The Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Network(ESSDSN) is one of the key programs of Scientific Data Sharing Project in China.It is very important for global change and earth system science research as well as national macro strategic decision-making and socio-economic sustainable development.For scientific data sharing,there are two key technologic issues should be solved,i.e.distributed & asynchronous data resources integration and one-stop sharing service.Firstly,the ideal of "founding Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Union by co-constructing and co-using" is put forward.And also three-level organization mode,head center-sub centers-data resource sites,is designed.From the viewpoint of technology,it adopts the method of centralized management for metadata and separate management for data body to integrate distributed data resources.Specially,in order to describe multi-discipline data resources,different metadata standards are used.However these metadata standards should be interchanged with each other.So the core metadata standard and extension method are researched using MVC(metadata standard schema,metadata view page,metadata handle control functions) mode to uniformly handle and visualize these different metadata standards.Finally,the distributed Earth System Scientific Data Sharing System(ESSDSS) is designed based on SOA(Service-oriented architecture).It is divided into three logic tiers,i.e.data resources tier,business function tier and web services tier,and implements interoperability by web services.ESSDSS has been deployed in one head center and 13 sub centers to form a distributed and one-stop Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Network(ESSDSN).Up to Dec.2009,ESSDSN has integrated about 18TB data resources including 5 spheres of earth system and provided about 25.59TB data for many users freely.

Coastal Zone is the transfer of land and sea areas.With economic development and opening to the outside world,various exploiting activities on coastal zone,on the one hand,promote economic development of coastal areas;on the other hand,make coastal areas facing increasing pressures,such as population increase,consumption of resources and serious environmental pollution,etc.In addition,coastal zone suffers frequent natural disasters,such as typhoon,drought and earthquake.Accordingly,coastal ecological environment shows a typical characteristic of vulnerability.In this paper,fragile ecological environment in the coastal zone was studied based on the Geo-Information Tupu methodology.Firstly,it constructs spatiotemporal database through earth observation,field investigation and social economic statistics,and a symptom Tupu is constructed from data mining and knowledge discovery.Then a diagnose Tupu is extracted by combined evaluation and spatiotemporal analysis.Finally,implement Tupu is generated by the support of forecasting model and the decision project is formed.The practice proves that the study of the fragile properties for eco-environment by the method of Geo-Informatics graphic analysis is almost same as the reality of Fujian Province.The fragile eco-environment including present situation,driving factors and the future trend could be reflected more intuitively through information Tupu.The study of fragile eco-environmental information Tupu by means of Tupu inversion and simulating the spatiotemporal change of eco-environment of coast zone would supply important scientific basis for the planning policy decision of sustainable development in coast zone as well as the countermeasure making of environmental management and disaster prevention and reduction through comprehensive assessment and forecasting of fragile eco-environment in coastal zone by Tupu form.

It was very important to learn the climate background in arable land changed areas of China then to estimate food production,to evaluate the balance of arable land quantity and quality,and to put in practice arable land protection and food security.In this paper,the arable land changed areas were firstly analyzed.Next,annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours were chosen to analyze the climate conditions in arable land changed areas so as to provide suggestions on land protection and economic development.The results showed that annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in arable land decreased areas were 0.45-1.05℃ higher,56.77-79.59mm more and 45.80-98.83h less than arable land increased areas during the four periods from the end of 1980s to 2008.While annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in areas with significant arable land reduction were 0.81-1.85℃ higher,85.69-305.26mm more and 86.96-207.85h less than those with significant arable land increase.The core part of China's arable land was gradually moving upward/northward from the end of 1980s to 2008.According to altitude,the arable land increased areas seemed to be about 0.5-1° more northward than the decreased areas,while the significantly increased areas seemed to be about 1-2° more northward than the significantly decreased areas.Otherwise,according to latitude,the arable land increased areas seemed to be about 100-200 meters higher than the decreased areas,while the significantly increased areas seemed to be about 150-350 meters higher than the significantly decreased areas.The difference in precipitation became more and more significant between the arable land decreased area and the increased area as time went on from the end of 1980s to 2008.These conclusions are important help for us to learn grain production,to evaluate the balance of arable land quantity and quality,and to readjust industrial layout in China.

Through remote sensing research of uranium deposit in Ordos and Tarim basins,the close relationship of its metallogenic environment and fault-block uplift(fault-uplift structure) was found.Based on this discovery,and combined with modern information technology(GIS,3d visualization,computer simulation,etc.) and geophysical and geochemical information such as gravity,aeromagnetic,airborne radiometric survey and earthquake prospecting,then adding in uranium geology professional knowledge,the information transform was made into new cognition,and finally,a viewpoint of fault-uplift mineralization and the theory of fault-block mineralization in Craton basin of China were put forward.To encircle the fault-uplift structure and its brink is the main direction of prospecting in this type of basin.So,the conception of putting the application of remote sensing "from the technical aspect to scientific aspect",which,was advocated by the late academician Chen Shupeng,was explored.This concept designated the direction of deep development and further application of remote sensing technology.The practice shows that it is an important approach to make full use of the advantages of remote sensing technology at first,to discover and put forward problems,then to use comprehensive information and integration technology,to make extension study of the remote sensing discovery and combine with professional knowledge,to make the data and information transform into innovation cognition,and finally to direct the practice and decision-making.

A geographic information system(GIS) integrates hardware,software,and data for capturing,managing,analyzing,and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.Addresses are one of the most popular geographical reference systems in natural languages.Address geocoding is considered as the most effective approach to bridging the gap between business data in management information systems(MIS) and GIS,which supports geospatial information visualization and spatial analysis.Chinese address geocoding faces three significant problems,i.e.address models,address resolution and address matching,because of the un-standardization of Chinese place names and the shortage of national address databases.Address resolution aims to automatically split address strings in natural language into address units without semantic incompletion.It plays a fundamental role in address models and address matching.Previous research focuses on rule or gazetteer based approaches,which are easily implemented but with poor coverage and performance.In theory,Chinese address resolution is similar to word segmentation in Chinese natural language processing.Based on the investigation of large-scale Chinese place names and address syntactic patterns,this paper identifies primary and secondary general characters that represent a variety of address units.And then an address numerical representation method is presented to induce syntactical rules of Chinese addresses.Finally,we develop an RBAI algorithm for implementation Chinese address resolution and illustrate an example.The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can achieve satisfactory efficiency and effectiveness for large-scale data processing,the accuracy ratio over 92% and the processing rate over 2,800 items per second.The proposed approach and system can be extended to such fields as land management,asset management,city plan,public security,postal system,taxation,public health management and other location-base services.

As a complex non-linear and dynamic process,full understanding of the urban morphology and evolution mechanism requires modelling.Due to its abilities of simulating and predicting a complex system,cellular automata(CA) have been increasingly used to capture the nature of urban evolution since the pioneering work of Tobler.More recently,intelligence methods were widely adopted to optimize geographical CA models.The similarity between the nature of self-organization of particle swarm optimizers(PSO) and the "bottom-up" approach of cellular models makes it particularly suitable for optimizing transition rules.Based on automatically searching the minimum differences between the simulation results produced by a CA model based on conventional logistic regression method and the actual pattern of urban morphology,this research integrates the PSO method and a CA model to stochastically optimize combination of parameters of CA rules and construct the PSO based CA model for urban expansion and evolution modelling.Based on Matlab,Visual Studio.Net and GIS,the PSO algorithm and the PSO-CA model were successfully implemented.By using the 17 years(from 1989 to 2006) historical remotely sensed images,the PSO-CA model was calibrated to simulate the urban expansion of Jiading District,Shanghai Municipality.Besides,the urban pattern of Jiading District at 2010 was projected with the PSO-CA model.Evaluated with a confusion matrix,the simulation results of the PSO-CA model obtained accuracies of 87.42% for the non-urban category,76.51% for the urban category,82.35% for overall,and 64.31% for the Kappa coefficient,which outperforms the logistic regression based CA model,with accuracies of 84.36% for the non-urban category,71.58% for the urban category,78.42% for overall,and 56.32% for the Kappa coefficient.This research have demonstrated that conventional transition rules were substantially improved by the PSO technique,which also can optimize a wide range of traditional CA models for urban evolution modelling.

With economic growth,eutrophication has become one of the most severe environment problems,including in lake areas.Currently,couples of lakes urgently need decision-making information for the coordination between economic growth and nitrogen and phosphorus emissions controlling.This paper introduces the framework of a multi-regional environmental computable general equilibrium(ECGE) model which is based on the theory of mathematical optimization solution to explore the relationship between economic growth and controlling of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions.A social accounting matrix(SAM) database is created based on the input-output table of 2007 for mainland China and an inter-regional trade matrix is built in terms of the gravity model assumption to support the ECGE model.A case study in Poyang Lake Basin is conducted to extract decision making information for nitrogen and phosphorus emissions controlling in order to avoid the broken out of eutrophication as well as to spur economic growth.Four scenarios are designed based on water environmental capacity and emission factors of each sectors of Poyang Lake Basin and simulated by ECGE model one by one.The simulation results show that the scenario,aiming at the Grade III water quality standards and reducing nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from those sectors with high emission,is the most efficient one among all of the four scenarios in coordinating economic development and eutrophication control.The internalization of external environmental costs under this scenario will reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emissions via increasing of science and technology input and improving on processing technique with economic growth of Jiangxi Province as well as other regions.

The gird scale effect is one of the basic issues on population data spatialization.For the demand of all kinds of spatial population data in the fields of resources and environment and global change models,a lot of researches have been done based on remote sensing and GIS technology both at home and abroad.But the models used are mostly on global(such as GPW,1995,5km),national(such as national population database,2000,1km) or provincial scale,and their resolution ranges from 1km to several kilometers.In recent years,there are studies on local distribution of population by using of high-resolution images.For all the researches,both the method of data source selection according to specific application and the analysis on production suitability are deficient.So,many uncertainties exit in population data application,especially in county level and secondary or tertiary rivers.To solve the problems mentioned above,in this article we mainly propose the method of scale effect analysis on population data spatialization.Taking Yiwu City,Zhejiang Province as the study area,using CBERS and IRS-P5 images we extract land use information and build a spatialization model to the statistical population data of rural towns,then get a set of population data gird ranging from 20m to 1km.Moreover,by comparing population data by grid and statistical population data in rural towns,the grid scale effect analysis is made;by comparing population data by grid and statistical population data in villages,the remote sensing data source scale effect analysis is made.The result of scale effect analysis shows: by using CBERS as data source,the suitable grid scale of production is 200m and its precision is 76%;by using P5 as a data source,the suitable grid scale of production is 100m and its precision is 84%.The method of scale effect analysis in spatial distribution of statistical population is argued in this paper and it can provide basic technical solutions and examples to optimum scale selection in the process of humanistic factors(such as population) spatialization.

Map Registration plays a very important role in many fields of GIS.An automated shape-base approach to affine transformation registration of two homonymous vector map features is put forward in this paper.This approach includes two stages which are coarse registration and fine registration.In the first stage,geometry moments are computed only through boundary for polygon features and three pairs of corresponding points are recognized according to some theorems of affine transformation invariants for line features,which will cause that six initial parameters of affine transformation be solved,and thus two map features can overlap with each other roughly according to solved parameters.In the second stage,fine registration is realized by an improved iterative closest points method using a point-to-line metric based on coarse registration result.Experiments show that this algorithm presented in this paper can still achieve a more accurate registration result compared with artificial registration even when there are many slight deformations between shape boundaries of two homonymous vector map features,which mean that it is robust to noise to some degree.Because this algorithm take complicated shape characteristics of map features into account,it is more suitable for registration of vector map features than other methods.After fine registration is fulfilled,homonymous corresponding points can be recognized and matched from shape boundary of vector map features based on registration result,which will lay solid foundation for following entire map registration.

The WebGIS development represents a natural answer to the growing requests for dissemination and use of geographical information data.WebGIS originates from a combination of web technology and Geographic Information System.The new technology,RIA(Rich Internet Application),is more frequently used to enrich WebGIS in meeting the demand of high interactivity and rich expression in some extent.There were papers introducing the solution of RIA applied in WebGIS such as Flex,but they mainly discussed the architecture,the function model and so on.Base on the research of Silverlight,the combination between Silverlight and WebGIS is presented in this paper.Especially,the authors discussed how to represent geographic information in multi-scale by simulating and improving DeepZoom,which enables smooth loading and panning by serving up multi-resolution images and using spring animation.And then we integrated vector and raster geographical data by making use of XAML(eXtensible Application Markup Language).It would be much more appealing if taking advantage of animation.The algorithm for displaying huge amount of data was also designed,and it improved the performance efficiently.In addition,the key issue of geospatial web services aggregation and web cache was also mentioned.Finally,to evaluate and present results obtained by this work,this paper includes case studies concerning implementation of the idea.The authors believe that WebGIS based upon Silverlight will play a great role in representing geographic information and aggregating geospatial web services in future,and also,it is more effective.

The effects of landscape pattern changes on ecological services are significant for ecological protection and landscape pattern optimization,especially for ecological fragile regions.This paper investigated ecological service functions due to landscape pattern changes in a typical region,i.e.the spring recharge area of Jinan,which is a major recharge source area of spring water.This was done based on the analysis of landscape patterns changes by spatial analysis methods of Geographic Information System(GIS) and interpretation of remote sensing images,and ecological service value coefficients evaluation of terrestrial ecosystems in China.It will provide theoretical support for regional sustainable development,landscape planning and urban construction.The results showed that: 1) cultivated land area and grassland area decreased,while woodland area,garden plots area and construction land area increased rapidly,especially woodland area changed most.On the transformation of landscape types,cultivated land was apt to transform into others,especially into construction land and garden plots;and the increase area of woodland mainly derived from grassland and cultivated land.2) The value of ecological services mainly depended on changes in woodland's and cultivated land's,which decided the ecological service function changes.The value of water and soil conservation function in the spring recharge area was the largest,and its proportion in the total value was about 20%.3) The value of total ecological services increased from 1995 to 2005.As for changes in single ecological service,service values of water and soil conservation,waste treatment and food production decreased,in which the value of water and soil conservation reduced by a most proportion,reaching up to 4.01%.It suggested that,more attention should be paid to water and soil conservation functions,in order to protect the spring recharge area,and gradually increase the total ecological benefits.

Along with society development,more and more greenhouse gases,such as carbon dioxide,methane,and nitrous oxide,were released to atmosphere by humanity.Scientific researches showed that the fact of global warming was incontrovertible,and how to contain or slow down global warming became a global hot spot of scientific research.In order to meet demands on evaluation of carbon source/sink inventories,UNFCCC invited the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to develop Good Practice Guidance for Land Use,Land-Use Change and Forestry.Based on the.NET and ArcGIS technology,the Carbon Accounting and Decision Support System of LULUCF in China was developed to meet the requirements of National Negotiation under the climatic convention and management of carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystem.The system was developed completely based on the IPCC idea and method,and it could efficiently integrated existed observation records,data,models and methods for dynamic assessments of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance,carbon sink effects of LULUCF and implementation policies.In this article,we first introduced the design and framework of the system.Then we made a detailed description of the system functions and the managements of database.Followed,we described the process of system development and the operating procedures showed in the interface of the system with C# as the development language.Finally we summarized the innovative characteristics of the system.The Carbon Accounting and Decision System of LULUCF in China has complete functions and strong expandability,and it could accept many types of schemes for comparison.Considering the actual national condition,the system adopted native scientific achievements as possible in method,data and parameter to reduce the uncertainty of carbon list checking and ratifying.It would supply reliable and efficient method for secondary national green house gas list compilation,and scientific basis for National Negotiation under the climatic convention and the implementation of the convention.

Three-dimensional modeling of trees is one of the key issues of building virtual forest environment.On the basis of analyses the morphology of trees,an object-oriented vector-raster mixed tree model is proposed.The main components of the trees were seen as vector model and the leaves as raster model in the tree model.The main components of the trees have been abstracted into several classes based on object-oriented thinking.Each vector class is composed of basic vector point,arc,face and body.The model has the obvious level feature.Five topological relations are introduced in detail among trunk,segment,branch and leaf.The three-dimensional modeling method of trees which combines the advantages of both L-systems and three-dimensional geometry framework is proposed base on rules and restriction.In the modeling method branching laws and spatial distribution characteristics of leaves are changed into rules.The tree model is consistent with the biophysical characteristics of trees.And it is provided with space geometrical features and topological relations.Model parameters are controlled by threshold,model adjusting and random restriction.The model achieved a higher precision.Tree restriction involves tree configuration,leaf size,leaf area index and random.Finally the tree model and modeling method are realized by Visual C++and OpenGL.The modeling method is tested by measurement data.The obtained tree model is more in line with the actual morphological structure parameters and bio-physical indicators than any other model.The obtained tree model supports physiological and ecological process simulation,rule discovering,and parameter calculation.

In this paper the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation cover in Northwest China and its influencing factors were analyzed by average method,trend line and correlation analysis during 1982 to 2006 using GIMMS/NDVI data.The annual average NDVI has been increased significantly with a rate of 0.5%/10a in Northwest China in recent 25 years.There were some significant spatial differences of the vegetation cover change.The trend line slope of NDVI were higher than 0.0005 in Xinjiang（Tianshan,Artai Mountains）,Gansu（Qilian Mountains） and the eastern part of Qinghai,and it indicated the vegetation cover was significant increased in this areas.The trend line slope of NDVI were lower than-0.000 5 in the southern region of Qinghai,Shanxi and Ningxia border region,parts of Gansu and Xinjiang（Talimu Basin,Tulufan,Tahe,Tuoli）,and it indicated the vegetation cover was degraded in this areas.The NDVI of woodland,grassland and cultivated land had an ascending tendency during the study period.Studies showed that: the vegetation cover change was caused both naturally and artificially in Northwest China.The temperature rose significantly in past 25 years in northwest China by an average rate of 0.67℃/10a,and precipitation increased by an average rate of 8.15mm/10a since 1986.There was a weak positive correlation between vegetation cover and temperature and precipitation inter-annual changes.However,there was a significant linear relationship between vegetation cover and the monthly average temperature and precipitation during the years.But when the average monthly temperature exceeded 20℃,the NDVI decreased and the correlation coefficient is 0.29;when the average monthly precipitation was 0~100mm,the NDVI increased and the correlation coefficient is 0.63.However,when the average monthly precipitation was more than 100mm,a clear growth trend no longer existed.The improvement in agricultural production and the ecological construction project are the very important reasons to increase the NDVI in Northwest China.

The Chinese meteorological satellite program,began from 1970's,consists of two series,i.e.,polar-orbiting satellite series and geostationary satellite series,as well as the ground operational segment.In partnership with the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation(CASC),the second generation of polar-orbiting meteorological satellite,i.e.,FY-3A,the first of this series was developed,and launched from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre in China on 27 May,2008.The FY-3A in orbit serves as a moving meteorological observing station,and is equipped with both sounding and imaging payload,providing three-dimensional,quantitative,multi-spectrum global remote sensing data under all weather conditions.It has more powerful applications in several fields over the FY-1 satellites.This satellite provides a unique source of environmental observations of the earth's surface,oceans,atmosphere,and near space.The observations are used to derive profiles of atmospheric temperature and moisture,sea surface temperature,cloud parameters,precipitation rate at ground,snow and ice coverage,fogs,aerosol,ozone profile,ozone amount,outgoing longwave radiation,and so on.The data and products are used in numerical weather analysis and prediction,climate change monitoring,oceanographic,hydrologic,agriculture,forestry,forage grass and natural disasters monitoring and services.The applications of the satellite data can greatly improve the meteorological and climate service and thus benefit the society and national economy.Users in the world can get the data and products from National Satellite Meteorological Centre by some ways for further uses.Now the FY-3A is a necessary part of the World Meteorological Organization(WMO) space-based component of the Global Observing System(GOS).It is not just for China use,but also make contribution to the word.This paper briefly introduces the major characteristics of the satellite data and provides some products and application examples in numerical weather prediction,regional weather and climate change,environmental and nature disaster monitoring.

Soil suitability evaluation is a complex issue which concerns many disciplines and depends on varied knowledge and experiences.In resent years,the ontology coming from fields of Intelligent Information Processing and Knowledge Management Engineering is a new method for knowledge representation,sharing and reusing.In this paper,the ontology-based knowledge representation and the technique of ontology-based knowledge base system(KBS) were applied in the soil suitability evaluation domain.Firstly,the necessity and innovation of using the ontology-based KBS in the process of soil suitability evaluation was discussed.According to the system target of soil suitability evaluation application,the framework of ontology-based KBS and the key technologies to implement it were prompted.By combining the essential connotation and general process of soil suitability evaluation,the system design ideas of ontology-based KBS used in soil suitability evaluation domain was determined,and the system architecture using OWL and Jena2 was presented.Based on analysis of soil suitability evaluation and associated fields such as crop cultivation and land use,the core concept set and relevant set of domain ontology model were extracted,and the soil suitability evaluation ontology was developed by OWL,the domain ontology language.Based on the extracting of reasoning rules for soil suitability evaluation and soil property knowledge representation,the reasoning rules of the system was put forward according to the rule syntax of Jena2.Then the ontology and rules was stored in the ontology-based knowledge base(KB) by using the system functions of persistence storage and rule editor.Base on the construction of ontology-based KB and rule-based reasoning mechanism,the KBS fruit planting suitability evaluation was carried out by developing and integrating of the system functions for ontology parsing,ontology instances constructing,rule-based reasoning and result querying.Finally,we present an example of soil environmental quality and soil suitability analysis to prove the feasibility and practicability of the system.The research shows that the ontology-based knowledge based system can make effective use in the process of soil suitability evaluation and increase knowledge sharing and reusing.

It is significant for environment protection and land reclamation to find out the influence of mining subsidence to soil moisture content by study the distribution and spatial variation of soil moisture content.This paper takes Shuanggou mining subsidence of Daliuta in Shenmu County,Shannxi Province as the test area to analysis the spatial variation of soil moisture content characteristic of coal mining subsidence by methods of traditional statistics and geostatistics.We set 69 sampling sites at the test area and collect 7 soil moisture content values at each site by TDR(Time Domain Reflectometry).Then we use the drying method to revise the original data obtained by TDR.The analytic results indicated that: soil physical characteristics of granularity,bulk density and porosity of mining soil changed due to converting and recomposing of soil layer vertically.So that,soil moisture content of mining subsidence more significantly reduced than that of natural soil by 14.2 % to 21.9% at the depth of 0 to 60cm.And the vertical variability of soil moisture content of subsidence was also stronger than that of natural soil with the coefficient of variation tended to be19.2% to 50% higher at all depths in the subsidence area than that of the native area.The Kriging contour maps of soil moisture content in the depth of 0,20,40 and 60cm of the test area showed that low value of soil moisture content lies in the collapse crater of subsidence area.It proved that soil moisture retention capability has been influenced remarkably by those subsidence configurations such as ground fissures,collapse pit or collapse cave in the ground surface.Soil moisture content reduction and enhancing in spatial variation directly resulted in the deterioration of vegetation living conditions.Furthermore,the ground landscape was also badly destroyed.

Groundwater is not only an essential component of water resources,but also an extremely sensitive factor of the environment in Northwestern inner land basin.The groundwater dynamic could affect the evolvement of oasis,vegetation growth and development.The remote sensing technique,for its large-scale covering and cost-effective feature,may pay an important role in obtaining information of groundwater level in inner land basin where there is a paucity of basic hydrological data for backward developed monitoring systems.Ground surface reflection is significantly related to the depth of groundwater level for the very few precipitations in arid region.This paper aims to develop the groundwater level monitoring model for in arid region based support vector machine(SVM) regression method by using remote sensing.The spatial distribution and changes of ground-water level in time-series can be monitored and analyzed with vegetation and surface temperature information from the image radiation.The inputs of the model are the Normal Differential Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature(LST) data extracted from the MODIS images products,as well as the field observations of wells.Various kernel functions including the one-order polynomial,cubic polynomial and RBF function for SVM regression method are tested and simulated to find appropriate one for modeling.The research results in Shule River basin of Hexi corridor,Gansu Province illustrate that the model approach proposed is effective especially for the shallow groundwater level monitoring in arid region.The shallow groundwater levels with depth less than 3 meters fit the one-order polynomial kernel function better,and for greater groundwater depth more than 5 meters,it is even more suitable for selection of RBF kernel function or a cubic polynomial nuclear function method to simulate groundwater level.The research results could provide the basic approaches for the water cycle module and hydrology research,as well as support the sustainable water resources development and management in Northwest regions of China.

The Geo information Tupu is a kind of methodology of spatial and temporal geographical analysis, which integrates geographical process of va rious events into spatial and attribute data analysis It shows its advantages of quantitatively expressing spatial differences in various temporal processes and infusing different data and data mining methods in long term and continuous monitoring for complex Geo systems According to theories and methods on Geo information TUPU and land use/land cover models based on Tupu unit, four stages of land use spatial data sampled in YRD during 1956～1996 by 30×30 m 2 grid cell with Transverse Mercator Krasovsky projection at the central longitude of 117 degrees are acquired In order to facilitate the operation between the series of spatial data by algebra language in GRID, the land use category in YRD is limited to 10 classes, which consists of sea in research scope, farmland, garden plot, forest, pasture, residential and industrial area, transportation area, water body (including tidal flat), unused land, and saline alkaline area After unified by 30 m GRID cell,four sets of data consisting of 3 temporal units are identified according to the temporal order along the temporal axis, i e ,1956～1984, 1984～1991, and 1991～1996 Then with these 3 temporal units and 4 stages of attributes of spatial cells in grid that are created in ARC/INFO, it is possible for us to generate series of Tupu cells by map algebra language This article introduces methods of creatin g series of land use Tupu based on Tupu unit, which is integrated by "Spatial·A ttribute·Process", and is composed of relatively homogeneous geographic unit and temporal unit The integration of Tupu unit is operated in grid by its 4 stages of spatial and attributes data to simulate its change process In order to get rid of "noises" on land use Tupu, the article reconstructs the tupu units on remapped tables by reclassifying and recoding grid cells in its diversion direction reclassifying data, extracts "input" conversion tupu units as series of "Arising" Tupu, i e , the arising Tupu is composed of Tupu units of "input", where the other types of land use are converted to this one There are also 3 temporal units of Arising Tupu on land use influx conversion The article also analyzes the spatial difference of "Arising" Tupu units by admin istrative units, which include diagnosis Tupu analysis of land use changes on saline alkaline area, farmland and residential industrial land.

From the point of view of the landforms’cause of formation, landforms configuration and land use, regional characters of the three types of landforms in the hilly gully areas of the Loess Plateau are analyzed Approach and technology for automatic extraction of landforms are discussed using DEM as data resource,ArcView as instrument and regional characters of different landforms as basis taking Liujiagou River Basin in Suide County of northern Shaanxi Province as a case This research discovered that the approach and technology for automatic landforms extration using DEM is a high efficient method which is very important to guide biologic rescue of sloping plantation, govern water and soil conservation and test land use dynamically.

Comparing with traditional handcraft of mapping, to produce maps using computer can advance the work efficiency consumedly, relieve map-fabricants' labor intensity, make map digital and provide much more information. So,we say, great changes have taken place in mapping since the introduction of computeraided cartography. However, there are many differences in technological flows of mapping between computer mapping and artificial mapping, and some key technologies of computer graphics and images processing are also involved.Based on compilation and production of "The Geographic Map of the People's Republic of China", this paper introduced the main idea and the main content and the way of selecting and dealing with elements,and discussed the process of compiling and the experience of producing wall map, especially, the geomorphologic representation method for 1︰3 000 000 scale "The Geographic Map of the People's Republic of China". The selection of the relief method and the production process aided by computer.

The informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem is the GIS based development result. It is an assistant means to elaborate the study on the complex ecosystem,and has a premising future in application. It is helpful to study directly on the temporal and spatial features of the complex ecosystem with the informatic TuPu. This can play an assistant function for reseaching the features,future,laws,and decision support.In this paper,the autor expounds the necessity of establishing the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem,and promotes the basic framework and design philosophy to the structure of the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem. Furthermore，questions have aroused our attention in the development and application. These questions are how to distinguish the difference between the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosytem and information database and electron atlas,how to carry through assistant reseach by th informatic TuPu so as to get more in-depth conclusion than general reseach. Meanwhile,three parts reflecting the current state,revealing the feafures,and virtualing the future are put forward to the application of the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem by taking Fujian province as an example.

The imaging abilities and detective advantages of synthetic aperture radar(SAR)are analyzed.According to SAR imaging feature to ships,a method using back propagation(BP)neural network to detect shipson SAR image is put forward on the basis of summarizing the existing ship detection methods.Then morphologicmethod is used to adjust the net detective result.And ship length and width are also extracted depending on theknown pixel size of the SAR image.At the same time,the ship center can be oriented by interpolation usinglatitude and longitude information of the source image.Finally,tests are carried out by this method,whoseresults indicate that the BP neural network has very strong self-adaptability.Although under the circumstancesof low Signal-to-Noise,this method can also get good result.

In recent years, how to use spatial database to store and manage spatial data has become a hot topic in the field of GIS. However, the study on spatial database structure design has been ignored relatively. Most investigations just emphasize the realization of special application of softwares which are relative to spatial database. Accordingly the author carried out a comprehensive and in depth discussion about the related questions in this article, including the difference between spatial database and general database, the key technology and frequently asked questions while building spatial database. In this article many important thoughts and rules for the different design stages are put forward and the importance of standardized design is also emphasized. In the structure realization stage, a detailed treatise about how to scheme out a perfect Geodatabase with CASE tools has been given. The facts proved the importance of UML and CASE tools in the design of spatial database.

To identify the land use change region and the change type is the main purpose of the change information obtainment.With the development of remote sensing, we can use high-resolution image and method that have developed to obtain land change information.There are basically two classifications for the methodology that have put forward, that is Post-classification Comparison Method and Pixel to Pixel Comparison Method or Pre-classification Change Detection Method.This paper gives an overall analysis of the techniques and methodology for obtaining land use change information, then, it studies the automatic classification and compares the accuracy of the result. Furthermore it studies the methodology for obtaining land use change information based on Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, and analyzes the application of the high-resolution image.Finally the paper points out that the most urgent issue is to set up spectral knowledge base of the land surface objects and the expert knowledge base,mine information from GIS database or remote sensing data itself,and explore new analytical method of remote sensing image for the realization of fast,accurate and automatical classification and obtainment of land use change information using remote sensing image.

第一期·科学咨询三峡水库建成后对长江河床演变影响的预测与对策刘树人、穆桂春、刁承泰 (1 )…………………………青藏高原上中尺度对流系统东移传播成因过仲阳、林　珲、江吉喜等 (5 )………………………黄河上游及源头区生态环境质量综合评价卢中正、邱少鹏、高会军 (1 1 )………………………滇池污染的成因及其治理新方案彭永岸、朱　彤 (1 6 )…·地理信息系统研发福建省生态环境动态监测与管理信息系统的设计廖　克、郑达贤、陈文惠等 (2 2 )

With the construction and constant consummation of land property right in China, land registration of railway and highway are becoming more and more frequent,but such a kind of land registration differs from general land registration, hence it is of practical significance to probing into railway land registration. Taking Jinhua-Wenzhou line as a case, this paper analyses the characteristics of the continuity, integrity and multi-plicity of the boundary point data of cadastral survey of the railway land. Based upon which, this study managed to realize boundary point data accuracy mapping and establish the land registration graphic database with the support of GIS as well as to present a technical flow chart of railway land map compilation and complete land registration cartography by applying powerful cartographic function and abundant spatial analytic and statistic analytic functions.

Inevitable transition to the models of sustainable development of the humankind is discussed A range of themes and indicators showing the possibility of sustainable development of Russia and the ways of its realisation is described It appears necessary to describe all thematic subjects within a hierarchical system from global to local level with due account to specific features of phenomena that should be represented at different scales Of particular importance is the temporal aspect of modelling the sustainable development of territories The structure of the Atlas of Sustainable Development of Russia is described Possible ways of the system application for the elaboration of scenarios for Russia and for the support of the teaching courses on the sustainable development of territories are discussed.

The oases are located along the foot of the mountains in linear,fan-shaped and radial patterns and linked to each other from north to south in Xinjiang through road systems. The distributions of these oases are in bow-shaped pattern with an arrow pointing to the west. The oasis economy is mainly based on water,soil and minerals resources. The number of neighbors and the distance between neighbors are not the key conditions to determine a central city in the region. The central cities at the county level have a population of less than 100 000,with the mean number of 3.50 neighbors,and at an average distance of 144 km from other neighbors. The central cities at the prefecture level have a population ranging between 100 000 and 600 000,with the mean number of 4.25 neighbors and at an average distance of 450 km from other neighbors. The oasis population is growing constantly and has a population density reaching 233/km². The policy of ecological conservation will turn the oasis economy into an island model,because the restrictions on conservation areas will keep the oasis region to be used as farmlands within some defined bounds. The industrialization and urbanization in the oases will be the next mode of development for small and medium-sized cities in the region. The large cities,with a population of more than one million living in a 2 000 km radius around Urumqi,the capital city of Xinjiang,are not economically better developed than Urumqi,therefore,they are not able to support the rapidly developing economy in Urumqi. The pattern of the neighborhood around Urumqi that influences Urumqi’s economy is not the pattern of the neighborhood at the same level,but the pattern of the neighborhood at the higher level. Urumqi is located in the middle of the railway (New Silk Road) linking Asia and Europe,making Urumqi a significant economic and travel hub. The Shanghai region at a distance of 4 000 km and the West Europe at a distance of 6 000 km from Urumqi should be considered as the supporting neighborhood for economy in Xinjiang.

This article introduced the first aerophotographic experiment for archeology using super-light aircraftin China.After having made a fitting experiment plan through correctly comprehending the experiment's de-mands,we have successfully fulfilled this task through skillfully using flight and photographic technology.Based on the super-light aircraft,Landying AD-200Y,and airborne cameras,20 flights have flown for cap-turing the bird's eye view photos from multi-directions of historical relics in Huhhot of Inner Mongolia.799photos were taken by this operation will be useful for archaeologists.The entire procedure we adopted in this experiment is as following:①determining the historical relics item;②using relief map to analyse the basic geographic environment(such as location and landform)of the historicalrelics;③analysing the traffic and weather conditions;④choosing aerophotographic methods;⑤designing flightscheme for the super light aircraft;⑥choosing the camera and the film types;⑦identifying flight safety mea-sures;⑧choosing the base air station and runway;⑨implementing and directing aerophotographic flight;and⑩producing the bird's eye view photos' digital images.