The distributed integration of geographical models is one of the main objectives of the virtual geographical environment. In distributed systems, the format of XML is mostly adopted as a unified standard to express and transfer all kinds of information in the network. This paper develops a universal editor for models data defining under the platform of Visual C#.NET. The format of XML is adopted for describing the multi-source heterogeneous data so as to actualize the integration and sharing of the geographical models. Also the intuitionistic graphical interface is provided, which satisfies the designer without procedure background and makes the intelligent integration of models possible. The groundwater models are distributively invocated with this editor. The result shows that this editor is effective and easily operable.

The construction of distributed data warehouse can contribute to management of great quantity of data and hierarchy decision support, this paper discusses the advantages and the disadvantages of concentration and decentralization for a data warehouse, points out a framework for Distributed Data Warehouse about Ocean Dynamical Environment at provincial level and analyses the metadata and the developing mode of the data warehouse.

There are many classification methods available with the development of remotely sensed imagery application. In the present study, we put forward and realized a new approach to the improvement of the traditional classification method through classification process control and classification data management. The way is improved on the application of the classification methods on the local imagery interpretation. The iterative method focuses on segmentation-based classification data, multi-stage classification process, mixed classification methods including supervised, un-supervised and area increase and some post-classification processes. It aims to combine the advance artificial interpretation with computer aided automation so as to extract ground objects in the regional mapping.

With the booming development of the current higher education, town of campuses have been appearing successively in China. Town of campuses is a particular and populous area. It is characterized by continuous dynamic change. And there are many new questions facing us. For example, how to actualize sharing of resources fully and how to manage with great efficiency? This text puts forward a conception of TCGIS (Town of Campuses Geographical Information System). First, the development principle and the development environment of TCGIS are introduced in brief. Then, the system of TCGIS is designed. Also we make the function analysis of TCGIS in detail. Finally, the outcome shows that TCGIS is a feasible system. With the help of TCGIS, resources from different campuses are shared completely and used efficiently. It provides a scientific method for the governor of town of campuses to manage efficiently.

In this paper, the gains and biases (G/B) of landsat-5 image data are summed up according to the USGS document and parameters in the head file of image, and the difference of G/B and its effects on the planetary reflectance is discussed. Planetary reflectance is calculated based on the image with a path of 119 and a row of 38, obtained on 26 July, 2004. Four kinds of G/B are used: 1) ENVI4.0 parameters dated 1986; 2) head file provided by L5 image; 3)the USGS document parameter dated after 2003; and 4) the USGS document parameter dated before 2003. The result shows that it is difficult to compare planetary reflectance value when the source of G/B is different. Taking the results of calculation by USGS parameter after 2003 as a standard, the reflectance of band 3 in terms of error distribution of other bands has the lowest relative error, and that of bands 1,5 and 7 have the highest relative error which may be greater than 20%. In order to make the TM application intercomparable, the planetary reflectance calculated using the G/B parameters provided by the USGS document may be a better choice.

Cloudtop properties constitute one of the important cloud properties. Cloudtop properties include cloudtop pressure, cloudtop temperature and cloud effective emissivity. One of the greatest current uncertainties in Global Climate Models is the role of clouds. The CO₂ slicing algorithm is one of the important methods for retrieval of cloudtop properties. It is founded based on the difference in atmospheric absorptions due to CO₂ between two spectrally neighboring channels in the wings of CO₂ absorption band with a resolution of 1km. This technique has been applied to HIRS data for about 20 years. Since Earth Observing System (EOS) platform launched in December 1999, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) has been the first sensor to have CO₂ slicing bands at high spatial resolution. This paper mainly describes the theoretical model of CO₂ slicing and it' s applications. An analysis of the characteristics of the method and the estimate of errors will also be discussed. Finally, research issues are recommended for future studies.

In order to meet the increasing requirement for the agricultural resources information sharing, the standardization for agricultural resources information needs to be conducted under the unified framework. Using ideas of international geographic information standard establishment for reference, through agricultural information process analysis from data collection, data management up to information service, this paper primarily developed and brought forward a technical framework for standardization of agricultural resources information-the reference model for information standards of agricultural resources. The reference model consists of three parts-guidance standard, general standard, profile and field standards. This paper mainly set forth the standard composition and essentials of five guidance standards and four types of general standards. It put forward important principles and methods for building specific agricultural information standard profiles based on basic standards. The reference model for information standards of agricultural resources has guidance meaning for the field information standardization which focuses on information accumulation and information service.

This research illustrated the framework of Open Source MapServer and addressed the methods generating flash map with Mapserver plus Ming. We showed one case study of open source web mapping, in which our enhanced flash mapping system served Global Vector Map Level 0 on the web. This methodology has been documented as a tutorial on the official site of MapServer at University of Minnesota.

The paper firstyly analyzed the water supply status quo of Changsha city, and then pointed out the problems of the city's water supply system, such as the outdated water supply infrastructure, the laggard management methods, and the disordered charge system. Then the paper put forward the countermeasures and approaches to solving the problems, namely, exploiting new drinking water source, saving domestic water consumption, and establishing the direct drinking water system based on GIS technique. At the same time, a project of solving the problem of domestic water supply based on GIS is brought forward. Finally, taking Changsha city as a case, the Changsha city water supply information system is established. From the application of the system, the essentiality and role of the city's water supply information management based on GIS technique is understood by all the people.

There are many researches and applications about the shortest path searching in GIS field, but mainly focusing on the algorithmic efficiency analysis and modeling. When those algorithm models are applied in the specific fields, they will face many difficulties for themselves to solve the details in cases. The typical sample is found in the shortest path searching for urban public bus network by using a shortest path searching algorithm based on the neighborhood node network, causing some problems in its applications, such as the lack of topo-logical network information, the difficulty to handle the complicated attribute data, etc. In this paper, the authors propose a new updated shortest path algortithem for urban public bus network through two aspects for optimization of algorithm and data storage configuration. The first one proposes the solution for constructing the topology of public bus network by automatic matching the bus stop and bus line data using the algortithm (before the shortest path calculation), and the second solution improves data storage efficiency by using the database to store the complicated transport attribute data and the newly produced transport network data in the processing, rather than through RAM. The scheme was applied in Beijing public bus network testing system, and has got satisfied effects in usability of data and saving ram storage.

Multi-source remote sensing data fusion is the development trend of remote sensing technology in depth. This paper analyzes in detail algorithmic application characteristics of multi-source remote sensing data from three levels of pixel-based, feature-based and decision-based fusion processings. Take Fengning County for example, specific applications of remote sensing data fusion methods in information extraction are illuminated. The data used in this study is firstly pre-processed, then the principal components of Landsat TM data in 1999 are analyzed, the first three principal components account for 97.8% of the total information, the resulted image of inversed principal components transformation is clearer and has more abundant levels. To extract information from remote sensing image, we select the fusion image from Landsat TM pan and multi-spectral bands after principal components transformation, color composition scheme of bands 4, 3, 2 and bands 5, 4, 3, and vegetation index and greenness index after tasseled cap transformation are analyzed, the remote sensing image information fusion with DEM and spatial data of GIS database can also improve the accuracy of remote sensing information extraction. Problems to be resolved and future direction of multi-source remote sensing data fusion are put forward.

This paper firstly analyzes the mechanism of the effects of IT on the GIS industry. Then based on the analysis of IT development trends, it tries to analyze the great effects of the IT development on the GIS industry. The information infrastructure has higher speed and capacity. The IT dynamically and itelligently processes larger quantity of data in real-time. The network and integration have been the emerging characteristics of information technology and applications. The trends of IT development have two different directions, both being more and more complex for professional use and more and more simple for public use. The middle-ware component technology is also the important trend. The IT development exerts great influence on the GIS industry. IT has been the most important innovation diffusion source of the GIS technology. It is also predicted to have deep and multi-aspect effects on the GIS industry in industrial standard, service mode, WebGIS architecture and business mode. The GIS application and industry will be more and more integrated and varied with the IT development.

The dynamic change measurement, transferring matrix of the dynamic change, and its spatial distribution indication of the landscape in Minjiang River Estuary wetland are critical issues for study on the dynamic change pattern of the wetland in different periods of time. Classification and information extraction of the wetlands in the present research are resulted from the remote sensed TM imagery in the imaging years of 1986, 1994 and 2000 respectively. In this paper, dynamic change for each classified type of wetlands is measured in terms of area; transferring matrix of the dynamic changes is formulated and model of transferring probability based on it is established; and applying the fragmentation index, mean landscape fractal dimension, and landscape diversity index, the spatial distribution structure of the wetlands is figured out. Combining these issues above, the dynamic change process of Minjiang River Estuary wetland has been analyzed for the periods of 1986 to 1994 and 1994 to 2000. The results indicate that the dynamic change pattern of the wetland in two periods are different due to the human activities imposed on it, which is highly associated with the local economic development level from time to time. It comes to conclusion that the wetland conservation plan in Minjiang River Estuary should take into consideration of the human activities affected on it in the progress of urbanization.

Several atmospheric correction methods were summarized firstly. These methods are dark object subtraction method, histogram matching method, empirical line method, soil line method, invariant-object method, cloud-shadow method, vegetation index related method, contrast reduction method, step function method, clustering matching method etc. These methods are related to aerosol retrieval methods, substantially. Then several atmospheric correction softwares or modules were introduced, which include ATREM (The Atmospheric Removal Program), HATCH (The high accuracy atmospheric correction for hyperspectral data), EXACT (Exact Atmospheric Correction Technique), ATCOR(Atmospheric and Topographic Correction Model), SMAC (Simplified Method for the Atmospheric Correction), FLAASH (Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes), ACORN(Atmospheric CORrection Now) etc. Sea color remote sensing, hyper spectral remote sensing, airborne remote sensing and multi-angular remote sensing have their particularities, their atmospheric correction methods are introduced, respectively. The problems and the way on how to improve the precision of atmospheric correction were also discussed.

This paper reviewed the state-based spatio-temporal data model and the event-based spatio-temporal data model. The state-based spatio-temporal data model doesn't explicitly describe the change procedures of the map, and so does the event-based data model proposed before. To fully record the procedures of the spatio-temporal change and make it easy to query the spatio-temporal change information, an improved event-based spatio-temporal data model based on raster data was proposed here. In this improved model, the changes of the phenomena were fully recorded, and the present state of the map was set as the base map. In many applications, users fetch the present state of the map more frequently, so the improved model would make the system more efficient. In order to show its advantages that it is easy to get the changed information, this paper gave some spatio-temporal query cases. These cases illuminated clearly how to query what happened to the map at any time, such as: what event happened at a location; where did an event happen, etc. Also, this paper discussed the storage efficiency of the data model. And as a conclusion, it was suggested that the model is more suited for some conditions.

The network of Chinese Sustainable Development Information Sharing has been supported by the Ninth Five-Year Plan and the Tenth Five-Year Plan and has accumulated mega data from different departments and fields. Now the network can provide sustainable development information services. But the system can only provide user data services, as for the non-specialty users it is difficult to directly use the raw data to conduct synthetic analysis. So how to map the data in the database to the indicators and generate add-value data to provide the user for analysis has become a pressing issue. To solve this problem, the sustainable development database management model and the definition of generating indicators and dynamic indicators are put forward, and the mapping model and the storage method are designed. The present research can change the services of network from data services to the indicator services, and can promote the users, especially the non-specialty users, to use the data in the sustainable development to perform convenient analysis.

Vegetation coverage is an important parameter for evaluating eco-environment of a certain region.Numerous methods have been developed to derive local vegetation condition information from remote sensing data nowadays. Because the existence of mixed pixel, many spectral immixture models have been developed such as linear, probabilistic, geometric-optical, stochastic geometric, fuzzy models. This article tried the most convenient and simple method, linear spectral immixture model on ASTER image data of Fuzhou area. Using this method this paper has generated the vegetation fraction image of Fuzhou area, and evaluated the result by doing a regression analysis between it and the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) image which is also derived from the same scene of the image. The evaluating result shows a strong positive correlation. The landscape matrix of the research area has also been obtained by using FRAGSTSTS software package, which shows that the vegetation coverage of Fuzhou area is in good condition except the dominant type is in the moderate condition.

Referring to the overseas and domestic data, this paper puts forward a remote sensing image metadata standard draft and describes remote sensing image data with the draft. It brings forward to manage remote sensing data and its metadata integratively with large RDBMS so that the structuted storage of remote sensing image data can be realized. It presents remote sensing image metadata with XML and gives the XML Schema of remote sensing image metadata so as to implement the query and search of the metadata and the sharing of sense image data on the Internet.

A newfashioned map, Digital Map, has aroused more and more public concern. It corresponds to Mapping Database, which includes all kinds of map datum. For rapidly searching map data at various scales, map data needs storing layeredly by "changing focuses". The Primary Problem of Changed-focuses Model is about establishing many layers stored-frame. This paper discusses how to establish multilayer storage structure and automatically reduce small scale graph from large scale mapping database by theory of changed-focuses Datum Model. Changed-focuses Datum Model is dynamic datum model, in which the change of graph scale is not only the zoom in graph measurement but the increase and decrease with object details and quantities. Digital Map Based on Changed-focuses Datum Model heightens agility in searching datum and graph expression, which reduces much unnecessary manpower and material resources used for repeatedly capturing data. So it is used in many fields.

The traditional modes usually cause the conflict between precision and efficiency when simulating the spatial distribution of solar radiation on level surface. A new mode was brought forward which builds non-linear regression model directly between observed solar radiation and its influencing factors. Comparing the traditional mode with base radiation, its errors are minor and calculation is 29-289 times faster. Stepwise regression model of the two modes are used to simulate the solar radiation in 1km grid-cells of China, the results show that their average difference is 2.41%, and the outcome of the new model is more approximate to the actual data. An experiential model was also built to simulate extraterrestrial radiation on level surface, which made the calculation 27 times faster than that of the theoretic model with almost the same outcome.

Qinghai Lake is the biggest salt lake in China, which is also a well-known wetland in the world. However, with the deterioration of the land desertification in the surroundings, desertification of the lake area also becomes aggravated. In this paper, the author firstly analyzed the basic natural, social and economic features of the study area to assess land desertification. Then the environmental background of land sandy desertification was specified. On this basis, the author, combining the content and scope of desertified land inventory with that of land desertification monitoring in Qinghai Lake, made an integrative assessment on land desertification in the lake area by adopting ASTER satellite image interpretation of the area; and classified the degree of land desertification and analyzed spatial distribution of land desertification by using the interpretation data.

The typical farming and pasturing intercrossed zone in Dongsheng District of Shenfu County is chosen as a case in this research. Taking three-phase remote sensing data of the mid 1970s, mid 1980s and the late 1990s as the information source, combined with the investigation statistical data, the systematic data collection was carried out first. And then the dynamic analysis model with GIS software ArcInfo, ArcView was established based on the above research. The dynamic analysis results of the study area showed that the general characteristics of the eco-environment has been in the process of inverse development in recent 20 years. The main reason for the eco-environmental deterioration from the mid 1970s to the mid 1980s is the excessive pasturing and land reclamation with the growth of population, causing immobile sand and semi-immobile sand activated. The main reason for the eco-environment obvious inversion from the mid 1980s to the late 1990s is the result of Sanbei (northern China, northwestern China, northeastern China) protective forest belt construction, environmental protection and positive soil desertification prevention and treatment of Dongsheng mining area in Shenfu. The research also shows that through appropriate land use, and human bioengineering measures in the fragile ecological area, we could set up a benign industrial system of farming, forestry, pasturing, and industrial development balanced with ecosystem, and take out a harmonious sustainable development way of economic developing and environmental protection mutually.

This article introduces the design and implementation of Mapping Information System for Field Archaeology. Based on close -range digital photogrammetry and GIS software, we designed three mapping methods: photogrammetric mapping, electronic mapping and scanning mapping which are used to directly get all kinds of plot maps. Photogrammetric mapping is about calibrating the images achieved by digital camera to the orthophotos which is used to directly get all kinds of plot maps; scanning mapping is the same to the former in the basic principle; and electronic mapping is a mapping method with enough known field data based on GIS platform. At the same time, the field manipulating criterion and flow are given. The application proved to be simpler and more convenient in transforming traditional mapping on the paper to the electronic one and had good accuracy as well. The application of the system is worthy of popularizing widely.

The main purpose of this paper is to extract three spectral coefficients of water factor, vegetation factor and soil factor which are contained in every pixel of LANDSAT ETM+ images in order to get a new available method to process similar multi- or high-spectral images. It mainly applies a multi-spectral analysis method, i. e., Pattern Decomposition Method based on the LANDSAT ETM+ images at Beijing area. At first, this study transfers the DN value of the sensor recorded to the satellite reflectance and at the same time makes atmospheric correction to all six bands of 1-5 and 7. Secondly, through band math using Envi software to extract the standard spectral pattern: water pattern, vegetation pattern and soil pattern which are the common parts of the ground objects having the similar characters. Thirdly, decomposition is performed to the whole image using Mat-lab software to get the three decomposition coefficients for every pixel. Finally, a case applying the vicinity of Miyun Reservoir in Beijing, through the three coefficients, a direct land cover type and area are recognized and calculated based on some discrimination conditions. It is convenient to convert the resultant data to land cover grid, and based on the three coefficients ratio one can get the percentage of the objects in every pixel.

The terrain in the subsided area generated by mining is complicated, in this paper, we apply fractal interpolation to simulate the fractal terrain in the subsided area. In Matlab, we achieve the optimal solution in scaleless band based on the Genetic Algorithm and the fractal interpolation method based on FBM in the subsided area, and thus making out the fractal characteristic parameters H and σ. The ideal result is achieved by employing the data estimated with the probability integral method and the ground pressure figures are drawn.

In the earlier application of SPOT data, the research and application are mainly focused on the higher spatial resolution. Study on inversion of radiometric parameters of ground objects (such as radiance and reflectivity) was little, because the band number and bandwidth of sensor restrict the application in the fields of radiometric calibration and quantification of remote sensing. However, using SPOT high spatial resolution data can distinguish the ground objects efficiently in detail and improve the accuracy of radiometric calibration and quantification of remote sensing. This article discusses about the theory of SPOT data radiometric calibration and its application to the inversion of the radiance and reflectivity of ground object, and retrieval of radiometric calibration parameters. Some typical sample areas are selected to analyze, and Landsat-7 data are used to validate the feasibility and reliability of the inversion.

The change of land use / land cover research is a hotspot issue in the fields of environment and resources researches at present. Under the support of remote sensing and GIS techniques, the land use classification information is extracted from the Landsat TM imagery and a spatial database of land use has been built firstly. And then, according to this spatial land use database, the dynamic information is abstracted. Based on this information, a transformation matrix between every two types of land use is built, and then a Markov Chain model used to forecast the land use structure change is made. The result indicates the cultivated land will deduce a lot in the year 2010, and a more effective land use management policy must be implemented to protect the limited cultivated land in Beijing.

In this paper, the potential of integrated GIS with Environmental Modeling was analyzed, different levels and status of integration technique were introduced, and the point source dispersion model and line source dispersion model for Fuzhou city were built with the support of GIS. By means of the assembled technique integrating GIS with environmental model, the dispersion of air pollutant was simulated. The simulation result under different meteorological conditions was directly expressed via routes of isopleth, which offered one good visualization analysis environment for the management of city air pollution resource and pollution dispersion simulation. The result showed that the SO₂ mustered around Gongye Road and Fuxin Road and the NOx mustered the districts which are encircled by the roads of Hudong, Bayiqi, Fuxin and Liuyibei in Fuzhou in 2000. The distribution of pollutant concentration is closely correlated to the distribution of pollution source and the discharge of pollutant.

This paper reviewed the related work on map information measures and introduced the Wu's raster-based map information measurement. Out of the cord of Shannon' entropy, this method regards the sum of all pixels' information that is the difference between every pixel and its context as map information amount. It is difficult to testify the validity of this method in mathematics, so this paper uses some vector data at 1:400 scale and an ECW image to verify raster-based map information measurement. Two experiments indicated that these map view information amounts calculated by raster-based map information measures are linearly related with the view information accepted by human beings.

The spectrum curves of different objects are the centralized embodiment of the objects reflecting to electromagnetic wave. The difference of spectrum curves are caused by many factors, we can differentiate the different object types according to the different spectrum curves. It is obvious that the spectrum reflects not only the status of the objects, but also the environment surrounding them. According to this, we took the changes of spatial and temporal features as the foci of our study, and made the best use of geographic Tupu theory which primarily expresses the spatio-temporal features of geographical phenomena, and of the conceptual expression to the rules in combination with the hyper-graph spatio-temporal conceptual model, as well as used the object-oriented technology to combine several factors affecting the growth of tobacco, constructed a model which satisfied the practical application requirement, and finally had the model used in monitoring the growth of the tobacco. Through practice, the model proved to be feasible in theoretical aspect and actual use.