Investigation of ecological environment problem is the basis of programming ecological function protected areas. The article mainly introduced the method of using 1∶250 000 TM satellite remote sensing images to find out soil erosion types and intensity in Qinling Mountain of Shaanxi, and drew the conclusion that within the region with the drop of altitude waterpower erosion gradually increased while freeze erosion gradually weakened. The main factor influencing soil erosion is anthropogenic activities. Soil erosion areas in the region increase due to largely exploration and using of forest resources and soil erosion intensity increased because of increase of farmland and slope farmland areas. The work proved that using remote sensing technology combined with GIS technology is useful to investigate and analyse ecological environment problems in process of programming ecological function protected areas.

Geomatic TuPu presents spatial information in well regulated form of graphics Geo informatic TuPu is a computer based geomatic TuPu, which is a kind of spatial information visualization, and a new form of cartographic products in the era of information It aims to provide users with the deeply processed, higher level of geographic information products supported by the technologies of computer, GIS, visualization and VR Complex informatic Tupu of natural landscape, according to spatial scale, may be divided into macroscopic landscape informatic TuPu, mid cosmic landscape informatic TuPu and microcosmic landscape informatic TuPu Chinese complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape is a nationwide macroscopic landscape informatic TuPu, and its typologic grades include landscape zone, landscape second zone,landscape genre According to the composing elements of natural landscape, natural landscape informatic TuPu can be divided into single element informatic TuPu of natural landscape and complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape The method of “from top to bottom” is used to study complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape in China, that is, the complex informatic TuPu in China is dealt with level by level from landscape zone to landscape second zone and then to landscape genre As Chinese complex informatic Tupu of natural landscape is a kind of macroscopic landscape informatic TuPu and the outlines of TuPu are changed very slowly with time, the focus of research is put on the changes of the graphic outline but the macroscopic change of geographical spatial distribution rules The technological flow of retrieval for complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape in China includes design for the representation of TuPu, type partition and outline determining of natural landscape, building of index system, design for database structure, and development of TuPu information system This paper introduces the basic concept of informatic TuPu of natural landscape firstly; then, discusses the way of studying complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape in China; thirdly, provides the way of retrieval for complex informatic TuPu and single element informatic TuPu by taking Chinese natural landscape as a case; lastly, introduces simply the development of TuPu information system.

The authors propose a conceptual framework on Geo Informatic Tupu method from the point of view of geography in the paper We especially emphasize that Tupu is not only a way for presentation, but also a method of analysis It integrates cognition, graph and method Some key concepts and their meanings are briefly discussed firstly Then the authors give a general review on application of graphic methods from other fields such as physics and biology, especially Chinese ancient Fengshui (geomantic) theory and cartography Geo Informatic Tupu is a junction, which can connect traditional geography and modern technology The paper analyzes the main problems in geography from aspects of philosophy, theory and methodology, and points out that holistic thought should be regarded as philosophic basis for the method As beginning of study on the method, building regional spatial unit and their hierachical system, setting up imagine feature standard for geogra phic elements by remote sensing technique and finding out ways of presentation for Geo Informatic Tupu, all of these are considered as main directions They will be essential to clarify the method.

The Landsat-7 ETM+ Panchromatic band is taken simultaneously with multispectral bands using the same sensor system. The solar illumination and other environmental conditions are identical. They are received at the same time. The two data sets, therefore, can achieve the best fusion result without coregistration. Now there are many image fusion algorithms. Four fusion algorithms are applied to the data fusion between Landsat-7 ETM+ PAN band and multispectral bands respectively to determine which one is the best suitable methods for ETM+ image. The four fusion algorithms include HIS transformation, Brovey transformation, SFIM transformation and Weighting fusion. The result of different merging methods are evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by comparison with the spectral fidelity and the spatial texture information. The study indicates that Smoothing Filter-Based Intensity Modulation (SFIM) is very fit for fusion with ETM+ images on the whole. SFIM technique distorts the spectral quality slightly, and at the same time improves the spatial resolution apparently.

This paper aims to extract the spatial distribution of discrete point events by means of image processing after conversion from the discrete field to the image field.For identifying the seismic belts,this paper creates the gray-value density image from the discrete earth-quake points by means of “sliding windows” and uses the Skeleton operation of mathematical morphology to extract out the skeleton where denotes the position of seismic belts. The identifying prodcedure analyzes the connectivity of the gray-value density image of earthquake distribution firstly. The main connective components are thought as the correspoonding position of seismic belts where the earthquakes are dense. After used the Fourier filter to smooth the main connective component image having noise,the Skeleton operation of mathematical morphology is used to extract out the skeletons as the position of identified seismic belts. After the artificial data is used to test the validity of this method,this method is applied to the earthquake records of the Great North China. The results are statistically verified by the Buffer analysis of GIS. The seismic belts drawn by seismologist are also compared. The result is satisfactory.

Oasis,an important area in arid zone,is active,dynamic and related with spatial position.Among allthe issues,oasis evolvement is the core.Basing on the study of the characteristics and rule of oasis changes,the following properties are obtained:(1)Oasis changes include attribute change(compostion,fabric,function,etc.)and the space change(shape,borderline,position,etc.).(2)Oasis change is an active and dynamic pro-cess,which does not take place in the past,but also at present and in the future.(3)Oasis change relates toenvironmental science,geology,spatial information science,ecology,etc.,so oasis change research is a muhi-disciplinary integrated research.The content of oasis change research includes the attribute research,positionchange research,evolvement processes research,driving force research and mechanism research.RS(Remote Sensing)which is a high-technology has been developed quickly and been used widely dur-ing these years in the field of resource investigation,environment monitoring,etc.In this paper,after a briefintroduction of the oasis change,the oasis change research takes Manas oasis as an example for analyzing theapplication of RS technology in the research of oasis attribute change and its spatial position transference.Themethod using RS technology and the theory of physiognomy and geology to study oasis space-time change pro-cess that took place in the past is discussed.

Spatial information querying methods in traditional GIS have many limitations, their operation is complicated, the presentation of querying results is highly formalized, and their user interfaces are so complex that they are not suitable for most people and decision makers. An Ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization, as a tool for conceptual modeling which can describe information system on semantic and knowledge level, it is quite suitable for information retrieving on semantic and knowledge level. In this paper, we developed a new spatial information query method, named ODSKQ, which means Ontology-Driven Spatial Knowledge Query. The ODSKQ method is built directly for users who have not special knowledge on GIS, and because it uses natural language to describe querying conditions. The result of querying is highly synthetical and knowledgeable, providing users direct answers while hiding the complicated calculation and reasoning processes, it is indeed a highly humanized, intelligent spatial querying method. In the end of this paper, we took spatial query of resources and environment domain in coastal zone as an example to verify the possibility and usefulness of ODSKQ, and the results showed that the ODSKQ method is very useful and powerful in the process of solving spatial problems.

Improving ecological environment of Yellow River could drive "Western Reform". Based on grade one branch of Yellow River such as Tuiwei River, Huangfuchuan River and Kuye River,this paper provides the way to dynamically manage water and soil conservation in the Yellow River by using 3S technology.

GIS is developed into a tool that is provided with space analysis and forecast, assistant decision-making from tool that can only collects, stores, searches and displays data as the development of information technology.Campaign command has consanguineous relations with battlefield environment.Stream of command not only contains campaign schemes and command, etc, but also contains battlefield state information after data amalgamation.So the military affairs decision-making is not independent of geographic information support.In this paper the characteristics of command automation in condition of high technology are analyzed.The relations between command and GIS are clarified.The battle units will have high centrality and flexibility, the battlefield will has the characteristics that has rapid rhythm, cooperating campaign and more dimension is pointed out.So campaign command automation is not independent of GIS support.In succession most of the functions offered by GIS in campaign command automation is analyzed.The collectivity frame chart that GIS applies in campaign command automation is presented including geographic data collection and processing subsystem, multimedia geographic database managing subsystem, information query and space analysis subsystem, electron sand plate processing subsystem, electron marking processing subsystem, multimedia integration processing subsystem and electron message processing subsystem.In the end the application prospect and problems should be studied and analyzed.

The highlight of geo info Tupu is to fully develop the grap hicalideation of human cerebra based on new technology such as remote sensing and geographic information system to solve the problems of resources and environment human faced today Unlike other traditional concepts such as map, atlas, geographic Tupu, geo info Tupu is a new thought in new times, it is not only a set of graphic products, but also a new method, it is very important in geographical research both in theory and in practice However, further research on the theory, method and application fields of geo info Tupu is imperative This paper also discusses its latest development and great achievements on literature and thesis, research items and panels, possible application fields in recent years For integrated ecosystem assessment, it first aggregates data, then assesses the current conditions, forecasts the future scenarios, finally produces the scheme of decision making That is just like the flow of building geo info Tupu, so it is possible to take advantage of geo info Tupu to study the integrated ecosystem assessment.

The whole process of the computer aided cartography of the grassland thematic maps using the ArcMap software, which is a part of the ArcGIS8 1, was introduced in detail in this article, and the particular problems that had been met during the work were illustrated carefully The grass data all over the country was got from the interpretation of Landsat TM remote sensing images that had beenph otographed during 1999²000 The background factors being included in this grassland thematic map cartographic work are residents, administrative boundaries, road system, railway system and fluvial system. And all these background factors have the data sets with spatial resolution of 1∶500 000 Both the grassland data sets and the geographical base maps were made by the ARC/INFO software and were stored as ARC/INFO coverage format files Based on these data sets, the cartographic work was divided into two parts The first part was the cartography of grassland based on all the provincial administrative units except Taiwan province, Hong Kong special municipality and Macao special municipality because of the unavailability of their grassland data sets An atlas including 31 maps in total was got at the end of the work The second part was the cartography of grassland based on the 1∶500 000 scale spatial division of the whole country An atlas including more than 210 maps covering the whole terrestrial section as well as the section of large islands was got at last The first part of the work was much complicated than the other and more flexibility was needed However the second part of the work had a much heavier workload than the first one In view of these obvious differences between the two parts of the work, different workflows were designed respectively to efficiently accomplish them In addition, the computer hardware system and the software environment, especially the ArcMap software needed by the cartographic work were introduced and discussed in detail in this article.

The IHO S-57 standard is an international digital data transfer or exchange standard for hydrographic information. In this paper, all the aspects of the S-57 standard are analyzed in detail through discussing on the standard′s origin, status, development and key points. In the following, according to S-57 standard it has given out the theoretical model, data model, implementation method and the instances of database structure for creation of chart database. It is designed through analyzing the difference between the S-57 standard and existing national chart database. Finally, it points out that the implementation of the S-57 standard is the necessity for the development of the information society and it is also the necessity for the transition from the Charting-Oriented database to the Geographic-Reality-Oriented database.

This paper introduced ASTER image as the sign of a high spectrum resolution era. A comparison was made between high spectrum resolution images and previous common remote sensing images. Great differences between ASTER and other common images such as TM are obvious as far as some technical parameters are concerned. It is clear that high spectrum resolution images could be information resources of higher quality. ASTER images are very useful in various fields,such as glaciology,hydrology,urban expansion,volcanic forecast,evapotranspiration / surface temperation and geology. In this study,an ASTER image,covering the citywide of Fuzhou，is preliminarily disposed during some pre-classification processes such as principal com-ponents analysis and band math. In principal components analysis process,the entire information of the initial images was compressed to six bands of the disposed image，which can well represent initial information and meanwhile can make concrete/urban buildings more distinct.In the process of band math,which is based on the spectrum characteristics of previous image,a common band math formula,B1-B2,is used. B1 and B2 represent Band 1 and Band 2 in the previous image respectively. The value of B1-B2 depends on the type of land cover. Two kinds of values can be seen,the one greater than zero represents buildings and the one smaller than zero represents natural cover such as trees or water bodies. Unsupervised classification method of Isodata is used to extract the cover of buildings. Then the disposed image is used to extract the concrete/urban development information of the research area with a good result. This result can be used in further analyses,such as urban planning,urban environment evaluation with ecological theory of interstice and so on.

Based upon a detailed analysis of the technical progress of high resolution satellite remote sensingrepresented by IKONOS,we have found out three reasons why the satellite remote sensing technology with me-ter resolution was so rapidly developed in the 1990s.Firstly,the international political situation experienced adramatic change with the end of the Cold War,resulting in the ban-lift of this technology,which was strictlylimited to the military departments in various countries.Secondly,the general development of science and tech-nology,and especially the efforts in probing into and testing of the high resolution satellite remote sensing tech-nology by the military departments,have provided favorable conditions for wide spread application of this tech-nology.Thirdly,the increase of users of this technology and the demand of remote sensing data has made it pos-sible for this technology to be commercialized.We hold that the high resolution remote sensing can be widelyapplied to such fields as mapping,urban planning,land management,environmental protection and agriculturaldevelopment.Some insights about the application prospects of this technology have been put forward.Finally,adiscussion about techniques of classification in remote sensing and data sharing is also carried out in combina-tion with the features of such data.

WLS(Wireless Location Services) will eventually influence the spatial information management market, and it will be one of the most important increment services in the next generation of mobile networks. GIS and spatial database will play a key role in this field. This paper introduces the implementation of wireless location services and its GIS server based on XML technology, including the system architecture, application scheme and the organization of the WLS spatial database. We provide an almost complete procedure of wireless location services based on our application scheme, which is described with example XML code stream via extended HTTP protocol, also called SOAP. According to practical urban LBS application and wireless communication cell's overall arrangement, we compared two spatial database storage models and draw a conclusion that the flavor of LBS data must be organized by spatial database and independent city style, not by communication cell style. An instance of such a GIS server about wireless location services on UNIX platform is provided at the end of this paper. This type of GIS server can be deployed at the background of GSM, GPRS, WCDMA, CDMA, etc. And it has been completely tested and will be launched into deployment soon.

GIS (Geographical Information System) is one of the computer systems that is applied to obtain, store, manage, analyse and display spatial data as well as for decision-making.It provides a new technique and study method to explore geographical environment.Today, GIS is used in many areas such as land use, resource regulation and city planning, etc.Along with the development of computer and internet technology, the speed of information spread is quickened and the diverse ways of spreading are available.The school education should be adjusted to adapt to the development, so as to bring forth the new network education technology which is based on computer and internet, combined with multimedia technology.In Nanjing University, the GIS network multimedia teaching system using the Authorware software and integrated it with the former GIS network teaching site using ActiveX plug-in has been realized.Our system leads students to an interactive net environment and let them study GIS basic knowledge, operation and its characteristic in the environment.By this means, the modernization of GIS education aims at popularization of GIS technology can be attained.Firstly, we analyzed the system demand and established its aim, function and content.Next we designed the main structure of the system, which includes the running condition of software and hardware and the whole frame of network teaching and Authorware courseware.We think that the proper operating system used in this teaching system should be Windows 2000 Server together with the Web Server IIS 4.0 and database system Access 2000.In order to make good use of this teaching system, the hardware system ought to be Pentium II and above, 128M memory, true color screen monitor with 800*600 resolution, sound blaster card, sound box and other multimedia equipments.To make connection between the GIS Authorware courseware system and the GIS course web site, the ActiveX control is applied.In the fourth section, we introduce the design details of our system including system implement scheme, the hierarchy and content organization of courseware system and designing of user browsing interface.The key technologies involved in it are shockwave knowledge flow using for browsing quickly in network, ActiveX control using for complex computation and human-computer interaction, design of demonstration of buffer analysis and ASP and HTTP using for searching function of GIS words database, etc.Finally, we conclude that our system is based on the working model which integrated Authorware courseware system with web net site system.The two systems can communicate with each other via plug-ins and form a system with full contents and running in high efficiency, so that we can get the aim that the contents and functions are complementary.

The Geo information Tupu is a kind of methodology of spatial and temporal geographical analysis, which integrates geographical process of va rious events into spatial and attribute data analysis It shows its advantages of quantitatively expressing spatial differences in various temporal processes and infusing different data and data mining methods in long term and continuous monitoring for complex Geo systems According to theories and methods on Geo information TUPU and land use/land cover models based on Tupu unit, four stages of land use spatial data sampled in YRD during 1956～1996 by 30×30 m 2 grid cell with Transverse Mercator Krasovsky projection at the central longitude of 117 degrees are acquired In order to facilitate the operation between the series of spatial data by algebra language in GRID, the land use category in YRD is limited to 10 classes, which consists of sea in research scope, farmland, garden plot, forest, pasture, residential and industrial area, transportation area, water body (including tidal flat), unused land, and saline alkaline area After unified by 30 m GRID cell,four sets of data consisting of 3 temporal units are identified according to the temporal order along the temporal axis, i e ,1956～1984, 1984～1991, and 1991～1996 Then with these 3 temporal units and 4 stages of attributes of spatial cells in grid that are created in ARC/INFO, it is possible for us to generate series of Tupu cells by map algebra language This article introduces methods of creatin g series of land use Tupu based on Tupu unit, which is integrated by "Spatial·A ttribute·Process", and is composed of relatively homogeneous geographic unit and temporal unit The integration of Tupu unit is operated in grid by its 4 stages of spatial and attributes data to simulate its change process In order to get rid of "noises" on land use Tupu, the article reconstructs the tupu units on remapped tables by reclassifying and recoding grid cells in its diversion direction reclassifying data, extracts "input" conversion tupu units as series of "Arising" Tupu, i e , the arising Tupu is composed of Tupu units of "input", where the other types of land use are converted to this one There are also 3 temporal units of Arising Tupu on land use influx conversion The article also analyzes the spatial difference of "Arising" Tupu units by admin istrative units, which include diagnosis Tupu analysis of land use changes on saline alkaline area, farmland and residential industrial land.

From the point of view of the landforms’cause of formation, landforms configuration and land use, regional characters of the three types of landforms in the hilly gully areas of the Loess Plateau are analyzed Approach and technology for automatic extraction of landforms are discussed using DEM as data resource,ArcView as instrument and regional characters of different landforms as basis taking Liujiagou River Basin in Suide County of northern Shaanxi Province as a case This research discovered that the approach and technology for automatic landforms extration using DEM is a high efficient method which is very important to guide biologic rescue of sloping plantation, govern water and soil conservation and test land use dynamically.

Comparing with traditional handcraft of mapping, to produce maps using computer can advance the work efficiency consumedly, relieve map-fabricants' labor intensity, make map digital and provide much more information. So,we say, great changes have taken place in mapping since the introduction of computeraided cartography. However, there are many differences in technological flows of mapping between computer mapping and artificial mapping, and some key technologies of computer graphics and images processing are also involved.Based on compilation and production of "The Geographic Map of the People's Republic of China", this paper introduced the main idea and the main content and the way of selecting and dealing with elements,and discussed the process of compiling and the experience of producing wall map, especially, the geomorphologic representation method for 1︰3 000 000 scale "The Geographic Map of the People's Republic of China". The selection of the relief method and the production process aided by computer.

The informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem is the GIS based development result. It is an assistant means to elaborate the study on the complex ecosystem,and has a premising future in application. It is helpful to study directly on the temporal and spatial features of the complex ecosystem with the informatic TuPu. This can play an assistant function for reseaching the features,future,laws,and decision support.In this paper,the autor expounds the necessity of establishing the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem,and promotes the basic framework and design philosophy to the structure of the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem. Furthermore，questions have aroused our attention in the development and application. These questions are how to distinguish the difference between the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosytem and information database and electron atlas,how to carry through assistant reseach by th informatic TuPu so as to get more in-depth conclusion than general reseach. Meanwhile,three parts reflecting the current state,revealing the feafures,and virtualing the future are put forward to the application of the informatic TuPu of the complex ecosystem by taking Fujian province as an example.

The imaging abilities and detective advantages of synthetic aperture radar(SAR)are analyzed.According to SAR imaging feature to ships,a method using back propagation(BP)neural network to detect shipson SAR image is put forward on the basis of summarizing the existing ship detection methods.Then morphologicmethod is used to adjust the net detective result.And ship length and width are also extracted depending on theknown pixel size of the SAR image.At the same time,the ship center can be oriented by interpolation usinglatitude and longitude information of the source image.Finally,tests are carried out by this method,whoseresults indicate that the BP neural network has very strong self-adaptability.Although under the circumstancesof low Signal-to-Noise,this method can also get good result.

In recent years, how to use spatial database to store and manage spatial data has become a hot topic in the field of GIS. However, the study on spatial database structure design has been ignored relatively. Most investigations just emphasize the realization of special application of softwares which are relative to spatial database. Accordingly the author carried out a comprehensive and in depth discussion about the related questions in this article, including the difference between spatial database and general database, the key technology and frequently asked questions while building spatial database. In this article many important thoughts and rules for the different design stages are put forward and the importance of standardized design is also emphasized. In the structure realization stage, a detailed treatise about how to scheme out a perfect Geodatabase with CASE tools has been given. The facts proved the importance of UML and CASE tools in the design of spatial database.

To identify the land use change region and the change type is the main purpose of the change information obtainment.With the development of remote sensing, we can use high-resolution image and method that have developed to obtain land change information.There are basically two classifications for the methodology that have put forward, that is Post-classification Comparison Method and Pixel to Pixel Comparison Method or Pre-classification Change Detection Method.This paper gives an overall analysis of the techniques and methodology for obtaining land use change information, then, it studies the automatic classification and compares the accuracy of the result. Furthermore it studies the methodology for obtaining land use change information based on Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System, and analyzes the application of the high-resolution image.Finally the paper points out that the most urgent issue is to set up spectral knowledge base of the land surface objects and the expert knowledge base,mine information from GIS database or remote sensing data itself,and explore new analytical method of remote sensing image for the realization of fast,accurate and automatical classification and obtainment of land use change information using remote sensing image.

第一期·科学咨询三峡水库建成后对长江河床演变影响的预测与对策刘树人、穆桂春、刁承泰 (1 )…………………………青藏高原上中尺度对流系统东移传播成因过仲阳、林　珲、江吉喜等 (5 )………………………黄河上游及源头区生态环境质量综合评价卢中正、邱少鹏、高会军 (1 1 )………………………滇池污染的成因及其治理新方案彭永岸、朱　彤 (1 6 )…·地理信息系统研发福建省生态环境动态监测与管理信息系统的设计廖　克、郑达贤、陈文惠等 (2 2 )

With the construction and constant consummation of land property right in China, land registration of railway and highway are becoming more and more frequent,but such a kind of land registration differs from general land registration, hence it is of practical significance to probing into railway land registration. Taking Jinhua-Wenzhou line as a case, this paper analyses the characteristics of the continuity, integrity and multi-plicity of the boundary point data of cadastral survey of the railway land. Based upon which, this study managed to realize boundary point data accuracy mapping and establish the land registration graphic database with the support of GIS as well as to present a technical flow chart of railway land map compilation and complete land registration cartography by applying powerful cartographic function and abundant spatial analytic and statistic analytic functions.

Inevitable transition to the models of sustainable development of the humankind is discussed A range of themes and indicators showing the possibility of sustainable development of Russia and the ways of its realisation is described It appears necessary to describe all thematic subjects within a hierarchical system from global to local level with due account to specific features of phenomena that should be represented at different scales Of particular importance is the temporal aspect of modelling the sustainable development of territories The structure of the Atlas of Sustainable Development of Russia is described Possible ways of the system application for the elaboration of scenarios for Russia and for the support of the teaching courses on the sustainable development of territories are discussed.

The oases are located along the foot of the mountains in linear,fan-shaped and radial patterns and linked to each other from north to south in Xinjiang through road systems. The distributions of these oases are in bow-shaped pattern with an arrow pointing to the west. The oasis economy is mainly based on water,soil and minerals resources. The number of neighbors and the distance between neighbors are not the key conditions to determine a central city in the region. The central cities at the county level have a population of less than 100 000,with the mean number of 3.50 neighbors,and at an average distance of 144 km from other neighbors. The central cities at the prefecture level have a population ranging between 100 000 and 600 000,with the mean number of 4.25 neighbors and at an average distance of 450 km from other neighbors. The oasis population is growing constantly and has a population density reaching 233/km². The policy of ecological conservation will turn the oasis economy into an island model,because the restrictions on conservation areas will keep the oasis region to be used as farmlands within some defined bounds. The industrialization and urbanization in the oases will be the next mode of development for small and medium-sized cities in the region. The large cities,with a population of more than one million living in a 2 000 km radius around Urumqi,the capital city of Xinjiang,are not economically better developed than Urumqi,therefore,they are not able to support the rapidly developing economy in Urumqi. The pattern of the neighborhood around Urumqi that influences Urumqi’s economy is not the pattern of the neighborhood at the same level,but the pattern of the neighborhood at the higher level. Urumqi is located in the middle of the railway (New Silk Road) linking Asia and Europe,making Urumqi a significant economic and travel hub. The Shanghai region at a distance of 4 000 km and the West Europe at a distance of 6 000 km from Urumqi should be considered as the supporting neighborhood for economy in Xinjiang.

This article introduced the first aerophotographic experiment for archeology using super-light aircraftin China.After having made a fitting experiment plan through correctly comprehending the experiment's de-mands,we have successfully fulfilled this task through skillfully using flight and photographic technology.Based on the super-light aircraft,Landying AD-200Y,and airborne cameras,20 flights have flown for cap-turing the bird's eye view photos from multi-directions of historical relics in Huhhot of Inner Mongolia.799photos were taken by this operation will be useful for archaeologists.The entire procedure we adopted in this experiment is as following:①determining the historical relics item;②using relief map to analyse the basic geographic environment(such as location and landform)of the historicalrelics;③analysing the traffic and weather conditions;④choosing aerophotographic methods;⑤designing flightscheme for the super light aircraft;⑥choosing the camera and the film types;⑦identifying flight safety mea-sures;⑧choosing the base air station and runway;⑨implementing and directing aerophotographic flight;and⑩producing the bird's eye view photos' digital images.

Efficient spatial data management is a key issue of GIS technology. Object-relational database, because of its advantage in data sharing, security and transferring in network, is recognized as an effective tool for GIS data management, and many studies on this area have shown great success. But in actual application with large quantity of data, some difficulties still exist. This paper, based on the analysis of the features of Raster and vector data and the applicability of Object-Relational database to the management of GIS data, presented a practical integration model for the two types of data in GIS. This integrated spatial data model was applied to the GIS software-ViewGIS, which was successfully used in building the provincial forestry GIS of Hunan province in 2003.The ORDBMS based GIS spatial data model, which uses Oracle Spatial mechanism for vector data and RDB LOB mechanism for raster data respectively, realized the goal of managing raster and vector data in the same database. This can not only greatly benefit end users with remote data access, data manipulation and other mechanisms of the database, but also avoid the barrier of unopened data structure in ArcSDE and has higher efficiency.

Land is the carrier of human activities, therefore the dynamic change of land reflects the developing tendency of land use method and change of land cover.A comprehensive and objective reflection of land dynamic change is beneficial to reach a correct understanding of whether the development and use of land resources is reasonable, and to provide foundation for industrial structure adjustment of the area and for the formulating of long and sustainable development of land management and planning.The multi-temporal data of remote sensing have been used to investigate land use change.The information derived from remote sensing data is also valuable to evaluate the effects of previous environmental policy.The technology of remote sensing, which provides huge and abundant information source, is multi-temporal, high dynamic and macroscopic, while the technology of GIS performs the strong function of data processing, data management and spatial analysis, thus the combination of the two technologies, characterized by short period, high efficiency and low cost, which is better by far than traditional study methods, plays an essential role in land resource monitoring.The research establishes the interpreting signs by adopting respectively multi-band TM digital images in 1986, 1995 and 2000 with the combination of indoor material, outdoor investigation and expert experience.Furthermore, it also builds three-year basic database of land use/cover at a scale of 1∶100 000 and the dynamic database of 1986 to 1995 and 1995 to 2000, so that it finishes the edition, management and spatiotemporal analysis of database with the support of GIS.Through the research of land use/cover dynamic change of the upper reaches of Minjiang River from 1986 to 1995 by RS(Remote Sensing) and GIS(Geographical Information System), the quantitative illustration of the rapid decrease of forest zone of the area, and the large-scale increase in secondary grassland, it can be generalized that all these changes are due to the excessive and unreasonable land development of human race; and the land use/cover dynamic change and effect of policy driving force following 1995, such as converting farmland into forests and grassland and project for protecting natural forest, are analyzed in detail. The essay aims to provide some policy basis for protecting the limited and precious forest resources of the area, for restoring the ecological protective screen of the upper reaches of Minjiang River, and for the valid and sustainable use of territorial resources.