The guiding effect of website information flow to various human flows is an important cutting-point to reveal the geographical features in the information society.Choosing the remote countries as a space pattern and taking the situation survey of Internet application as a basis,"the geographical network space diagram of Sino-Australia study abroad exchange" constructed by various types of relative websites is established.The type and geographic feature of Sino-Australia study abroad website are also analyzed.Finally,the mechanism of guiding effect is revealed from three levels: application course of website users,platform organization of website function and interaction of new and old space.The research shows that although the establishment of Sino-Australia study abroad website does not have a decisive role yet it has a promoting role.

This paper systematically analyzes the economic situation in western China from multiple aspects and discusses the economic development of the west in terms of total output value of production,industrial stucture(primary industry,industry,mining industry,energy,tertiary industries,etc.) and eco-environment.

Contents of Web Geographic Information System research are,habitually,simplified as WebGIS or Internet/Intranet GIS by most researchers.In fact,there are many differences in data model,Web structure,function deployment between WebGIS and Internet/Intranet GIS.Therefore,if Web Geographic Information System is called by the name of WebGIS or Internet/Intranet GIS,there exist disadvantages in essence.On the basis of web and distributed calculation technology,this thesis achieves much restructure researches on conceptual framework,content system,applications analysis and existing problems of Web Geographic Information System in terms of broad sense and narrow sense,so as to promote Web Geographic Information System research.

Oracle Spatial is the extended module of Oracle dealing with spatial objects. The advantage of the extended spatial database model is that it makes the integrative storage of attribute data and spatial data come true, independent of the connection of the two kinds of data. And the open storage format for spatial data provides a new way to access spatial data sharable and reuserable in GIS. But the disadvantage is that the indirect operation of spatial data reduces the efficiency greatly, which becomes the choke point for the GIS application system, especially when the application is massive data oriented. In order to improve data accessing efficiency in spatial database based on extended model, we introduce data cache technology, which has made great contribution to relational database’s data accessing capability, into extended spatial database model. This article focuses on the application of client-side caching model in extended spatial database and strikes out the sticking points in the process of caching spatial data in client-side, including choices of spatial data to be cached, consistency maintenance of cache data, spatial data coding technology which is available for the users to limit the cache files’ size in client side, and the basic structure of the cache file. After that, we present some experimental record based on Oracle Spatial. In the conclusion of the article, we point out the main disadvantage of the technology and the continuous work.

GIS has undergone rapid changes over the past 20 years,moving from networks of expensive high-end workstations in government and university research laboratories to desktop personal computers in modest consulting firms. During this period of time,problems of public access to spatial data are being addressed by research aimed at resolving spatial query and display issues over the Internet. In order to support the development of WebGIS that are optimized for use by human operators,the HCD recognizes the need to inject human user considerations within appropriate activities of WebGIS development process. A usable Graphical User Interface (GUI) provides its users with presentation and manipulation of useful graphics for their tasks at hand without becoming bogged down in accidental interaction and domain features. In contrast,scenario-based design (SBD) is an effective method forming the design process of GUI,which employs scenarios as a central representation throughout the entire WebGIS lifecycle. In view of this SBD,it is crucial to catch user's intention and accomplish the linkage between presentation and control of interaction information. In the paper,this model is described from four quadrants including require analysis,activity design,information design,interaction design and usability evaluation,the purpose of which is to increase the effectivity for the usable WebGIS. The core of this approach is that scenarios are used to describe the details of the design process,and all these descriptions are based on HCD from the user's point of view and serves users. Finally,an example about WebGIS is given to validate the effectiveness of SBD. Although the system is not yet implemented,preliminary reaction to the system design by the eventual users was positive.

The rapid development of web technology provided possibility for supporting spatio-temporal process information and analyzing timely on line, and as a powerful tool it can also provide support for forecasting meteorological ocean disaster process. And on the other hand, with the popularization of WebGIS technology, the web real time integration and visual expression of Geographic Information System (GIS) spatio-temporal analysis model are also required urgently by people. It is necessary to build a new kind of model or method of GIS according to the special characteristics. Based on the analysis of the latest WebGIS technology, this paper discussed the method of querying, analyzing and visualizing the spatio-temporal process dynamically on line. And taking the typhoon process as an example, it organized and expressed typhoon process data effectively in web environment, and also constructed a prototype of typhoon process web application system which can realize spatio-temporal process's dynamical querying, visualizing, simple spatial analysis, etc. Based on that, it realized a spatio-temporal influence analysis of typhoon motion. The system was accomplished based on ArcGIS Server in dot net environment. Practice that GIS spatio-temporal process web dynamical method introduced by this paper can publish spatio-temporal process information, analyze influence on the web and also can visualize space-time dynamically. Furthermore it can forecast and estimate disaster process such as typhoon and seaquake, and provide spatial technology support for making decisions.

Thirty percent of territory of China is desert and Gobi,where there is plenty of solar radiation.The potential power of solar energy of China is 50 times that of the Grand Three Gouges Hydraulic Power Station,or two times the total amount of electricity used in the year 2006,which would meet the expected total demand for electricity of the whole country in 2020.Where are the profitable candidate sites for the plants and the technique-economic properties of the sites ? Considering the distribution of land cover and the state of art techniques of power plant,we give an initial estimate of the cost of the solar heat electricity generation.Besides the direct normal solar radiation and landuse and technology,the media of power production such as water resources or solvable salt or gas,maintenance expense,spatial distribution of human and economic activities,environmental and ecological influence,investment and rewarding period have to be accounted in making a detailed estimation of the cost and benefit.Geographical information system,remote sensing,spatial statistics,econometrics and spatial operation are tools in the decision making system.This study proposes a conceptual decision making system of choosing sites for solar heat power plants and produces a draft map of direct normal solar radiation of the country based on the observed data and Cokriging technique,for providing one of the layers of the suitable sites for the plant location.Coal power,hydraulic power,nuclear power,solar energy power,wind power and biomass power use different types of lands and areas,the temporal steady and spatial distributions and working times of the various powers are obviously different;in another aspect,the demands for electricity are also heterogeneous in space and time.Accordingly,there is room to coordinate the demand and supply in space and time.

China has had enough economic power for promoting agriculture circular economy now,but there are still many difficulties in view of the current situation and technical obstacles.In such a context,this paper expatiates the meaning of agriculture circular economy,puts forward the main technical fields that are needed for developing agriculture circular economy,and points out the development of basic subjects which are the important factors for agriculture circular economy,such as environmental protection,new energy development,biotechnology,water saving agriculture,etc.

The ways of regionalization affect the precision of population distribution based land-use and land-cover directly.In this paper,the authors made use of math-statistics to choose the factors to design the index of class-2 regionalization,and then did class-2 population regionalization using the technique of spatial analysis.Based on it,population distribution was modeled according to data of the rural residential area,city residential area and cultivated land area,and then distributed the statistic population of Shandong province in 2000 in aid of GIS.Eventually,the precisions of the population distribution data were compared between class-1 and class-2 regionalization in Tancheng county.The result of comparison indicated that the precision of population distribution based on class-2 regionalization was improved both in numerical and spatial aspects.

Based on the method of HASM (High Accuracy Surface Modelling), this paper developed an algorithm for interpolation of spatially scattered data. A case study is given at a coal mine which is near the Dafo Temple, Binxian county, Xianyang city of Shaanxi province, which compared and analyzed the spatial interpolation results from the method of HASM with those from other conventional interpolation methods. Statistical cross-validation is used to compare interpolation results from different methods. Comparisons show that the method of HASM has a better accuracy. This paper also analyzed many statistical results of other conventional interpolation methods and some conclusions are drawn which are useful for researchers employing conventional GIS spatial interpolation methods.

Based on flexible design,customization and framework technology,this paper introduces the concept and schema of applied WebGIS (Web Geographical Information System) customization platform. Three major characteristics of the platform were identified: flexible,multi-granularity function-reuse,and customization as fully as possible. The core function modules were researched and designed,including data customization and configuration,function customization and configuration,and interface customization and configuration. The development and application practice of the WebGIS customization platform shows that this development pattern makes agile development of multi WebGIS application system come true and provides support for data sharing,function-reuse,and consistency of interface.

With rapid development of social productive force, the extent of human activities has been enlarged, which inevitably exerted impact on hydrological cycle. In recent years, water resources of the capital region have （Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei） faced a serious situation such as the crisis of water scarcity, water pollution etc. However, the simple qualitative hydrological analysis could not directly resolve the problem of deployment of water resources, which is considered to be important in sustainable development. This paper aims at developing a water resource spatial distribution model which adopts the linear weighted method, based on spatial information technology. Three nature-humanity mixed factors were introduced as the parameters of the model to spatialize the statistical data of total water resources quantity:slope, the distance to the river and land cover. Slope would change water storage capacity. Distance is used to represent the water utilization capacity. While different land covers would be corresponding to various infiltration, storage and evaporation characteristics. The Analytic Hierarchy Process method （AHP） is adopted to determine the adjusted weight which is subsequently used to calculate the distribution of each factor. Finally, the sub-basin water resources quantity, which is an average of the sum value in the past 45 years（1956-2000） were spatialized via those factors by GIS spatial analyzing function. The spatialized result shows high resolution and clear physical significance, visually depicts the spatial distribution of total water resource quantity. Combining with the "one axis three zones" regional developing plan, the paper gives an advice on the usage of sub-region water resource based on both the result and regional demand for water.

Linear Spectral Mixing Model(LSMM) is one of the pixel unmixing models.LSMM is prevailing presently in sub-pixel applications for it's simple and easy operational characteristics.The unmixing accuracy of LSMM is restricted by kinds of factors.However,the research on LSMM is focused on appraisement of linear hypothesis relating to itself and techniques used to select endmembers for the present.The environment conditions of the study area which could sway the unmixing accuracy such as atmospheric reflectance or scatteration and terrain undulation are not previously studied.This paper probes emphatically into the accuracy uncertainty of LSMM from atmospheric condition and terrain undulation by taking unmixing vegetation abundance based on LSMM as an example.Four levels of processing data sets were derived to conduct subsequent unmixing and comparison,namely,the first level which is related to the original ASTER data,the second level related to the data which perform an atmospheric correction using MODTRAN simulations,the third level related to the data which perform a terrain illumination correction equipped with C-correction Method,and the fourth level sequentially,related to the data which were applied to both atmospheric correction and terrain illumination correction.Then the vegetation abundances were extracted from the four processed data sets based on LSMM.The regression analysis between NDVI and vegetation abundance was further conducted to assess the unmixing accuracy which quantitatively measures the atmospheric effect and terrain illumination in the study site.The results indicate that both atmospheric condition and terrain undulation could constrain the application of LSMM.Especially,the effective removal or minimization of terrain effects is essential for LSMM applications to moderate or small-scale mountainous areas.

Being a multi-scale hierarchical structure,circular economy's implementation not only requires integration of its organizational scale and geographical scale,but also requires communication across the scales.The organizational scale,with "macro-,meso-and micro-"recycles' model in implementations,can be considered as the projection of sustainable development evolution on current temporal section.The geographical scale,with its importance to the realization of material recycling and industrial symbiosis systems,brings rethinking of resources and environmental issues on economic development.Finally,their policy implications are also described briefly.

Yunnan Province is rich in hydroelectric resources and is an important hydroelectric base of China.Several major advantages of developing hydroelectricity,including very good overall benefits and lower developing costs,make hydroelectric development an obvious opportunity for promoting local socioeconomic development in Yunnan.However,because a lot of socioeconomic factors are involved in the building of power stations,there are many problems which need to be solved,among which the resettlement of the affected residents is one of the most difficult problems.Since resettlement will deeply affect the life of many people,it merits serious and in-depth consideration throughout development process.As the development of human becomes the primary value of the society,using scientific methods to select proper places to resettle the affected residents and make it possible for the residents to benefit from the hydroelectric development is becoming more and more important for the decision makers.Using the development of the Liuku Power Station as a case study,this paper explores the methods of using Geographic Information Systems to support the searching of resettlement sites.It demonstrates how spatial analysis methods,including overlay analysis,buffer analysis and network analysis,can be employed to evaluate locations and find the best locations for resettlement.Five major factors considered in the siting process include:1) transportation accessibility:close to the existing market town or major roads;2) good soil conditions and ample water resource for agriculture;3) areas with slope less than 25° for housing construction;4) better to be within the same county,for easier cultural adaptation;and 5) no conflicts with natural protection areas or National Key Construction projects.Analysis results are then presented and discussed.

This paper provides a kind of method to share, convert and distribute 3D mapping data, which includes data collection, pre-process, pre-modeling, file format conversion, reprocessing and distribution. The pre-process is an important step of the whole process. The duplicate points, non-length edges, and non-area faces are deleted to reduce the redundant data in order to let later work easier to do and make the data suitable for 3D showing. The distribution and sharing for 3D mapping data should use the general engineer format, on the basis of the auto-collection using software to do further edition will finish a high quality and high effective digit production. So at last the data are distributed in 5 data file formats by the sharing data structure.

Raster spatial database engine(RasSDE) is a key technique to achieve distributed query and efficient management of massive rater data. An object-oriented raster spatial data organizing model is proposed. A distributed four-tired architecture of RasSDE is designed. Database services,application interface and appli-cation services are analyzed. Core component framework and its object classes of RasSDE are discussed. MAMS V2.0 system based on RasSDE is given. The main aims of the system are to realize the object-oriented raster spatial data organization,integrative massive spatial data management and distributed spatial data computing. The comparison experiments of disk read-write and network transmission synthesized capabilities between RasSDE and ArcSDE are performed. The results show that raster data network transmission efficiency of RasSDE is higher than that of ArcSDE,and RasSDE can satisfy the demand of massive raster spatial data transfers.

As the core of managing spatial data in GIS, the field of spatial analysis in physical geography becomes broader and broader. In the geospatial data processing, GIS spatial analysis is the theoretic and technical basis for analyzing, simulating, predicting and regulating the spatial processes. The spatio-temporal data models for spatial analysis are the impotent means to analyse a series of regional or global geographical problems in geoscience, which bring new challenges and opportunities to physical geography. Viewing from the definition and application of spatial analysis, the author studies and explains definition and development trend of spatial analysis, and draws the following conclusion:Firstly, modern geography needs more and more spatial analysis technology while the field of spatial analysis in physical geography becomes broader. Secondly, the spatial analysis becomes a major technologic approach in the research of physical geography. The method of processing geospatial data must integrate with spatio-temporal model, data mining, visualization, and the relevance of factor in multidimensional information space. In the near future, the combination of spatial analysis technology and integrative research of physical geography not only widens the field of spatial analysis technology but also drives rapidly the development of Geo-information Sciences. In a word, the combination of spatial analysis and integrative research of physical geography has already been one of the most important trends in the development of both modern physical geography and geo-spatial information sciences.

The algorithm of optimum route analysis based on raster data model,which considers different influencing factors as driving time and expenses,confirms the optimum route through calculating the accumulative cost value minimumly.Taking road-network in the Pearl River Delta as an example,this paper introduces the simulation technologies of road shape and driving speed, and the analysis of the shortest driving time and expenses.Finally the shortest driving paths between the major cities in the Pearl River Delta are calculated.

With the gradual deterioration of the eco-environment,formation and perfection of "digital earth" strategy,digital ecology has gradually aroused the attention of relevant scholars at home and abroad.As an application system in the ecological professional field,digital ecology has not been ripened and perfected in terms of basic theories and frameworks yet.This paper holds that digital ecosystem is made up of the general information platform,the professional basic platform and the comprehensive decision platform,and the above three major information modules form the overall frameworks and the systems of digital ecology.At the same time,the basic frameworks and structures of the three major information modules have been explained in detail.Finally,the paper takes flood disaster system and remote sensing monitoring system of eco-environment as examples to expound the application of digital ecology.It points out that building the multi-level systems engineering of digital ecology needs supports of corresponding technologies,restrictions of the standard criterions,government's macro-management,guarantee of the policies and regulations,participants of experts with comprehensive knowledge.

Wetlands provide a range of environmental and socio-economic benefits,which range from their ability to store floodwater,improve water quality,provide habitats for wildlife and to support biodiversity and aesthetic values.The loss of wetlands,which was caused as a result of urbanization sprawl,and land cover change,has gained considerable attention now.The utilization of satellite remote sensing and GIS technology for wetland information extracting and dynamic monitoring has proven to be a useful application.The objective of this study was to find more efficient way to extract wetland information from remote sensing data.Decision tree models were designed and carried out for extracting wetland dynamic change information from TM/ETM+ image,which acquired on April 9,1988 and March 4,2001 respectively.And the results show that the precision is pretty high and satisfactory.

In the field of power GIS domain,there are some characteristics,such as high real time response and reliability,complex electric power network and large volume data. According to these characteristics,we build a network model and make a mapping between the real electric power network and geometric & logical network,which highly simplifies the complexity of data query & maintenance and network analysis. Furthermore,we apply this model into power GIS and implement the mapping between geographic graph and logical graph. By introducing complex edge and complex cross point,we resolve the problem of "crash point" and "crash edge". Because our model supports real time reconstruction of topological power network,it makes the network analysis and query maintenance easier. On the basis of the above analyses,we successfully implement this network model in the power GIS domain.

SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is a physically based, distributed non-point pollution model system developed by USDA. It can be used to model multiple geographic processes as well as predict the impacts of different management practices on water, sediment, agricultural chemical yields and pesticide fate in a river basin scale. Due to complex structure and too many components, SWAT model is difficult to modify or to be integratively applied with other models. In this paper, the inner running structure of SWAT was discussed based on the analysis of its components, and the core configuration file using for running model was presented with an example.

Digital Earth now is becoming one of the leading technologies in the Internet GIS research and development.In this area,there are commonly two of the key techniques that a Digital Earth software system′s development process should deal with: one is the great amount of spatial data should be properly organized and stored in spatial databases,and the other is the spatial data should be effectively transported on networks such as Internet and/or Intranet.By the implementation of the Digital South China Sea(DSCS) system,this paper discusses several technical methods that can mainly be used for independently design and development of geo-relational database models and transport protocols on account of concerning the nation's information security issues.The resulting modeling solutions for the DSCS are: Firstly,the object-oriented ORM source model is adopted as a new spatial database data conceptual modeling technique.Secondly,the logical model of the spatial database is built by using the IDEF1X model which is more effective in semantic description.And thirdly,the storage model of the spatial database is based on relational database.Besides,the spatial data transport protocol is designed and implemented using the asynchronous unblock socket method together with the multithreading method in C++ programming,and directly on the basis of the TCP/IP protocol.It is proved by testing the DSCS system on networks that these technologies can make the spatial data efficiently and safely exchange between the three-dimensional rendering client system and the spatial data server system that are a necessity for a Digital Earth.The DSCS also supports most of the functions and manipulations which are similar to the Google Earth,e.g.the database storage of spatial data such as points,curves,polygons and images,data streaming and progressive transportation etc.For the fully possessed proprietary intellectual property right to the database model and the transport protocol,the DSCS can improve the development of China's national Digital Earth system and provide more safety guarantee to the important spatial data of the nation when transporting on the Internet.

In this paper, discontinuous stratum is partitioned into tetrahedrons for better representation and analysis of its inner structure. In the process, topological relationships of the spatial primitive data objects, such as nodes, edges, faces and voxels, are carefully designed and decomposed topologically at different levels. An object-oriented object manager is proposed to manage these spatial data. Considering the object manager, appropriate data structure and efficient indexing are adopted to organize the spatial objects so as to accelerate the process of confirming the uniqueness of any topological object in the storage list. With the object manager, both the generation of different levels of topological objects and the spatial inquiry efficiency are greatly improved. A case study proved that this method is efficient in real stratum segmentation.

Realization of a number of national and international programs dealing with spatial data infrastructures-SDI,such as the Digital Earth,has already made it possible to compile a uniform digital base and a universal toolkit for the integrated description of territories.SDI(spatial data infrastructures) may form a reliable basis of integrated digital territory models(IDTM) that are necessary for the realization of any models of sustainable development for these territories.The attempt of realizing this idea is carried out within the framework of information system "Sustainable development of Russia" developed in the Moscow State University.We are developing a test unit for processing a wide range of organic waste products as a part of GIS.

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning.DEM based slope extracting method has been widely used in practice.However,the slope data uncertainty which is very important to the applications has always been neglected.This paper focuses on how resolution affects the uncertainty of the slope extracted from DEMs in Shaanxi Province.Taking 1∶50 000 DEM with a resolution of 25m with a total of 671 sheets of Shaanxi as source data.The research shows that the average slope reduction along with the DEM resolution assumes a conic trend,but when the DEM resolution reduces to a certain degree,the average slope would tend to be stable;and from the result of the comparison of the slopes derived from different resolutions,we can see that the slope uncertainty presents an obvious spatial constitutive distribution.

The evolution and the different study interests of Mobile GIS, Location Based Service and Geographic Information Mobile Service were introduced. Based on the comparison of the three main wireless internet access methods in mobile communication, WAP, i-mode and J2ME, the choices of wireless access implementation methods were proposed. WAP is the best way for future public Mobile Geographic Information Service and J2ME is more suitable for offering the personal assistant spatial-info service, like LBS for car-owners. The future research should be more focus on the key technologies about the new integration frameworks, cooperation and interoperation, nature language expression and more efficient geo-computation, in order to offering more powerful 4A public Mobile Geographic Information Service.

As a 3D-visual geospatial information platform based on geographic research and geographic analysis,the virtual geographic environment needs to allow sharing geospatial information resources which have different storage locations and diverse data formats. This paper studies organization and management of the geospatial information and the metadata of the virtual geographical environment. It defines the object-oriented idea to define the simple geospatial information object entity,and expresses the complex spatial information object entity according to the iterative combination. The XML description solution,which describes the geospatial information object and metadata information,is designed. A sharing platform which combines the centralized management of geospatial information object with distributed services of geospatial information is built. Web services of browsing,analyzing,and operating the geospatial information are afforded,which allow for multiple users located in different geographical areas to share distributed geo-information resources,and to implement coordinated work and decision making.

With the adoption of opening up and reform policy, the space of urban growth of Beijing city has been speeded up and a dramatic influence on its urban environment has been exerted. Urban growth, vegetation area changes and their influence on the thermal environment of Beijing city were analyzed based on the three scenes of Landsat5 TM data acquired on September 26th 1987, August 28th 1994 and August 31st 2001, separately. Radiometric normalization between the three images from different dates was made firstly, followed by information extraction of urban growth and vegetation changes. The generalized single channel algorithm proposed by Jiménez-Munoz J C, et al. in 2003 was applied to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) and thermal environmental changes were examined based on the normalized LST. The result shows that urban growth area coincides with the thermal intensified area and a good correspondence exists between vegetation increased area and thermal relieved area or no change area. The characteristics of urban growth and thermal intensified area changes were similar, both growing from the center of Beijing city to its outside in accordance with the ring road system.