Taking Chengdu region(sheet number H-48,national standard division range 1∶ 1 000 000 geomorphologic maps) as an example,this paper studies the production method of relief shading maps using software of ERDAS,MicroDEM and Global Mapper,and data source of SRTM-DEM.Then,the relief shading maps are color adjusted,effect optimized Photoshop software.After overlaying the relief shading map and geographical base map,the final relief shading maps are produced.The research shows:(1) Although each production method of relief shading maps has merits and demerits,but as to the results' quality and effect,the relief shading map made by Global Mapper is better than it made by MicoDEM,and the quality and effect of the relief shading map made by ERDAS are the worst;(2) As a strong image processing software,Photoshop plays an important role in the effect adjustment and quality optimization of relief shading map production;(3) As the relief shading map can represent more information content and better color effect,it puts forward a higher requirement and challenge for cartographer in color use,and in the judgement and adjusting ability for the representing effect.

The technology to manage remote sensing image data through the spatial data engine has been very mature,but how to organize reasonably,manage effectively and share easily of multi-source remote sensing image data need to seek more effective methods.In this article,according to the same spatial resolution and different spatial resolution,we designed logically multi-source remote sensing data storage model,and established multi-source remote sensing image database,based on the analysis of the different types of remote sensing image data.Physical storage model,image data compression and image pyramid structure of remote sensing image data have been described.This article introduces methods of designing multi-source remote sensing image data storage logically on the same spatial resolution and different spatial resolution.That is the methods,which to organize and manage image data through establishing the relationship between multi-source remote sensing images by metadata table,based on the classification of the spatial resolution of remote sensing image data.The methods have been used successfully in this study,which will provide reference for design and construction of multi-source remote sensing image database.

Based on RS and GIS technology,six periods of land use data in Luobei County of Sanjiang Plain since 1954 were obtained.By the methods of GIS spatial analysis and landscape pattern analysis,the process of transformation from wetland to farmland in the study area in the past fifty years was analyzed.From both natural and human factors,driving mechanism of transformation process from wetland to farmland in study area was discussed.The results showed that wetland is the main source of emerging farmland.Farmland transferred from wetland accounts for 93.51% of emerging farmland area from 2000 to 2005 and the annual velocity is the rapidest in all the six periods.Spatially,wetland patches become more and more dispersed and wetland landscape fragmentation becomes more and more serious.Meanwhile,farmland has the trend of connecting into each other.Now,farmland has become the basic landscape in study area.Transformation from wetland to farmland is easier to realize in the Plain which has low and flat terrain,relatively small slope angle,good soil and landform conditions.With the decrease of wetland resources,people begin to reclaim wetland landscapes which have relatively worse terrain,soil,and landform conditions.Climate warming accelerates the step of transformation from wetland to farmland.Population growth and the guiding role of policy have important influences on process of transformation from wetland to farmland in study area.

Based on the field investigation of forest damages caused by the Severe Snow and Ice Chaos of early 2008 in Jinggang-Jitai-Yushan Transect,Jiangxi Province,we obtained Geographic and ecologic information of 563 survey points.The day-by-day precipitation and daily average temperature from January to February of 6 meteorological sites in the study area from 2000 to 2008 were selected to analyze the characteristics of the Severe Snow and Ice Chaos of the South of China,2008.Under the influence of the Severe Snow and Ice Chaos,mean NDVI of the research area is 0.57.Of 58.2% of this area,the NDVI is above 0.55,and of 38.4% of this area,the NDVI is between 0.35~0.55.The NDVI of forests can keep in a high value by the influence of the Severe Snow and Ice Chaos.With techniques of remote sensing and GIS we classified the NDVI of each survey point by species,stand origin,storey age and the degree of breaking.The result shows that the mean NDVI of natural forest is higher than plantation and secondary forest in the degree of none-breaking,but it decreases in a larger range than plantation with increasing of the degree of breaking.The mean NDVI of half mature forest is not higher than young forest and mature forest in the degree of none-breaking;and the mean NDVI of young forest decreases in a larger range than half mature forest and mature forest with increasing of the degree of breaking.Mean NDVI of mixed wood,bamboo,Chinese fir and slash pine are higher than broadleaf forest and masson pine in the degree of none-breaking;and with increasing of the degree of breaking,mean NDVI of broadleaf forest declines very quickly,mean NDVI of masson pine,slash pine,Chinese fir,mixed wood decline quickly,and mixed coniferous forest and bamboo decline not so quickly.

Taking the Landsat TM / ETM + images of Wuxi City in 2001and 2008 as the data source,this paper uses the DBI-SAVI index to extract the information of town in Wuxi City,and achieves the urban expansion map of Wuxi City from 2001 to 2008.At the same time it uses thermal infrared band to invert the urban surface temperature,and respectively achieves the surface temperature map of Wuxi City in 2001 and 2008.At last,combining with urban thermal field variance index and the data of socio-economic and humanities,the relationship between urban expansion and heat island response is analyzed.The results show that urbanization of Wuxi City presents a growing trend from 2001 to 2008,with an uneven development of spatial expansion which mainly includes centralized development and ribbon-shaped development.The mostly direction is along the centerline of Changzhou-Wuxi-Suzhou Cities and encircles the Taihu Lake.The expansion speed in south-east is the fastest.In the process of urban expansion,surface temperature of Wuxi City has increased,area of urban heat island has been growing,and from ribbon-shaped to dumbbell-shaped distribution,urban expansion and heat island distribution have shown consistency in space,so urban heat island is a direct reflection of the urban expansion.

Based on mapping software such as Global Mapper,ERDAS and MicroDEM etc.,the relief shading maps can be automatically made by means of DEM data.In accordance with the basic theory of relief shading,taking Xi'an region(sheet number Ⅰ-49,national standard division range 1:1 000 000 geomorphologic maps) as an example,this paper presents the whole process of making relief shading using Global Mapper in computer.The key technology of relief shading is the main study content.The relationship between the effect of relief shading and the parameters is analyzed,and the rationality of various parameters setting in the Global Mapper is illustrated.The setting of light direction,environmental lighting and vertical exaggeration coefficient should perfectly represent not only the combination of the whole effect,but also the partial texture of the geomorphologic shading map.Therefore,the basic rules of relief shading map production and the geomorphology features of the study area before relief shading designing should be understood.In order to make colorful relief shading map,the elevation of the study area must be classified according to regional geomorphology features,and the color value of every levels is completed by hierarchical color design.Either evident regularity,or color and abundance of regional geomorphology were reflected in the relief shading map.Finally,the result maps need to be local fine adjusted in the PHOTOSHOP software.

20世纪60、70年代,美国为实现全球战略目标(即应用需求),遥感技术相继应运而起。遥感发展至今己有约40多年的历史,相对于不少学科而言,其发展速度之快、应用之广是惊人的。由此带来的问题也很多,诸如:是学科还是应用技术;在科技领域、社会发展中的定位等。尤其是在“引进”遥感的国家中(如:中国),依然是认识领域中的重大问题。对中国而言,遥感是项“泊来”学科。

Using three-phase land cover data(i e,late-1970s,the end of 1980s and 2004),this paper gave detailed description and analysis on characteristics of land cover in 2004,and land cover change from late-1970s to the end of 1980s and from the end of 1980s to 2004 in the 18 nature reserves in Three River Source Region.The result indicated that by the year 2004 the main land cover type was grassland and the proportion of acreage was 65.68% in the 18 nature reserves of Three River Source Region.The largest proportion of grassland acreage was 83.0% in Yueguzhonglie Nature Reserve,and the smallest was 31.48% in Geladandong Nature Reserve.Arrangements of land cover condition index of 18 nature reserves by 2004 from high to low were Makehe,Duokehe,Jiangxi,Maixiu,Zhongtie-jungong,Baiza,Dongzhong,Tongtianheyan,Nianbaoyuze,Animaqing,Angsai,Zhalinghu-elinghu,Dangqu,Guozongmucha,Xingxinghai,Suojia-qumahe,Yueguzonglie and Geladandong Nature Reserves;Arrangements of land-use change degree from high to low from late-1970s to 2004 wereXingxinghai,Zhalinghuelinghu,Makehe,Duokehe,Nianbaoyuze,Jiangxi,Baizha,Maixiu,Animaqing,Tongtianheyan,Guozongmucha,Zhongtie-jungong,Yueguzonglie,Suojia-qumahe,Dangqu,Geladandong,Angsai and Dongzhong Nature Reserves.Since late-1970s,14 out of 18 nature reserves' land cover conditions turned worse,and the degree from severe to slight were Xingxinghai,Animaqing,Zhalinghu-elinghu,Nianbaoyuze,Duokehe,Baizha,Yueguzonglie,Tongtianheyan,Suojia-qumahe,Guozongmucha,Maixiu,Zhongtie-jungong,Angsai and Dongzhong Nature Reserves.There were 4 nature reserves' land cover conditions got better: Dangqu,Geladandong,Makehe and Jiangxi Nature Reserves.

Through a contrastive analysis between aerosol production (MOD04_L2) of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and measured surface aerosol data,we verified the feasibility of using MODIS aerosol production(MOD04_L2) in analysis of aerosol spatial-temporal distribution.Then,using two data sets of the MODIS aerosol production from 2001 to 2007,i.e.the optical thickness at 550nm(AOT550) and the ratio of optical depth of small mode versus effective optical depth(FM),with help of auxiliary climate data,aerosol characteristics,mechanism of aerosol change,and affections of wind speed,precipitation and temperature on aerosol were analyzed.Based on the model between AOT550 and FM,this paper discriminates the aerosol to four types: urban/industrial(hereafter UI),clean maritime(CM),desert dust(DD),and mixed types(MT),and analyzed the effects of wind speed,precipitation and temperature to total aerosol and different aerosol types.Results showed that,(1) effected by climate factors such as wind direction,temperature and precipitation,the AOT got the maximal value in May and the minimal value in November;(2) main AOT types of Beijing were desert dust aerosol (DD) and mixed types aerosol(MT);(3)main influencing AOT types of Beijing were desert dust aerosol (DD) and urban/industrial aerosol(UI).From 2001 to 2007,urban/industrial aerosol (UI) had an obvious increased affection caused by rapid increase of cars in Beijing.Desert dust aerosol (DD)had a downtrend matched with statistic data,whereas total aerosol and other two aerosol types were keeping steady.On the whole,the atmosphere environment of Beijing was keeping stable.

Regionalization means to summarize the processes and types of comprehensive research about the formation,development,diversity,combination,and relationship of regional units.Ecological regionalization means to divides the ecological domain into regions by the principles and methods of ecology on the basis of objective understanding and sufficient study to ecosystem.Ecological regionalization indicates the comparability,dissimilarity laws and the impacts of human activities to ecosystem.To meet the needs of the "the study to ecological construction and sustainable development strategy in Xinjiang" project,the regionalization map of ecological conservation and reconstruction in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is designed and presented.In order to provide good services for the sustainable development of agriculture,forestry and animal husbandry,the intention of this project is to correctly understand the characteristics and problems of the ecological environment in Xinjiang.This paper introduces the background and mapping information on the design and preparation of the regionalization map,and analyzes the characteristics of the map.The mountain-basin system is the main geomorphologic feature in Xinjiang.The pattern of three circles and nine belts are the characteristic of ecological landscape in Xinjiang.The paradigm of "mountain-oasis-desert eco-productivity" is proposed.According to these understanding,the regionalization map is completed by taking into account climate,soil,geomorphologic regionalization,vegetation regionalization,ecological function regionalization and synthetically integrated natural regionalization in Xinjiang.Based on the principle of stratification and classification,the ecological regionalization hierarchy of Xinjiang includes four levels,i.e.,ecological domain,ecological region,ecological sub-region and ecological district.The regionalization map of ecological conservation and reconstruction was designed to be a filling color map.The regionalization map shows that the four levels of ecological regionalization is respectively presented by color,line-type,and code.The regionalization map gives full expression to the level of circle-layer structure and vertical belts structure.

This paper takes Dongguan City which is in the Area of Pearl River Estuary as an example.Under the strong trend of urbanization and industrialization,affected by both natural and artificial factors,the urban land expansion and the changes of landscape pattern continued year by year.Applying satellite images of Landsat-TM and integrating techniques of remote sensing imagery processing and GIS,the present study analyzed temporal and spatial process and driving factors of urban land expansion in Dongguan City from 1988 to 2002.The characteristics of urban land expansion are identified by several methods in analyzing the spatial-temporal features of Dongguan City from 1988 to 2002,which include expansion area,expansion speed,expansion intensity index and transformation matrix index.The main results are as follows:(1) during the last 15 years,area of construction land has been almost sevenfold which is more obvious during the 1988-2002 period.(2)The urban land expansion in different districts was obviously diversified and the main directions of urban land expansion are northeast and southwest.(3) The main types occupied by urban land expansion are arable land and developing land,the changes in the main occupation before and after 1995 as the result of the differences of the factors such as policies and economy,but in general the occupation of arable land is still the largest number in all landscape types.(4) The driving force of urban land expansion and its comprehensive evaluation are given in this paper using social economical data and correlation analysis.The economic growth is the decisive factor influencing the urban land expansion,and the correlative policies direction the economic growth run through the urban growth from beginning to end.

Soil erosion is one of the primary environmental problems in China even in the world.Until now those models applied in soil erosion research can only do some tardy forecasts.They can't achieve forehead forecast of soil erosion,let alone reveal space-time evolution law of soil erosion.This research utilizes the strong performance of cellular automata in spatial dynamic simulation.It constructs cellular automata(CA)model in soil erosion and realizes spatial prediction of soil erosion in the study area in 2010.In CA model,transform rule is essential.In this research it selects artificial neural network(ANN)as transform rule which has strong abilities in the respect of self-organization,self-adaptation and self-learning.Through ANN it makes sure the relationship of soil erosion between 1990 and 2000,and then it uses this relationship to predict soil erosion in 2010.Comparing computed soil erosion intensity type with predicted type in 2000,it evaluates the predicted precision.The precision of all the soil erosion intensity types is over 70%except moderate soil erosion intensity type.It also analyses the reasons for moderate soil erosion intensity type with relative low precision.The precision will be better by increasing samples of each soil erosion intensity type and improving classification standard.ANN-CA model reveals macroscopical variety law of soil erosion in the study area through microcosmic state change of cell and comes true soil erosion prediction in the future.All the above models this research constructed can also be applied into other regions.

The Ministry of Land and Resources has initiated national remote sensing dynamic monitoring project for land use.Through analysis of satellite images of different periods,land use change information can be extracted and analyzed.This research work is mainly based on the operator experience engaged in the project in recent years.Many image fusion methods were developed in recent years accompanied by the development of multi-sensor,multi-temporal and multi-spectral remote sensing technologies.These fusion methods are widely used.However,the traditional image fusion is to increase the image spatial resolution and multi-spectral resolution.This paper is to merge different bands in the same image,attempting to make full use of multi-spectral and higher spatial resolution characteristic of ASTER image,even to mine their potential which can be used in land use and land cover changes.This paper may provide scientific reference for cosmically monitoring land use and land cover change.In order to highlight the edges of images,the line or the areas where a great change has in brightness,an ASTER image was used to extract urban vegetation information of the research area by color normalized and HSV sharpening methods.A comparison was made between the two classified images which were processed by parallelepiped method.Urban green spaces were paid more attention by compared tries.The analysis was made to explore the effects of the two methods based on ASTER images,in order to find a better access to spatial information of urban green spaces by remote images and provide basic data for the assessment in city ecological and the construction of landscape ecology.The result shows that color normalized method has a better performance in the distribution of urban green space,which was good at monitoring dynamically the distribution of urban green space.The structure and the adjacent of urban green spaces were clearly indicated by the fused images.The differences between urban green spaces and other land use types were amplified by the effect of region amplification,different types of edges and manual interpretation,which could highlight the distribution,structure and ecological characteristics of urban green spaces.

Rapid economic development has happened in the east coast of China since the Reform and Opening-up,at the same time,following a remarkable expansion of construction land.It is significant for suitable and intensive land use to investigate expansion features of four kinds of construction land,i.e.urban area,towns,rural settlements,roads and industrial sites according to economic development of cities and villages.Based on the three times of vector data(1988,1995 and 2000),we acquired land use data in 2008 by supervised classification of TM images.Four times of land use data(1988,1995,2000 and 2008) were collected as data sources for land use change monitoring.And this paper analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of land expansion and its impact on cultivated land in Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou Region over the past 20 years.Main results showed that:(1) The overall expansion area of construction land from 1988 to 2008 reached 2 354.55km²,and the area of urban expansion was the largest,which was 1 257.26km²,accounted for a half of the total expansion area.The expansion areas of towns,rural settlements,industrial and transport land were 695.91,355.96 and 45.42km²,respectively;(2) Urban expansion occupied a great deal of the cultivated land.The conversed areas from cultivated land into construction land were different for the three periods,which were 262.36km² in1995-2000,656.36km² in 1988-1995,and 1343.56km² in 2000-2008.Results from this paper could offer important bases for land-use planning and management decision making in urbanized regions in the east of China.

Selection of map symbols is very important in visualization of spatial data.An intelligent thematic mapping framework based on research paradigm of case-based reasoning and thematic mapping process is proposed in this paper.The knowledge depended is the concrete problem solving records during designing of thematic maps which are stored in the CBR system.Intelligent selection of representation method for statistic maps is explored in different aspects from content design of case base,case representation,database schema,similarity measure and retrieval of cases.Based on "Chinese Atlas of Population" and myCBR tool,experiment is designed and shows the potential of CBR in the acquisition,representation and reasoning for thematic mapping.

Different from traditional researches which focus on statistics accuracy and representation effects of choropleth map,a new automatic method of determining class intervals in representing knowledge of population distribution is proposed in this paper.Based on population distribution Lorenz curve,the method can determine the number of classes by requirement of knowledge transfer as well as determine the class interval via the Douglas-Peucker simplification method.Experiments of the method demonstrate the potential of representing population distribution patterns and the improvement of map information transfer.During simplification,the two class interval map shows the approximate outline of "Hu line".The population distribution patterns and knowledge of particular cases are easily understood from maps of three or more class intervals.

In recent years,internet map is developing rapidly and more and more spatial information are settled in the internet terminal.Internet map has been an effective way to transfer and distribute geographic information,which has been also an important tool for people to obtain information.However,as the most direct and important method of geographic information expression,a series of problems exist when the map symbol is applied on internet,such as theory imperfectness,inadequacy in sharing,difficulties to expand,lack of vector symbols and so on.The theories and methods of symbol design and expression,which belong to the paper map and desktop mapping system,can't be transplanted to internet map symbol system directly.In order to solve these problems,related work which based on the full study of existing map symbol theories is carried out and a new conceptual model of internet map symbol is put forward.According to the conceptual model,the paper builds a descriptive system for internet map symbol,and the validity of the whole theory is tested in combination with online statistical map making and distribution system and census map plotting system,which are developed by Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS.

The case model is the reasoning base of Case-Based Reasoning(CBR),while the spatio-temporal data model is the concept base of GIS(Geographical Information System) spatial and temporal expression.When the Case-Based Reasoning method is used in geographical domain,it's unwise only use the traditional representation method to express the case,considering the characteristics of the geographical problems,because the geographical problems are different from others.Considering the requirement of representation and reasoning of geographical case,we cannot use the spatio-temporal data model of temporal Geographical Information System(T-GIS) directly.Through the analysis of geographic case application and the summary of spatial-temporal process characteristics,we proposed the conceptual representation model of geographical spatial-temporal process case which is based on the hierarchical description framework,and constructed the physical representation model.In this paper,we took the marine vortex in the South China Sea as an example to verify the experiment model.The results indicated that the expression model could be used in the geographical domain in which the phenomenon with a periodic life has continuous and gradual changes.The model is very significant as a way to organize and express the geographical spatio-temporal process.The GIS data model is expressed from the case perspective.It enabled the GIS to have the reasoning ability and it also expanded the using domain of CBR method from the traditional application of static domain to the spatio-temporal process.

With recent advances in sensors,remote sensing technology has become one of the best methods to monitor the condition of ocean.However,due to the lack of application-oriented scientific analysis based on the imaging capability,the remote sensing data are difficult to meet the application requirements.By comparing the capabilities of several common remote sensing satellites for ocean monitoring,this paper analyzed the feasibilities of MODIS data,and also presented the processes and the methods in evaluation of ocean monitoring capability.The procedures can be implemented as follows: Firstly,the raw images,which were MOD35 of the Bohai Sea in 2008,have been chosen and preprocessed;Secondly,the imaging capabilities of satellite remote sensing covering the Bohai Sea and their relevant cloud cover rate were counted.Finally,the evaluation capabilities of remote sensing images of the Bohai Sea were analyzed.According to the statistics,remote sensing satellite monitoring capacities for varions elements had been assessed and the results showed different monitoring effects of regular,seasonal and emergency and other elements of the Bohai Sea.Also,the results showed that it was viable in the change monitoring of coastline,coastal land use,as well as SST.Moreover,for the change monitoring of seasonal elements such as sea ice,it was also feasible.However,due to heavy clouds and the limitations of temporal resolution of the satellite remote sensing images,it was relatively weak in real time monitoring for oil spill and red tide.

When constructing the GEODATA(Chinese Earth System Science Data Sharing Network)segment nodes of middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River,regional response of East China to the world climate-sea level change is one of the three science themes.Supported by GIS and database technology,through integrated programming and technologic implementation of the dataset, the science data download center will be transferred into the science data service center hopefully.Taking climate & sea level change dataset as an example,this paper discusses the goal and carries out integrated planning and design of this dataset which is aimed at the research needs of regional earth system science.This dataset was constituted by scientific databases in six different themes and a literature e-library,being not only the vital part of database but also one of the important data sources of the historic literature.What's more,it discusses regional coding rules,table structures as well as metadata descriptions of database design,and data retrieval could be divided into four parts, namely,basic data,theme,spatial and literature search.Subsequently,its users' retrieval process and mechanisms are probed.Finally,some related problems are pointed out in the dataset construction aiming at data collection and inspection.

为了进一步落实科学发展观,深化改革、开放,2008年2月,《地球信息科学》学报编辑部召开了在京编委会议,提出了扩大编辑协办单位,进一步发挥全国产、学、研战略伙伴的群体潜力,扩大学术交流的新园地,试行轮流主持专辑的新举措。江苏是经济、文化、科技都很繁荣、发达的强省之一,在遥感、地理信息系统领域人才荟萃、遍布高等院校、科研院所,以及国土、水利、气象、环保、农林各政府部门,所组建的江苏省遥感与地理信息系统学会,已有近20年的历史。为有关专家学者搭建了一个良好的学术交流平台。

This paper includes three parts: 1.The Electronic Version of National Physical Atlas of China(ENPAC),edited from The National Physical Atlas of the People's Republic of China,is the second created information product which systematically integrates and vividly displays the spatial information on China's natural resources and environment,and there are some innovations in its developing process.2.Setting up of its system structure and resolving key technologies,including the selection of developing platform,the building of 3D and dynamic data model,virtual map visualization,and integration of multi-source & multi-type data.3.Main characteristics of ENPAC,i.e.,the unique interface structure,the special interactive tools,various types of dynamic maps,special browsing function,vivid virtual 3D relief fly-through,multiple representation,as well as function of analysis and query.

China's National Economy has maintained successive and rapid growth in the Period of "the Tenth-Five Year Plan".But the extensive mode of economic growth,which has the feature of high energy and material consumption and heavy pollution,has not been changed.In the industrial field,the energy consumption extraordinarily increased.Coal still played a chief role in the energy structure.While a lot of energy was consumed,a large quantity of pollutants discharged.Some eco-agricultural constructions have partially mitigated the conflicts between rural economic development and environmental protection,but the material and energy recycling only achieved at a low level.At the same time,the development of organic agriculture was relatively slow.If we continue to follow the traditional mode to achieve the industrial and agricultural modernization at the expense of large amounts of resources consumption,the economic development will be unsustainable.To alleviate the pressure of economic growth on the supply of resources,the circular economy must be developed to make efficient and recyclable use of resources.In this article several possible ways to develop such a circular economy for China were analyzed,including:solar energy utilization,wind power development,straw electricity technology,energy saving and green construction technology,water saving and rainwater collection,soil pollution monitoring and prevention and natural ecosystems restoring through artificial means.The author concludes that as a fundamental way to mitigate restrictions of resources,save energy and reduce resources consumption,cyclical economy is an arduous task for China,and a long way to go before success.

Wind energy is one of the clean and renewable energy resources.It is transformed from solar energy,but cost of development of wind energy is lower than that of solar energy.Therefore,wind energy is one of renewable energy resources with bright prospect in the future.Estimation of potential of wind energy and its spatial distribution nationwide is a fundamental work for development of wind energy.In this study,meteorological data from 395 stations with the duration of 10 years and frequency of 4 times per day,including temperature,atmospheric pressure,relative humidity and wind speed,were used to calculate density of wind energy and number of hours of effective wind speed.And IDW（Inverse Distance Weighted） spatial interpolation method in ARC-GIS was employed to generate grid of distribution of density of wind energy and number of hours of effective wind speed nationwide.Analysis showed that areas of wind energy density > 150w/m²,100-150 w/m²,50～100 w/m² and <50w/m² occupied 2.51%,16.45%,53.39% and 27.65% of national total area respectively,and areas of number of hours of effective wind speed >5 000h,4 000h-5 000h,2 000h-4 000h and <2 000h occupied 5.28%,22.19%,53.54% and 18.98% of national total area respectively.Both wind energy density and number of hours of effective wind speed can be used to express potential of wind energy resource in general though there is a little bit difference between them.In fact,the relation ratio reaches to 0.78.It should be pointed out that there is different precision and uncertainty of estimated wind energy resource in different regions.In northwest China,there is lower precision and higher uncertainty for lower density of meteorological stations while there is higher precision and lower uncertainty for higher density of meteorological stations in Southeast China.Increasing quantity of meteorological stations is the most effective way to enhance precision of estimated results.

中国科学院资深院士、第三世界科学院院士、国际欧亚科学院院士,我国著名的地理学家,卓越的地图学家,国内外知名的遥感、地理信息系统专家,国际国内学术活动家陈述彭教授,因病于2008年11月25日不幸逝世,享年88岁。陈述彭院士1920年2月出生于江西萍乡。1941年毕业于浙江大学史地系,并留校任助教,同时在母校攻读研究生,获硕士学位后继续留校任讲师。新中国成立不久,他来到中国科学院地理研究所专心从事地学探索研究。凭着对地球科学执着的探索信念、分析综合能力,尤其是对科学生长点的敏锐洞察力,他总是站在科学发展的前沿,热情指导和带领中青年科技工作者不断向新的领域进取。

The bay is a complicated system with multi-source, multi-domain,multi-features and multi-hierarchy,and its way of spatial data organization is crucial to the building of digital bay.This paper used the idea of geo-ontology to represent the bay,and put forward a new spatial data organization method based on geo-ontology on the basis of the analysis of the layere-oriented and feature-oriented way of spatial data organization,as well as the metadata technology.The step of the method is as follows: firstly,the bay ontology is modeled which includes a conceptual model reflecting the hierarchy of the bay well.Then a spatial database of the bay based on geo-ontology is reconstructed according to the mapping relationship between bay concepts and exiting multi-source geo-datasets.By this way,the integration and management of the spatial data of the sea area,land area and inter-tidal zone of multi-source can be realized.In the third part of the paper,the Liaodong Bay was taken as a case study,and its related spatial data of multi-source was well organized using the above way.The result shows that using the idea of geo-ontology to organize and manage the geospatial data is helpful to the understanding of users from different domains,and is good for the semantic sharing and inter-operation of the spatial information of the bay.

Taking the Taihu Lake Rim as a case,this paper analyses the progress of land use change and the driving mechanism from 1996 to 2007. Supported with mass data,it analyses the trend,the comentropy,and the equilibrium of regional land use change.Since 1996,the adjustment of land use structures in Taihu Lake Rim has been slowed down at a steady rate.From 2004,the land use structures of this area are developing reasonably and smoothly.It demonstrates that the land use change is mainly affected by the economic development,the agriculture intensification,the progress of urbanization,the increase of population and policies.

1前言在总结风云二号A、B星技术的的基础上,加强了卫星可靠性设计与试验,确保风云二号C星在轨稳定可靠运行。风云二号C星与A、B相比,从三通道观测一步实现五通道成像观测,卫星蓄电池从17安时提高到25安时以上;发射卫星的运载火箭由长征三号改为长征三号甲。目前,该星能获取白天可见光云图、昼夜红外云图和水汽云图;收集气象、海洋、水文等地面数据;广播展宽数字图像和低速率信息资料;监测空间环境数据。2风云卫星的系列化与业务化产品风云系列气象卫星已成为世界气象组织全球卫星观测网的重要成员之一,实现了业务化和系列化。

Coal and oil have been the primary traditional energy that began to be used extensively in the world since the mid 20th century.The security risks of coal and oil are resulted from the imbalance of demand and supply of coal and oil and exist in the process of production,transportation,marketing and consumption.For understanding,discerning and avoiding the risk and reducing the damages,it is necessary to do some research work on the security risks of coal and oil.According to the difference of standards,the security risks of coal and oil can be divided into different classes and levels.First,based on the difference of risk sources,the security risks of coal and oil are divided into five classes including resources risks,production risks,transportation risks,marketing risks and consumption risks.Second,based on the difference of risk bearing bodies,the security risks are divided into five classes including the risks of second energy industries,the risks of intensive energy industries,the risks of lower energy industries,the risks of human social systems and the risks of ecological environment systems.Third,based on the probabilities of risks occurrence,the security risks are divided into five levels including the extreme lowest,the lower,the moderate,the higher and the extreme highest.Forth,based on the risks damages,the security risks are divided into five levels including the extreme highest risks,the higher risks,the moderate risks,the lower risks and the extreme lowest risks.The goal of our research is to set up and strengthen the management mechanism of energy security risks to avoid risks or to reduce the damages when the risks occur.

The standardized processing of observed CO₂ flux data and issue of high grade data product are the precondition and foundation of researches at CO₂ Flux and its related field.However,there are a system of problems when we process these observed flux data,such as tedious processing,unified methods and lag of processing.In order to solve these problems,we choose MATLAB as development toolkit.Through making a use of its powerful mathematical computation functions and visible GUI technology,and through making an integration of current flux data processing methods,we developed the processing system of observed flux data at ChinaFLUX with independent intellectual property rights.The processing object is to observe CO₂ flux data with half-hour interval.The main processing steps included turbulent flux computation,quality control/quality assurance of observed data,gap filling of missing data,separation and computation of carbon flux exchange at different time scales and so on.On the basis of current researches at ChinaFLUX,we improved the algorithms of abnormal data rejection,u* threshold determination and nonlinear gap-filling method,which we considered to be optimal.The outputs of NEE,GEE and Re at Qianyanzhou Flux Tower at ChinaFlux are-352.19 gC m^-2 y^-1,1 284.88 gC m^-2 y^-1 and-1 637.07 gC m^-2 y^-1,which are similar to other research results.This system,with high automaticity and visualization,can provide a valid platform for processing observed CO₂ flux data.