We often run into the problem of how to distribute sample points in the process of social survey.Traditional spatial sampling theory is primarily used in single-target.However,social survey questionnaires sometimes are multi-objective.And some objectives are attribute data,for example,a survey related to people's age,education and other social information.Therefore,we should make some improvements based on traditional sampling methods to meet current requirements.Depending on the idea of multi-object and spatial variation,we make a multi-objective survey in this study.In order to meet the need of sampling in the questionnaire survey of Xiamen Island's settlement,we use the sandwich spatial sampling model,balancing the cost of sampling and sampling precision.In general,we adopt three methods: simple random sampling,spatial stratified sampling and sandwich spatial sampling.After comparing of those three methods,the results showed that:(1) When prior knowledge is not sufficient,the result by means of simple random sampling is more reasonable.But when there is sufficient prior knowledge,stratified sampling in space can make more representative samples for the sampling,and also can improve the accuracy of sampling.(2) The distribution of sample points of spatial stratified sampling is primarily related to stratification.The higher the stratified level,i.e.the higher the complexity of the regional,the more the number of sample points is.(3) By comparing the results of spatial stratified sampling by integrated factors and by experts,we can see that stratified sampling is directly or indirectly related with the stratifying process,the rationality of the stratifying design affects the rationality of sampling results.So,in the process of spatial stratified sampling,the rationality of stratifying design is very important for the stratified sampling.The objective of this study is to provide a basis for the sampling in the settlement of Xiamen Island,offer a concept of "complexity" to describe the situation of various regions,and suggest several ideas on the establishment of the multi-objective spatial sampling model.

A problem involved in emergency decision-making and many city management works is to evaluate the population within some given urban areas at a random time.The unknown spatial areas and evaluation time which constitute two fundamental uncertainty features of the problem bring great difficulty for its solution.Following the overall disciplines presented in daily traveling of urban residents,we know that people basically arrange their activities around various city buildings.Another explanation for the phenomenon is residents travel between buildings because they are attracted by the functions of them.So,in this paper,a method is developed to evaluate the static population inside a given area,which uses the data of buildings for habitation and average housing floorage per urban resident according to statistics.While another step must be done for assess the dynamic population,which is to confirm the population attracted by each type of building at any time.Two new indices are introduced: building correction coefficient and building attraction rate.The former refers to the ratio of average accommodated people between other building types and residential building.A rated accommodation people for each type of buildings can be achieved using the index.The latter is the ratio of real accommodation people to rated one.Here we divide the work day or break day all into seven periods according to the general time distribution of residents' traveling activities,and confirm a building type category by reference to one used in the occurrence rate investigation of city transportation.The two indices are estimated using the traveling investigation data of residents and vehicles.Then the dynamic population is drawn based on the proposed method.A case of chemical emergency in Beijing is imagined to demonstrate the application of the method and the issues concerned with parameter fixing that is the key to the method is discussed.

Path planning is a process to find the optimal path from the starting node to the destination node.Tens of algorithms have been designed to resolve the shortest path problem,in which the Dijkstra algorithm is always thought to be the most mature and classical one.However,its higher time complexity greatly restricts its practical application.Besides,for most path planning algorithms,the road network is considered as an ordinary plane network and the spatial distribution characteristics are ignored,therefore,the path planning algorithm can not do well in real road network.In order to improve the searching efficiency of the traditional Dijkstra algorithm and to meet the requirement of real-time vehicle navigation,a path planning algorithm based on SuperMap is designed by utilizing the network editing function of SuperMap GIS platform.Firstly,with the spatial distribution characteristics,a road network is built in SuperMap.In this process,we take three-dimensional transport and one-way road network into consideration,making the road network built in SuperMap able to reproduce the real road network.For three-dimensional transport,we set the parameters of non-broken lines and make sure the roads not in the same plane have no intersections;for one-way roads,the forward resistance and reverse resistance are set with different weights.Secondly,in order to improve the searching efficiency of the traditional Dijkstra algorithm,we propose a method to restrict the searching area.According to the coordinate relationships of the starting node and the destination node,we create a hexagon area,which contains the staring node and the destination node,as the restricted searching area,and make the algorithm able to search the shortest path within the restricted searching area on the theoretical basis of the classic Dijkstra algorithm.Thirdly,based on the actual needs,the path planning algorithm with certain constraints is designed.The constraints are prohibit a certain way and must pass through a certain point.At last,we apply the algorithm proposed in this paper to urban road network and compare it with traditional Dijkstra algorithm.The results show that,due to the searching area is restricted reasonably,the two algorithms get the same shortest path,but the time spent by the algorithm proposed in this paper is much less.Besides,the algorithm proposed in this paper can do well in path planning with constraints.Thus,the improved Dijkstra algorithm based on SuperMap GIS has a strong practicability,and can be used in real-time vehicle navigation.

The aim of the paper is to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of per capita GDP in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region(thereafter short for BTHMR).A sample of 140 county-level regions over the period 1995-2007 provides clear evidence of global and local spatial autocorrelation or autodependence as well as spatial heterogeneity.Transition probability matrices were used to verify the robustness of our conclusion.Based on techniques of exploratory spatial data analysis,several conclusions are draw as follows:(1) The economic disparity and spatial concentration of the BTHMR is enlarging,as indicated by coefficients of variation and global Moran's I.The economic disparity and spatial concentration have a positive relationship,indicating that with the increase of spatial concentration,economic disparity may also enlarge.(2) With the Moran scatter plot,the heterogeneity takes on two distinct spatial regimes.One corresponds to the HH scheme including Beijing,Tianjin and Tangshan mainly,the other to the LL scheme including mostly Chengde,Zhang Jiakou and Baoding municipalities,which are surrounding Beijing and Tianjin.(3) The annual average growth rates of per capita GDP also reveal high spatial autocorrelation.Regions with relatively high growth rates are localized close to other regions with relatively high growth rates more than if this localization is purely random,and the statistical significant HH cluster falls mainly into Beijing and Tianjin,indicating that at present,the polarization effect rather than the spread effect of growth pole is dominating.(4) The relationship between initial log per capita GDP and average growth rates is different according to various patterns of local spatial autocorrelation of the initial year.In the HH scheme,initial log per capita GDP and average growth rates have a negative relationship,as an evidence of standard β-convergence models,while for LL scheme,the local autocorrelation type of growth rates of most regions remain falling into the LL scheme,indicating that there are no β-convergence.

According to the requirements of data construction for digital urban management,combined with the actualities of the basic geographic data and the urban management data resources and the demand of basic geographic spatial data for the land and planning departments in Zhengzhou,the working principle and process of photogrammetric mapping,urban parts investigation,geo-coding census were analyzed in the process of digital urban management data construction,and the interaction in its process of task was studied.Digital urban management data construction integrative operation procedure was proposed which includes the process design and integrative implementation of the aerial survey of 1∶500 topographic maps,Digital Orthographic Map(DOM) production,urban parts measurement,geo-code survey and integrated database of data etc according to their links,and during the data process of producing,the interacting procedure was considered.This provides the assurance to the completion of large-scale urban geospatial data,urban management topics data collection and database construction in a relatively short period of time,meets the urgent needs of the basic spatial data for the digital urban management,urban cadastral measurement and so on.The research shows that the integrative data construction is a reference application way for the data constructions,which makes full use of the logic of relations and the possibility of sharing among the data.Using this project,the construction projects ministry of digital city management system in Zhengzhou City completed digital urban management data acquisition and digital database construction in a relatively short period of time,the data utilization efficiency was improved.The integrative data construction not only speeds up the process of data construction and expands the construction data contents,but also ensures the quality of the data at the same time.

All cells under the unpartitioned geo-cellular automata(GeoCA) modeling evolved according the transfer probability which is decided by generic transfer rule fixed for the entire region.However,there always exists spatial heterogeneity in most geographical phenomenon,and these spatial heterogeneities are quite often ignored in generic unpartitioned geo-cellular automata modeling due to the generic transfer rules are employed to drive all cells to evolve.The accuracy of unpartitioned GeoCA simulation result is limited because of the ignorance of spatial heterogeneities in this kind of GeoCA models.To overcome this disadvantage of unpartitioned GeoCA,a partitioned GeoCA based on spatial cluster is discussed in this paper.Under the partitioned GeoCA modeling framework,cellular space is departed into several partitions by spatial cluster,and then a set of transfer rules corresponding to each partition are calculated accordingly.And then,taking Hangzhou City as a case,the Partitioned GeoCA modeling based on spatial cluster is employed to simulate the land use change in the period between 2000 and 2005.In this case study,the study area of Hanzhou is divided into 5 partitions by using K-Means cluster algorithm,and then C5.0 decision tree is employed to obtain cellular transfer rules for each partition of the case study area.In each partition,corresponding cellular transfer rules are employed to drive GeoCA to run simulation.Finally,confusion matrix and Moran I index are calculated to evaluate accuracy of simulated results by using the GeoCA modelling.Results show that the accuracy of the partitioned GeoCA modeling approach owns a higher simulation accuracy compared with those simulated based on unpartitioned GeoCA simulation.On the other hand,when Moran I index is employed to evaluate the accuracy of simulation result,the result of partitioned GeoCA modeling embedded spatial cluster is closer to the real land use pattern.The empirical study shows that a more accurate simulation result can be achieved by using the partitioned GeoCA modeling embedded spatial cluster.

Land degradation and sand storm caused by wind erosion is one of the most serious environmental problems in Farming-Pastoral Ecotone of Northern China,and the determination of wind erosion rate and the evaluation of wind erosion hazard in regional scale are puzzling problems in wind erosion research.The quantitative evaluation of soil wind erosion hazard in Erenhot-Zhangjiakou transect could provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of wind erosion.Though many factors influence soil wind erosion hazard,among which vegetation cover,average degree of land surface relief,degree of soil dryness and intensity of wind energy were identified as the main factors that control wind erosion.By means of remote sensing inversion and meteorological data,one factor database about the above factors was established with the help of ArcGIS software,and the evaluation model of soil erosion hazard was established by Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),then spatial distribution of soil erosion hazard in the study area was obtained.Finally,combined with data of land use in the study area,the background of natural environment and land use was analyzed,upon which comes into view of the spatial pattern of soil erosion hazard.Result shows that area of Severe Hazard in the study area is 1.47×10⁴km²,area of intense hazard is 6.09×10⁴km²,area of Moderate hazard is 3.47×10⁴km²,area of Slight Hazard is 3.45×10⁴km²,area of no hazard is 2.19×10⁴km².The figure of hazard shows "wind erosion hazard increases gradually from southeast to northwest in the study area",which is consistent with the vegetable and climate condition in the study area.The trend is almost the same with previous researches in this field which indicated this approach of combining GIS and AHP is effective for assessing wind erosion hazard.Moreover,the study area is located at the north path of sand storms and is the sources that strengthen sand storms,so,the result could not only be used for preventing and governing soil wind erosion,but also for taking some measures to control the sand storm.

Spatial topological relations are the hotspot for GIS studies.We introduced rough set theory on the basis of overall analysis of area object topological relations in this text.We took area object of RCC model as equivalence class of Pawlak rough set,when not considering boundary fuzziness and boundary itself,the expressing model of those relations is identical with RCC model.We introduced β most contain factor in the variable precision rough set,and took X as x,Y as X,then X can be expressed as β lower approximation for Y in TPP(X,Y) and NTPP(X,Y) model without considering boundary fuzziness and boundary itself,and Y can be expressed as β lower approximation for X in TPPI(X,Y) and NTPPI(X,Y) model.X is certainly belong to β lower approximation for Y and Y is certainly belong to β lower approximation for X in EQ(X,Y) model.X is possibly belong to β lower approximation for Y and Y is possibly belong to β lower approximation for X in EC(X,Y) model.X is certainly not belong to β lower approximation for Y and Y is certainly not belong to β lower approximation for X in DC(X,Y) model.and these relations are particular case for β=0 in the variable precision rough set.There are common intersect parts of two area objects in PO(X,Y) model,via X∩Y≠φ,then we can divide two area objects into β coefficient including and β coefficient separation by the proportion of the two area objects.So,when the common elemental constituent of X and Y is greater than 50% of X(C(X,Y)≤β),We can obviously get conclusion for Y⊇^βX.Therefore,we reach a conclusion that the two area objects of PO(X,Y) have two set expressions Y⊇^βX and Y⊄^βX in the variable precision rough set,and we mapped POI(X,Y) and PO(X,Y) figure of area object intersect relations in the variable precision rough set.

With the increasing applications of natural language in geographical information science,resolution of geospatial information in natural language has become one of the hot issues.Geographical named entities are identifiers of geographical location information in natural language,which include a majority of popular geographical reference systems such as geographical names,addresses,postal codes,telephone numbers and other relative location descriptions.A complete classification scheme of geographical named entities may help implement resolution,storage,management,analysis and sharing of geographical information in natural language.Commonly-used classifications,i.e.classifications of geographical features,classifications of place names,and organization classifications are identified such disadvantages as over specificity of class items,without the consideration of the relationship of time and space,and the ability of representation of partial geographical entities in natural language.To overcome these problems,based on the annotation results of geographical named entities in Chinese documents,we design a classification scheme of geographical named entities(GNEC) with the consideration of their location,attributes,geographical features and temporal features.GNEC includes one main classification of geographical feature types and one subdivision classification of Chinese historical dynasties.Finally,the semantic compatibility between our proposed classification and GB/T 18521-2001,GB/T 13923-2006,Feature Type Classification for Chinese Historical Places of Harvard University and Feature Type Thesaurus of Alexandria Digital Library are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.It is noted that a unique geographical entity is usually described with diverse words in natural language,and sometimes it represents different physical location.Classification schemes aim to conceptualize geographical named entities.Undoubtedly,construction of ontologies based on classification schemes could solve this kind of problem(i.e.semantic ambiguity of geographical named entities) effectively.

Cartographic generalization is an important approach for the production and updating of multi-scale maps.Maps with different scales contain different amounts of spatial information.From the view of spatial information transmission,cartographic generalization may be regarded as a process of information transmission from a larger-scale map to a smaller-scale map.Currently,the scholars from the international cartographic association pay more attention to the algorithms of cartographic generalization.However,there is still a lack of quality assessment for the results by different generalization algorithms.For this purpose,the information theory is utilized in this paper to build a comprehensive transmission model for the geometrical information of individual spatial objects from a larger-scale map to a smaller-scale map,where the transmission ratio of geometrical information is utilized to measure the quality of generalization algorithm.Obviously,the description of geometric complexity for a spatial object is very key to further measure its geometrical information.In this paper,three geometrical indictors,i.e.,angle,vertical distance and length,are taken to express the complexity of individual spatial objects in the process of generalization.On the basis of this,the computation method of geometric information for individual spatial objects is developed,where mutual information as a measure is employed to depict the geometrical information.In the process of implementation,the Shannon communication model is at first given based on the information theory and three information measure indicators(i.e.,information entropy,conditional entropy and average mutual information) are described and used to measure map information.The transmission model of map information is further developed according to the process of cartographic generalization after a simple introduction of communication characteristics of cartographic generalization.On this basis,a general computational model is proposed for individual spatial objects(i.e.lines and areas) to track their geometrical information transmission with cartographic generalization,and the quality of transmission is evaluated by using three quantitative indictors,i.e.,information transmission ratio,information loss ratio,and information incrementation ratio.It is shown by a practical example that the proposed transmission model is valid and correct.

Administrative unit based statistic economic and social data present the average status for certain social and economic index,and the inner uniformity is always neglected by many researchers.Based on geographic information technology,the paper introduces one method to calculate the spatial variation of industry structure of China from 1995 to 2005.The first,the second and the third industry spatial data based on 1km×1km cell were calculated by economic data discretization model given by the authors for the year of 1995,2000 and 2005 for China.Then,the spatial variations of industry structure were calculated based on another model in the year from 1995 to 2000,and from 2000 to 2005.The results show that the spatial variation analysis method introduced in the paper is much better than the statistic method in analyzing the industry structure spatial variation.The results calculated in the paper focus on the difference of industry ratio for each spatial unit(1km×1km) of China,and are easier to find the variation of industry structure for any small regions.Such as for the third industry ratio variation,from 2000 to 2005,the region with an increasing third industry ratio is much larger than that with a decreasing third industry ratio,and the region where the third industry ratio increase 0~10% is 68.5% of the total statistic region (whole China),while the region with a decreasing third industry ratio is only 11% of the total statistic region.From 1995 to 2000,however,the region where the third industry ratio decrease is much larger than that where the third industry ratio increase,the region where the third industry ratio decrease 0~10% is 84.7% of the total statistic region (whole China),the region decrease 10%~20% is 8.9% of the total statistic region,and the region where the third industry ratio increase is only 5.8% of the total statistic region.Those results are more valuable and necessary for decision-making in the filed of industry structure,and for regional scientific development evaluations.

Extreme high altitude area is the birthplace of rivers and glaciers.It is quite difficult to accurately extract information of rivers and glaciers from remote sensing images due to the strong undulating topography and arduous field verification.This study chose ASTER image as the data source to extract water body and glacier information in the core area of Mt.Qomolangma(Everest) National Nature Preserve(QNNP) by the method of object-oriented automatic classification.In order to ensure the accuracy of information extraction,the digital elevation model(DEM) and its derived data(slope,aspect),normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),as well as other indexes that help to distinguish water bodies and glaciers from other land objects,such as Normalized Difference Snow/Ice Index(NDSII) and band math(b1-b3;b3/b4) were stacked respectively as added spectral bands,which contributed to the supplementation of the spectral characteristics of target surface objects.Then,multi-level image segmentations were carried out for each type of water body and glacier to meet their different requirements of segmentation scale.Image segmentation is the key step of object-oriented automatic classification,which requires many times of repeated experiments to find out the most suitable segmentation scale.After the accomplishment of image segmentation,the spectral characteristics,texture features and spatial structure characteristics of each target surface object were comprehensively analyzed.And then,the knowledge-based extraction principles for each type of water body and glacier were established by determining the thresholds of each index according to their histogram features.The classification accuracy was assessed based on field survey results.According to the accuracy assessment,the total accuracy of image classification is 95.14% which satisfies the accuracy requirement of object-oriented automatic classification.This study improved the model for automatic and quick extraction of water bodies and glaciers from ASTER images in extreme high altitude area.

Basic education includes early childhood education,primary education,general secondary education in China.As Beijing's rapid economic development,population growth and great improvement of people's living standards,the need for education quality and teaching resources become increasingly strong and the impartiality and balanced development of basic education have attracted more and more attention.Although balanced development of basic education rely more on policy of educational authorities and the policy-making should be done on the basis of the actual situation of development of basic education,but the public need to know how the basic education is now first,so we need an Evaluation System to do this job.Researchers had set up some evaluation systems by using statistical methods,but these index systems are not so good,because its results always were just numbers or text which made decision-makers difficult to grasp the whole.The GIS technology,with its powerful ability of analysis,management and display spatial data,can be a good solution to this problem.So this paper used GIS technology and statistical methods to set up evaluation system base on the actual situation of Beijing's basic education which includes the education resource index and the education quality index.And the other 10 elements constitute the Secondary Index(including students' average budget expenditure,students' average floor area,students' average book number,students' average education assets,senior teacher ratio,qualified teacher ratio,student promotion rate,graduation rates,outstanding students ratio,eligible students ratio).As for the method,we use Difference Coefficient.And then we use ArcEngine components and.Net technology to programming implement the index system,so we can evaluate the balance situation of basic education of Beijing based on basic geographic information database and basic education resource database,and provide decision support for Education Management Department by showing decision makers the evaluation result in form of vivid charts and thematic maps.

Applying grid into spatial information area forms the Spatial Information Grid.Spatial Information Grid can aggregate kinds of spatial information resources,perform integrative management,support resource share and provide "on-demand services"."Service on-demand" means to provide diverse services according to the requirements of users,that's to discover spatial information resources or their combinations that satisfy the users' requests,then evaluate them and choose the best ones following some goals to provide service.However,the dynamism of grid environment makes it difficult for users to get current information of the distributed spatial information resources,and reduce the ability to provide reliable "on-demand service".Directly applying the traditional spatial information services into grid cannot overcome this issue.To improve this situation,the plan to design spatial grid services and their management services based on WSRF(Web Service Resource Framework),which is "a generic and open framework for modeling and accessing stateful resources using Web services" and support the separation of states and services is given.The plan is composed of two parts,namely spatial information grid services and the management service.The spatial information grid services are deployed at the nodes that contribute spatial information resources by providing standard accessing services and at the same time organize and publish the state of the resources to be accessed or subscribed following WSRF.The key technologies of how to design the services and the WS-Resource are discussed.The management service is deployed at center node which collects,maintains and manages the information of services and resource state of child nodes and provides access interface to support the resource selection which is necessary for "on-demand service".At last a spatial data grid implementing the plan is described.The spatial data grid contains three kinds of services,they are spatial data grid service,spatial computing grid service and management service.In spatial data grid service,the interfaces are organized complying WFS and four kinds of WS-Resource(service,request,loading and spatial data) are designed.Like spatial data grid service,the interfaces are organized complying WPS and four kinds of WS-Resource(service,request,loading and spatial algorithms) in the spatial computing grid service.The management service is made up of three parts: service register management module,sources and services information management module and public thematic service.

e-Science is about collaborations in areas of scientific research.It will change the way that scientific research is undertaken due to its fundamental goal of minimizing the distance between scientists and information technologies.At the national level,more emphasis are put on researches and constructions of grid and other advanced infrastructure,but scientists individually are more concerned with practical tools and methods that can be integrated on personal computers.The coastal zone is a very special area on the earth where the environmental and ecological processes are very different from that in inland or deep-sea,therefore the coastal zone researches have an especially strong demand for information technology.In past years,great progresses have been made by researchers at home and abroad with regard to information systems and coastal zone management systems.However,the emergence and the fast development of e-Science have not only provided a good opportunity but also pose a very serious challenge for us.It is necessary to develop the e-Science platform in order to meet the increasing needs of distributed and synergetic research activities for the coastal zone environment and ecosystem studies.Therefore,in this paper,the concept of 'e-Coastal Science' was put forward.And the principle,framework,technique route and essential techniques for the e-Coastal Science platform were talked about.In detail,a framework that consist three macro-layers,five technique-units and three research-units was designed for the e-Coastal Science platform.The three macro-layers were IT Infrastructure,GeoScience Platform and Coastal Science Platform respectively.The five technique-units were hardware platform,database platform,simulating platform,synergetic & communicating platform and data information release platform respectively.The three research-units were inshore sea area environment monitoring and simulation,hydrology and ecosystem simulation of coastal river basin,and the integrated coastal zone management respectively.To achieve the e-Coastal Science platform,a detailed and feasible technique roadmap was designed mainly based on Duckling 1.2,ArcGIS 9.3 and professional modeling tools.

Hand-foot-mouth Disease(HFMD) is a common infectious disease which causes by a variety of enteric viruses.In recent years,outbreaks of HFMD have been repeatedly and the diseased population has obviously increased in China,these caused our government and society's widespread attention.For the present,most of the HFMD studies focus on medical field,and research on spatial and temporal distribution characteristics at the macro-scale is rare.Taking into account of this situation,this paper based on medical geography theories,with geographic information systems(GIS) as the analysis tool,studied HFMD cases(2008-2009) from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System.The research process is as follows: firstly,edits statistical data,and calculates the number of reported cases,the average morbidity,the mortality rate and so on in unit time by province;and then inducts it into database and associates with the Administrative Map of China in shapefile format in order for spatial visualization and spatial analysis.The research obtains following conclusions:(1)the serious area of HFMD epidemic situation in 2008 concentrated in three regions: the three northern provinces/city(Hebei,Beijing and Shanxi),the three southern provinces/autonomous region(Guangdong,Guangxi and Hainan)as well as the eastern provinces/city(Zhejiang,Shanghai and Anhui);(2) the number of reported cases,morbidity and mortality have remarkable differences between various provinces: the number of reported cases concentrated in eastern and southern of China,and the Qinghai-Tibet Region and the Northwestern Region are few;(3) HFMD in China is ahead of time for one month compared with conventional epidemic peak(April to July);(4) in most provinces,the number of reported cases increased sharply in April,and started to reduce significantly in August;(5) the distribution of high incidence moves obviously to the north between May and June.The results help to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of HFMD outbreak and epidemic,also help for further studies focusing on the correlation of HFMD and geographical factors.

Topological spatial relationship is the basis of GIS research issue,and is of great importance to spatial data storage and expression,spatial query and analysis and practical application.Spatial cognition and semantics of topological relations,spatial expression of topological relations,topological relations reasoning,and spatio-temporal topological relations are introduced as several aspects of research.Especially,formal expression of spatial topological relations has been a hot topic in GIS,among which RCC(Region Connection Calculus),Intersection Model,2D-String Model and so on are well known.Some recent studies,focusing around the complex object,expression of topological relations between uncertain objects,are mainly discussed.Since current models can hardly represent more complex point,line and region,they must be improved or extended.For uncertainty and ambiguity are some of natural characteristics of geographic objects,it is essential to describe topological relationships between uncertain objects.In addition,some recent research literatures also address the topological relationship between three-dimensional objects,moving objects,etc.Summing up the above,the representation of topological relationships is a complex issue,which related to geographic,GIS,computer graphics and other disciplines of knowledge.Although the studies of topological spatial relations have made progress,there are still some problems.It is to be enhanced in future studies that the more practically topological relation models are applied to solve problems in real works.

In the past two decades,along with the fast development of computer technology,high performance computing was applied to lots of scientific and engineering fields and resulted in significant breakthroughs.For example,successful decode of DNA in biology,oil exploration in geography etc.,all of which could not proceed so well without the help of high performance computing.Tourism businesses are developing very fast in China,more and more new tourist attractions are coming out in many places.In the meanwhile,it accumulated a large amount of data these several years.How to efficiently analyze and correctly understand these data becomes an interesting topic.When people travel,they often need to search for the optimal combination of sight spots and the corresponding best travel tour,the shortest driving directions in detail between any two points,the best bus path between any two points in a city,and so on.Now people can get from travel agency or search online in the web for tourism route,but these routes are usually not optimal and made from experiences.There are also some services for people to search for the bus path in a city,but this is often limited,and does not work for any two points in a city.For the shortest driving directions between any two points,we still do not have this kind of services in the range of whole country,though people in U.S.are used to searching online for driving directions before going out..In this paper,we try to solve all these problems.We propose several algorithms to design the optimal combination of sight spots by filtering tourist attractions,and the main method is by listing all maximal cliques.We then compute the optimal travel route on this combination.This will then help people to choose their attraction spots to visit and get the best tour.For other problems which people often encounter in travelling such as how to get the shortest driving directions between any two points,and optimal bus path when using public transportations,we discuss the existing algorithms and propose the practical solutions.All algorithms proposed in this paper are suitable for large scale settings such as applying to millions of tourism sight spots to list all optimal tours etc.The key point is to deal with very large amount of data,for which we must adopt high performance computing.In the end of the paper,computational results are discussed and concluded that our algorithms and designs are suitable for real applications,this will make it much easier for peoples' life.

Three-dimensional visualization has become a GIS development trend,and it will inevitably lead to an explosion of spatial data,hence the study on storage and management of massive three-dimensional geospatial data is of great significance.The C/S framework,consisting of database of massive three-dimensional geospatial data for server and a large number of normal PC for clients,has become a basic idea to solve the problem.It is deeply discussed and researched how to realize massive three-dimensional data server related technologies in this paper.Based on analysis of the data dispatch of GIS application thoroughly,a protocol of application layer for high-performance network transmission is designed.The layered strategy that based on the ACE proactor framework and thread pool technology was designed to build a transmission framework for massive three-dimensional geospatial data.The I/O strategy to handle the large-customer communication and the concurrent architecture based on it are discussed.Designed server with modular ideas increases the expansivity greatly.The architecture of the object oriented framework is described in this paper,which supports multiple server policy configurations.Because it is a dynamically ordered structure,it can systematically order these strategies and can statically and dynamically change their behaviors.The framework has solved the transmission problem of multi-level cache and concurrent access problem and realized a highly efficient and stable transmission of massive three-dimensional geospatial data.

Family tree,official history and chorography jointly build the entire history datum in China.The family tree,also called pedigree,is much informative in society,ethnology,custom,geography,population,economy,people and religion.It is significant to carry the data mining and regularization work on family tree for reconstructing spatial-temporal pedigree,reproducing the civilization skeleton of China and developing the national culture as well as spirit.However,due to the lack of technology,the traditional record and expression pattern can not reflect the movement,rise and fall of the family in spatial and temporal space accurately.So Family Tree GIS conception was proposed and it is combined with GIS as its technology supporting.The spatial relationships underlying family tree are imposed and the reconstruction,integration and recurrence of the family tree is its core study content.In detail,Family tree data model and the spatio-temporal supporting framework are designed according to the characteristics of traditional family tree.And then,some key technologies used in building family-tree GIS are discussed especially such as SOA based on Web Service,XML and XML Schema technology,distributed GIS platform oriented the public and the Web 2.0,also technology of management and drawing mass vector data,technique of generation SVG based on DOT,asynchronous network calling and interaction based on AJAX,XML are discussed.Thirdly,the framework of family tree GIS was proposed and the prototype system was introduced in this paper.Finally,taking a family-tree as a study case,building,analysis and representation of the family-tree is discussed.The experiments have shown that the family tree GIS we proposed is a good approach for the study of conventional family tree,and it will be helpful for future researches on family tree.

Vector and raster are two basic formats of geospatial data used in GIS.Raster data are more suitable for spatial modeling and spatial analysis than vector data,moreover,rasterization has efficacy of scaling to some extent,and raster data is the major format used in the application of spatial scaling analysis.In most cases vector data of large scales are subject to information security and intellectual property protection.These data can be shared more publicly because their spatial resolution decreases after rasterization.As the technologies of geospatial information collection improved increasingly,raster data have become the most dominant format of data sources in geosciences.However,traditional rasterizing method is a conversion process accompanied with attribute information loss,the main reason of which is "various types existing in one grid".In view of current problems in process of rasterization,taking rasterization of land cover data of China at a scale of 1:250 000 as a case study,this paper puts forward a conversion method based on grid cell,that is on the principle of "one land cover category one grid",and combines POLYGRID command with its {LOOKUP_ TABLE} INFO files in the software environment of ArcGIS,so as to guarantee no information loss in the whole conversion process.Moreover,the study can provide a new insight and a new idea for correlative researchers to deal with and analyze geographical spatial data sets,as well as supply valuable references for the scientific work of spatial scaling analysis.

Because spatial data has the features of spatial position,unstructured,spatial relationship and vast amount etc,memory access performance on spatial data becomes one of the most important indexes for geo-spatial database evaluation.BeyonDB,researched and developed under the support of National "863" Program,is the geo-spatial database system with independent intellectual property rights.Because at present,there is no software supporting performance comparison test of geo-spatial database and in order to objectively assess its performance index,it is necessary to design,research and develop a kind of performance comparison test software of geo-spatial database.Functional objectives of performance comparison test software of geo-spatial database are firstly analyzed in the paper,i.e.to support performance comparison test between BeyonDB and international leading geo-spatial database system,meanwhile,it can simply extend into other geo-spatial database;to support performance test of loading and inquiring of spatial data;to support testing methods of both SQL sentence and test script,and test report should be automatically generated and output based on "Template" method.As to performance comparison test software of geo-spatial database,we adopt object-oriented design philosophy and method,rationally use software design pattern.General framework design of the software and detailed design of main control,function command interface,access interface of spatial data and output of test results etc.are provided in this paper.After completing the design,we put forward methods of realizing functions of the software,development tool,main interface of the software,output interface of test results and other results.At present,the software has been successfully applied to performance comparison test between BeyonDB and Oracle Spatial,BeyonDB and PostGIS,which greatly improves test efficiency and enables test results to be objective and impartial.Finally,future research emphases of the software are defined in the paper.

The development of information technology,especially the development of geographical information system and the open source software has promoted the progress of tourism information system.With the enhancement of awareness of ecological and environmental conservation,eco-tourism has been gradually integrated into tourism information management fields and this extended the scope of tourism information system.Based on the free Google Earth COM API and the open KML data standard,the development methods of tourism information system were discussed in this paper.Application of KML based data model helps to organize/manage and classify tourism data hierarchically.Methods of using the Google Earth 3D Digital Earth platform interface to realized the visualization of tourism landscape and resources were introduced.The developing skill about the tourism resources retrieval,searching and spatial position function as well as the landscape resource touring means with Google Earth COM API on 3D platform was explained in detail.Finally,the authors have designed the tourism information system by integrating Google Earth COM API with C#.NET,which has the capability in tourism information query and browse,and customized touring for both public and tourism manager on an independent software package.The development skill and experience as well as the matters need attention in developing process were summarized.The practice proved that the application of Google Earth COM API components and KML data specification for tourism information system development and tourism data management is feasible and effective.The example,method and key points provide in this paper are repeatable to other programs.

Integration of distributed spatial data source is critical in geospatial data storage and analysis.In the solution of data grid architecture,data service is introduced to integrate different heterogeneous resource.Access and integration of data service is the key method to build the infrastructure of data sharing and integration.In data grid infrastructure,OGSA-DAI middleware provides uniform access to distributed heterogeneous databases and allows queries to be run over these as if they were a single database.Different from the database connection layer between clients and data,DAI provides server-side data workflow engine designed for data integration,federation and distributed query support across multiple types of database and file system.In this paper,we propose the data grid architecture for geospatial data sharing and integration,which is based on grid service container and data grid middleware.Based on the proposed architecture,we provide the data grid based method for spatial data access and integration via data service with the heterogeneous database communication platform.Besides,we introduce distributed query processing(DQP) system to provide high level data integration solution for service-based grids as well as supporting distributed resources query and accessing.In addition,this paper explores combining distributed object query language and geospatial query functions for spatial data sharing and integration on top of data grid component.Object query tree is also provided to illustrate the analysis and execution of query sentence in accordance with SQL Multimedia specification.SQL/MM Spatial is mainstream international standards for spatial database access and query.By combining the distributed object query and geospatial query,we hope to have leverage with strengths in both of them.The approach of spatial data access and integration,as well as the description,deployment and invoking of data services in distributed environment will contribute a lot for the storage and continuous integration of geological survey and remote sensing data.

Urbanization is a major trend in recent years all around the world.China has experienced rapid development since reform and opening-up.Therefore,urban expansion has been significant in this period.Based on the RS and GIS methods,Siping City,a medium city in Jilin Province,is selected as a study case with five remote sensing images in 31 years.After a series of image processing,the five phases of urban boundaries were acquired.It is obvious that the Siping City is partially shaped by river,roads and freeway.Then,the area-perimeter fractal dimensions are adopted to calculate fractal characteristics of urban area based on the box-counting method.After that the compact ratio is calculated to describe the shape characteristic of Siping City.In this paper,the Siping Statistical Yearbook is collected to find out the relationship between economy growth and urban expansion.The process and characteristics of urban expansion are analyzed using urban area change,fractal dimension,compactness and statistical data as well as GIS technology.The results showed that there are four stages in this period.It expended fastest from 1979 to 1991.Between 2001 and 2007,it expended fast as well and emphasized more on urban connotation construction.And this is in agreement with the Siping Statistical Yearbook.Because the urban expansion is influenced by roads,railroads and freeway,the morphology of Siping City now seems like a pentacle.The city should make full use of its traffic line which extends in all directions.All these indicate that the combination of urban morphology index and statistical data can be done to satisfactorily describe the process and characteristics of urban expansion.

With the continuous progress of urbanization in China,the scale of many cities is expanding rapidly and the demand and supply of urban land is not balanced.With the resource-saving and environment-friendly strategy adjustment of social development,the traditional expansion model no longer adapts to the new situation of urban land use.Meanwhile,urban land stereoscopic development has become popular in most big cities.Therefore,to meet the demand of current urban 3D cadastre development and management,in this paper,the necessity and probability of 3D cadastre firstly are discussed by analyzing the relationship between 3D cadastre and urban 3D development.Then according to the building flow of 3D cadastre,key techniques are analyzed from the aspects of data collection,store,management,display and apply,especially about the compatible and coordinate management of 2D cadastral achievement and 3D spatial data.In addition,some policy measures and suggests about law,apply and part coordination are provided to help establish 3D cadastre in order to keep the cadastral data and management consistent and coherent.And,taking an example of Nanjing City and based on the promotion of economic,intensive and scientific urban land use,the methods for reconnaissance of underground space remise and land right registration are summed up,especially about the use of special cadastral serial number and store ways.With the introduction to the system of visiting the building by web in detail,application of geographic information science,remote sensing,global position system,photographic surveying,virtual reality,web techniques and so on in the 3D cadastre construction are discussed.Besides,the shortages of these techniques are also covered to analyze the whole establishment method of 3D cadastre.In a word,the establishment method of 3D cadastre is brought forward adapted to the present status of urban land use and technological development trend.Hence,it is obvious that urban 3D development will be more and more popular in China,and it is necessary to explore the method of 3D cadastre construction so as to improve the management of land use,while information technology will also play more and more important role in it.

Establishing and updating of geospatial database is an important part of National Spatial Data Infrastructure(NSDI),also an important foundation of Digital Earth building.However,there still exist many problems in integrating and efficiently updating geospatial data at the present time,especially,low efficiency in using multi-source geospatial data,low level in automatization and intelligentization,and lack of practical application with the guidance to complete theoretical system and technical framework.In accordance with this,the paper introduces concepts and methods of data assimilation and actively updating of geospatial database.The purpose is to improve the efficiency of multi-source data utilization and the level of automatization.The character of geospatial data assimilation is to combine a variety of mathematical models and data sources effectively,which eventually makes the new data express the objective entity more accurately.Geospatial data actively updating means the computer can respond to the corresponding geographic events actively and implement the predefined updating operations.The actively updating process is triggered by geographic events under control of the geography event-condition-action rules.This paper discusses the concepts,connotation and key techniques of multi-source geospatial data assimilation and actively updating.Key techniques includes: the acquisition,expression and management of updating rules,the discovery,description and expression of geographic component variation information,the updating of geometrical information and attribute information based on the data assimilation,and the actively updating mechanism driven by GECA rules.This paper also presents the mechanism for geospatial data actively updating which is based on data assimilation and driven by GECA(Geographic event-Condition-Action) rules.Finally,the paper applies the optimum interpolation method which is often used in data assimilation for the conflation of multi-source geography spatial data.Compared with other methods,this method can improve data precision.The actively updating mechanism is used in updating fundamental geo-information data of scale 1:500 000.Practice has proved that the updating mechanism can improve the automating and intelligent level of data updating.

In view of the distribution of massive marine environment information,the multiplicity of information type and format as well as complicated procedure,by researching the geographic information system,the grid technology,the Web service technology as well as the remote visualization technology,firstly,this paper has discussed the system construction and key technologies of the marine environment information grid service platform.Secondly,the prototype system of marine environment information grid service platform has been realized,taking the Argo data,the sea surface temperature data and the Sea Flow Field data as the empirical data,and taking the South China Sea as the experimental zone.The experimental environment consists of three web services nodes,a web services resource management center and an application service platform of marine environment information in the South China Sea.Node 1(provide web services of Argo data and sea flow field data),node 2(provide web services of sea surface temperature data) and node 3(provide web services of application models) and the application service platform of sea surface temperature information are arranged in the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese academy of science.The web services resource management center is arranged in the Northeastern University.This prototype system has provided reference for users on making full use of each kind of marine environment information and existing equipment,improving work efficiency and reducing duplicated investment,solving the problems in heterogeneity,distribution,and efficiency triggered by networking,and providing users with transparent,"One-stop" Web applications on marine environment information.On the platform,heterogeneous and distributed marine environment is encrypted,decrypted and monitored,and hence interchangeable according to international standards.Simultaneously the feasibility and practicality of the above technical solution has been well tested.

In this paper,we investigated the response of inter-annual vegetation variation to climate change in middle Inner Mongolia based on 250m MODIS NDVI data in 2000-2008 and climate data from meteorological stations during 1960-2008.After applying S-G filer process to deduct the noisy and abnormal points,the mean of 8-day NDVI in a year was calculated to indicate the vegetation status in that year.Then the trend of inter-annual vegetation variation in 2000-2008 was calculated with the linear regression coefficiency,that is the slope of a line,and analyzed through the regression significant level.The average NDVI by vegetation type was calculated according to vegetation map with a scale of 1:100 000.During the study period,79.60% of the vegetation area keeps a relatively steady state,and 17.33% changes to better.But 3.06% of the grassland is in degradation or desertification where is in the Farming-Pastoral Transitional Zone.The climate factors that caused inter-annual vegetation variance were quantified.The warmer and dryer climate change happened in this region was regarded as main reason.Between two climate factors of temperature and precipitation,the variance of precipitation has more effect on the change of NDVI than temperature.The ratio of standardized regression coefficients of precipitation and temperature is in range of 0.89(Suolun) to 11.50(Siziwang Qi).At Xilinhot,the ratio is negative which may be explained as combined influence of unmatched temperature and precipitation.However,the inter-annual variance of grassland was affected not only by climate,but also by human activity.In this paper,however,the latter factor was not analyzed though it is very important for assessing the technique on ecosystem protection and recreation.Quantificationally assessing the effect of human activity under global climate change is an interesting and challenge research field for us in future.

In this paper,we used remote sensing technology to monitor the spatiotemporal dynamics of large developed land areas in the shore areas of the Jin River from 1987 to 2008.The area is a fast economic development region,and therefore has witnessed fast urban expansion and population increase.The study used three multitemporal Landsat images of 1987,1996,and 2008.Firstly,the newly developed normalized difference impervious surface index(NDISI) was used to extract the impervious surface areas(ISAs) from the used Landsat images,because the developed area is dominated by the ISAs.And then,the change detection technique was employed to reveal the change of the large developed land areas from 1987 to 2008 in the studied shore areas.The result shows that during the 21 study years the large developed land area has significantly increased,up to a total area of 18097 ha of new developed lands.Most of them occur in the river shore areas near city center,especially in the downstream to estuary areas of the river.The increased large developed land areas were mainly converted from paddy fields and forested lands.Socio-economic data were integrated with the spatial data to analyze the driving forces to the increase of the large developed land areas.The result indicates that fast economic development,urban population increase,and real estate development were the three major deriving forces contributing to the large developed land area increase.