both very traditional and very complex ones, a modest method, namely key factors analysis, is employed by this paper. A result of the proposed analysis on the 10 selected countries with a population over 100 million of each in the world shows that all the countries could be categorized as three types, namely high, lower and the lowest, in their national resource-environmental security evaluations.The result also implies that curtail factors to determine a country's place in the comparative study is the overall coordinated situation of the cultivated land, water resource, minerals and ecological environment, and it is particularly true for the large developing countrys like China with a population over 1.2 billion.In order to release a higher pressure on the weakening resource-environmental base for most of the developing countries, there are some things must be done. According to the common practices of the whole world, this paper raises the followings suggestions: tightening population control first of all; widening the national resource-environment base through international trade secondly; intensifying the national resource value-added process thirdly; and putting more energy into the national environment protection finally.

Under the situation of network economy rising, the tour Web Site is one kind of new state of tourist industry development. At present, the tour Web Site brings the shock of revolutionary character to the intrinsic market rampart barrier in China tour market, and the new question is constantly emerged in large numbers. This text, analyses the development state and the tour concept of Web Site, advances the question of tour Web Site, and takes apart the cause, finally put forward the development trend of the tour Web Site in China.

In this paper, the important recognition and decision problems in the large exploitation in west of China are discussed using philosophic thinking. We aimed to revoke the struggling spirits, and base the large exploitation mainly on ourselves.

The conception of the hydraulic engineering that enclose the Bohai Sea into a fresh lake has been put forward. The great deal of silt in Yellow River can quickly create land, so the Yellow River can be diverted across the coast of the Laizhou Gulf and Bohai Channel by the deposition. The new land will enclose the Bohai Sea and them we would get a huge fresh lake after years. The engineering would connect the Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula directly, and provide a huge fresh water storage in the N-China. In this paper, double net fence would make fixed deposition and block tide and ocean current; and strengthening of flood season would increase the silt in embouchure.

In this paper mainly discusses the realization method and the design content of Multimedia Electronic Map ,which design with multimedia software and use digital map as the key date source from Electronic Publishing System.

The paper obtained material from the land use issues and strategies of the countydevelopment plan. It analyzed the issues from the spatial, content, causes, and explain dimension in order for the sustainable land use plan to develop.

The quantitative maps is one of the supporters of transferring quantitative informations and one of the graph expression manners of the graphic of the quantitative informations. The perspection of the quantitative symbols designs symbols according to the principle of the perspection. The perspective symbols are divided into three genus which the perspection of the ratio symbols, the quantitative graphs of the perspection of the reference frame and the solid maps of the perspection from the point of view which in the mathematic basis in the basis of the analyze of the perspective symbols. The perspection of the quantitative symbols helps to show some magnitude targets and improves the exhibition of the quantitative maps.

The paper mainly points out that tourism as a rapidly developing industry, it also has many disadvantages, for example its information level is low and spatial information application is inadequate. The author suggests to apply GIS technology and expert system to tourism information system by taking Changping District of Beijing city as an example. It also conducts a theoretical discussion of combining GIS technology with expert system to build tourism information system.

In the process of analysing "The Surface Construction Information System of Daqing Oilfield" which is based on the technologies of geographical information system (GIS), this article puts forward four leading principles of developing a large-scale GIS software engineering successfully. Firstly, a large-scale GIS software engineering, which involves many professionals who belong to different departments, different subject areas and different administrative levels, is managed by the chief leader of the first party, otherwise it would be difficult to assort with so many departments and consequently it would be difficult to carry the engineering project into execution. Secondly, a large-scale GIS software engineering is a specialization system engineering, so it is necessary for the technical staff and the software developers to cooperate intimately. The third principle is that the first party personnel go deep into the process of software developing and then master the technique for updating and maintaining the GIS software. Fourthly, in order to fix on the second party, the bidding documents are examined by experts. Besides, three groups are needed to ensure the successful execution, namely the leading group, the technical management group, and the developing group which works together with the second party in the process of software developing. The leading group has two level groups, the first-level group charges the engineering project, the second-level group carries out the task, and feedbacks information to the first-level group. The technical management group mainly consists of persons who come from the technical management department. The members of the developing group come from different departments, and different subject areas. Finally, the working mechanism of a large-scale GIS software engineering is that the engineering project is managed by the technical management department and the production department severally, and is implemented by the administrative department concentrative.

张崇厚(记者):钟教授,您好！您是我国老一辈的著名地理科学家。我们<地球信息>是1996年7月经中国科学院和北京市出版管理局有关部门批准试刊的,旨在向全国和全世界提供全方位的信息服务。我们非常高兴,您能接受我杂志的采访。
钟功甫:我也很乐意同<地球信息>这一新型期刊编辑交谈。

In this paper, the applicable research and application on subway projects with high and new technology: 3S etc is discussed, and the validity of this technical method is proved.

The paper attaches more importance the structural and functional design of the data processing system of CBERS-1 and analyses the all kinds of the problems and the relevant technological methods on the data processing At the same time it analyses the application of CBRS-1 data processing

由全国政协资源与环境委员会和外事委员会委托国家林业局和国家环境保护总局主持,在北京召开就森林的环境效应、森林资源与社会生产力、森林可持续发展经营及其认证体系、能源与环境,环境保护与市场以及可持续发展6个方面,进行广泛的富有成效的讨论。其中,可持续发展城市主题讨论会,由陈述彭先生和罗夫·泽留斯先生主持,各位专家讨论的内容丰富,提出的问题很多,从理论上和实践上,展示了相当宽广的视野。同时,也表明了目前严峻的形势。1就环境等问题,检讨了中国城市的现状、城市发展前景,以及公众的责任和义务。

This paper proposes a quickly universal conversion method based on the differential correction of double affine transformation for projections between the diverse projection plans. It shows its principle, demonstrates its correctness, and gives its coverage and skills for fast computing. The method is very suitable for the projection transformation on different DRG.

As a form of the systematic reflection on the fruits of environmental protection,the role of the atlas of environmental protection received more and more concerns. This sort of atlas is recognized as the necessary means for the effective research and management of environment, such as environmental monitoring, environmental management, environmental planning and decision making on environmental proction, et al. In this paper, the combination between the knowledge of environmental science and the technology of digital cartography was explored. Through the innovatory designing of the atlas of environmental protection, the aim is to provide a strong scientific and technological support for the establishment of national exemplary city of environmental protection for Shaoxing.

In this article, the author explains that through RS, GIS and GPS core techniques, as well as ground test with synthetic investigation method, they have completed background investigation of ecological environment along Yanhe River, whose coverage is about 10 015 797 km 2, and have established 1900～2000 year ecological environment dynamics monitoring system by using ETM/TM satellite data and airborne to ground observation data. Up to now, they have found out the distribution of major species and vegetation, current status of land use and coverage and their dynamics changes in the last ten years. They have also identified 5 ecological regions and 25 ecological systems. At the same time they put forward the proposals and actions for ecological environment establishment, soil erosion control, economic development, and realization of sustainable development.

In this paper, the applications of Digital Earth in oil and gas exploration and production, oilfield management and decision-making, the Digital Oilfield are researched. The fundamental technologies of Digital Earth in development and application systems can be summarized as 4I, they are Immersive Visualization, Internet Enabled, Integrated Data warehousing, and Intelligent Modeling. Digital Earth is not just Web-GIS, VR-GIS, or online 3S system (GIS, GPS, RS). In order to extend Digital Earth to Digital Oilfield, the SIM (Subsurface Imaging and Modeling) is considered, then the Digital Earth will be used for scientific and industrial exploring from Earth surface to subsurface, even to Earth mantle and core, such as digital oilfield, digital lithosphere, and digital biosphere, for industrial and social information management, and for innovative ways of education and entertainment. The main improvement of Digital Oilfield in contrast to the original great computer center is that many oilfields have focused on oil and gas integrated forecasting, reservoir dynamic modeling,oilfield management and decision making, and exploration data warehousing. The immersive environment can provide stereoscopic 3D images of the complex data, which makes users easier to understand, easy to do collaborative teamwork, easy to interpret, easy to make decision, easy to manage, easy to do perceptual computing, and so on. A typical Digital Oilfield system can be divided into the following aspects: super workstation or computer cluster for computing and graphics generating, virtual reality and 3D projection systems for immersive visualization, wide band network, storage area network as Data warehouse, virtual reality system software, oilfield data processing software, develop software, data sharing software for multi-source and hetero-database seamless integration and so on. Suggestions on how to realize a Digital Oilfield system and its configuration are put forward. The key related technologies and applications of digital oilfield are analyzed in detail. Finally, we concluded that the only way to solve the problems that oil and gas department confronted with is to adopt new ideas, new theories and new technologies.