The Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Network(ESSDSN) is one of the key programs of Scientific Data Sharing Project in China.It is very important for global change and earth system science research as well as national macro strategic decision-making and socio-economic sustainable development.For scientific data sharing,there are two key technologic issues should be solved,i.e.distributed & asynchronous data resources integration and one-stop sharing service.Firstly,the ideal of "founding Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Union by co-constructing and co-using" is put forward.And also three-level organization mode,head center-sub centers-data resource sites,is designed.From the viewpoint of technology,it adopts the method of centralized management for metadata and separate management for data body to integrate distributed data resources.Specially,in order to describe multi-discipline data resources,different metadata standards are used.However these metadata standards should be interchanged with each other.So the core metadata standard and extension method are researched using MVC(metadata standard schema,metadata view page,metadata handle control functions) mode to uniformly handle and visualize these different metadata standards.Finally,the distributed Earth System Scientific Data Sharing System(ESSDSS) is designed based on SOA(Service-oriented architecture).It is divided into three logic tiers,i.e.data resources tier,business function tier and web services tier,and implements interoperability by web services.ESSDSS has been deployed in one head center and 13 sub centers to form a distributed and one-stop Earth System Scientific Data Sharing Network(ESSDSN).Up to Dec.2009,ESSDSN has integrated about 18TB data resources including 5 spheres of earth system and provided about 25.59TB data for many users freely.

Coastal Zone is the transfer of land and sea areas.With economic development and opening to the outside world,various exploiting activities on coastal zone,on the one hand,promote economic development of coastal areas;on the other hand,make coastal areas facing increasing pressures,such as population increase,consumption of resources and serious environmental pollution,etc.In addition,coastal zone suffers frequent natural disasters,such as typhoon,drought and earthquake.Accordingly,coastal ecological environment shows a typical characteristic of vulnerability.In this paper,fragile ecological environment in the coastal zone was studied based on the Geo-Information Tupu methodology.Firstly,it constructs spatiotemporal database through earth observation,field investigation and social economic statistics,and a symptom Tupu is constructed from data mining and knowledge discovery.Then a diagnose Tupu is extracted by combined evaluation and spatiotemporal analysis.Finally,implement Tupu is generated by the support of forecasting model and the decision project is formed.The practice proves that the study of the fragile properties for eco-environment by the method of Geo-Informatics graphic analysis is almost same as the reality of Fujian Province.The fragile eco-environment including present situation,driving factors and the future trend could be reflected more intuitively through information Tupu.The study of fragile eco-environmental information Tupu by means of Tupu inversion and simulating the spatiotemporal change of eco-environment of coast zone would supply important scientific basis for the planning policy decision of sustainable development in coast zone as well as the countermeasure making of environmental management and disaster prevention and reduction through comprehensive assessment and forecasting of fragile eco-environment in coastal zone by Tupu form.

It was very important to learn the climate background in arable land changed areas of China then to estimate food production,to evaluate the balance of arable land quantity and quality,and to put in practice arable land protection and food security.In this paper,the arable land changed areas were firstly analyzed.Next,annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours were chosen to analyze the climate conditions in arable land changed areas so as to provide suggestions on land protection and economic development.The results showed that annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in arable land decreased areas were 0.45-1.05℃ higher,56.77-79.59mm more and 45.80-98.83h less than arable land increased areas during the four periods from the end of 1980s to 2008.While annual mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in areas with significant arable land reduction were 0.81-1.85℃ higher,85.69-305.26mm more and 86.96-207.85h less than those with significant arable land increase.The core part of China's arable land was gradually moving upward/northward from the end of 1980s to 2008.According to altitude,the arable land increased areas seemed to be about 0.5-1° more northward than the decreased areas,while the significantly increased areas seemed to be about 1-2° more northward than the significantly decreased areas.Otherwise,according to latitude,the arable land increased areas seemed to be about 100-200 meters higher than the decreased areas,while the significantly increased areas seemed to be about 150-350 meters higher than the significantly decreased areas.The difference in precipitation became more and more significant between the arable land decreased area and the increased area as time went on from the end of 1980s to 2008.These conclusions are important help for us to learn grain production,to evaluate the balance of arable land quantity and quality,and to readjust industrial layout in China.

Through remote sensing research of uranium deposit in Ordos and Tarim basins,the close relationship of its metallogenic environment and fault-block uplift(fault-uplift structure) was found.Based on this discovery,and combined with modern information technology(GIS,3d visualization,computer simulation,etc.) and geophysical and geochemical information such as gravity,aeromagnetic,airborne radiometric survey and earthquake prospecting,then adding in uranium geology professional knowledge,the information transform was made into new cognition,and finally,a viewpoint of fault-uplift mineralization and the theory of fault-block mineralization in Craton basin of China were put forward.To encircle the fault-uplift structure and its brink is the main direction of prospecting in this type of basin.So,the conception of putting the application of remote sensing "from the technical aspect to scientific aspect",which,was advocated by the late academician Chen Shupeng,was explored.This concept designated the direction of deep development and further application of remote sensing technology.The practice shows that it is an important approach to make full use of the advantages of remote sensing technology at first,to discover and put forward problems,then to use comprehensive information and integration technology,to make extension study of the remote sensing discovery and combine with professional knowledge,to make the data and information transform into innovation cognition,and finally to direct the practice and decision-making.

A geographic information system(GIS) integrates hardware,software,and data for capturing,managing,analyzing,and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.Addresses are one of the most popular geographical reference systems in natural languages.Address geocoding is considered as the most effective approach to bridging the gap between business data in management information systems(MIS) and GIS,which supports geospatial information visualization and spatial analysis.Chinese address geocoding faces three significant problems,i.e.address models,address resolution and address matching,because of the un-standardization of Chinese place names and the shortage of national address databases.Address resolution aims to automatically split address strings in natural language into address units without semantic incompletion.It plays a fundamental role in address models and address matching.Previous research focuses on rule or gazetteer based approaches,which are easily implemented but with poor coverage and performance.In theory,Chinese address resolution is similar to word segmentation in Chinese natural language processing.Based on the investigation of large-scale Chinese place names and address syntactic patterns,this paper identifies primary and secondary general characters that represent a variety of address units.And then an address numerical representation method is presented to induce syntactical rules of Chinese addresses.Finally,we develop an RBAI algorithm for implementation Chinese address resolution and illustrate an example.The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can achieve satisfactory efficiency and effectiveness for large-scale data processing,the accuracy ratio over 92% and the processing rate over 2,800 items per second.The proposed approach and system can be extended to such fields as land management,asset management,city plan,public security,postal system,taxation,public health management and other location-base services.

As a complex non-linear and dynamic process,full understanding of the urban morphology and evolution mechanism requires modelling.Due to its abilities of simulating and predicting a complex system,cellular automata(CA) have been increasingly used to capture the nature of urban evolution since the pioneering work of Tobler.More recently,intelligence methods were widely adopted to optimize geographical CA models.The similarity between the nature of self-organization of particle swarm optimizers(PSO) and the "bottom-up" approach of cellular models makes it particularly suitable for optimizing transition rules.Based on automatically searching the minimum differences between the simulation results produced by a CA model based on conventional logistic regression method and the actual pattern of urban morphology,this research integrates the PSO method and a CA model to stochastically optimize combination of parameters of CA rules and construct the PSO based CA model for urban expansion and evolution modelling.Based on Matlab,Visual Studio.Net and GIS,the PSO algorithm and the PSO-CA model were successfully implemented.By using the 17 years(from 1989 to 2006) historical remotely sensed images,the PSO-CA model was calibrated to simulate the urban expansion of Jiading District,Shanghai Municipality.Besides,the urban pattern of Jiading District at 2010 was projected with the PSO-CA model.Evaluated with a confusion matrix,the simulation results of the PSO-CA model obtained accuracies of 87.42% for the non-urban category,76.51% for the urban category,82.35% for overall,and 64.31% for the Kappa coefficient,which outperforms the logistic regression based CA model,with accuracies of 84.36% for the non-urban category,71.58% for the urban category,78.42% for overall,and 56.32% for the Kappa coefficient.This research have demonstrated that conventional transition rules were substantially improved by the PSO technique,which also can optimize a wide range of traditional CA models for urban evolution modelling.

With economic growth,eutrophication has become one of the most severe environment problems,including in lake areas.Currently,couples of lakes urgently need decision-making information for the coordination between economic growth and nitrogen and phosphorus emissions controlling.This paper introduces the framework of a multi-regional environmental computable general equilibrium(ECGE) model which is based on the theory of mathematical optimization solution to explore the relationship between economic growth and controlling of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions.A social accounting matrix(SAM) database is created based on the input-output table of 2007 for mainland China and an inter-regional trade matrix is built in terms of the gravity model assumption to support the ECGE model.A case study in Poyang Lake Basin is conducted to extract decision making information for nitrogen and phosphorus emissions controlling in order to avoid the broken out of eutrophication as well as to spur economic growth.Four scenarios are designed based on water environmental capacity and emission factors of each sectors of Poyang Lake Basin and simulated by ECGE model one by one.The simulation results show that the scenario,aiming at the Grade III water quality standards and reducing nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from those sectors with high emission,is the most efficient one among all of the four scenarios in coordinating economic development and eutrophication control.The internalization of external environmental costs under this scenario will reduce nitrogen and phosphorus emissions via increasing of science and technology input and improving on processing technique with economic growth of Jiangxi Province as well as other regions.

The gird scale effect is one of the basic issues on population data spatialization.For the demand of all kinds of spatial population data in the fields of resources and environment and global change models,a lot of researches have been done based on remote sensing and GIS technology both at home and abroad.But the models used are mostly on global(such as GPW,1995,5km),national(such as national population database,2000,1km) or provincial scale,and their resolution ranges from 1km to several kilometers.In recent years,there are studies on local distribution of population by using of high-resolution images.For all the researches,both the method of data source selection according to specific application and the analysis on production suitability are deficient.So,many uncertainties exit in population data application,especially in county level and secondary or tertiary rivers.To solve the problems mentioned above,in this article we mainly propose the method of scale effect analysis on population data spatialization.Taking Yiwu City,Zhejiang Province as the study area,using CBERS and IRS-P5 images we extract land use information and build a spatialization model to the statistical population data of rural towns,then get a set of population data gird ranging from 20m to 1km.Moreover,by comparing population data by grid and statistical population data in rural towns,the grid scale effect analysis is made;by comparing population data by grid and statistical population data in villages,the remote sensing data source scale effect analysis is made.The result of scale effect analysis shows: by using CBERS as data source,the suitable grid scale of production is 200m and its precision is 76%;by using P5 as a data source,the suitable grid scale of production is 100m and its precision is 84%.The method of scale effect analysis in spatial distribution of statistical population is argued in this paper and it can provide basic technical solutions and examples to optimum scale selection in the process of humanistic factors(such as population) spatialization.

Map Registration plays a very important role in many fields of GIS.An automated shape-base approach to affine transformation registration of two homonymous vector map features is put forward in this paper.This approach includes two stages which are coarse registration and fine registration.In the first stage,geometry moments are computed only through boundary for polygon features and three pairs of corresponding points are recognized according to some theorems of affine transformation invariants for line features,which will cause that six initial parameters of affine transformation be solved,and thus two map features can overlap with each other roughly according to solved parameters.In the second stage,fine registration is realized by an improved iterative closest points method using a point-to-line metric based on coarse registration result.Experiments show that this algorithm presented in this paper can still achieve a more accurate registration result compared with artificial registration even when there are many slight deformations between shape boundaries of two homonymous vector map features,which mean that it is robust to noise to some degree.Because this algorithm take complicated shape characteristics of map features into account,it is more suitable for registration of vector map features than other methods.After fine registration is fulfilled,homonymous corresponding points can be recognized and matched from shape boundary of vector map features based on registration result,which will lay solid foundation for following entire map registration.

The WebGIS development represents a natural answer to the growing requests for dissemination and use of geographical information data.WebGIS originates from a combination of web technology and Geographic Information System.The new technology,RIA(Rich Internet Application),is more frequently used to enrich WebGIS in meeting the demand of high interactivity and rich expression in some extent.There were papers introducing the solution of RIA applied in WebGIS such as Flex,but they mainly discussed the architecture,the function model and so on.Base on the research of Silverlight,the combination between Silverlight and WebGIS is presented in this paper.Especially,the authors discussed how to represent geographic information in multi-scale by simulating and improving DeepZoom,which enables smooth loading and panning by serving up multi-resolution images and using spring animation.And then we integrated vector and raster geographical data by making use of XAML(eXtensible Application Markup Language).It would be much more appealing if taking advantage of animation.The algorithm for displaying huge amount of data was also designed,and it improved the performance efficiently.In addition,the key issue of geospatial web services aggregation and web cache was also mentioned.Finally,to evaluate and present results obtained by this work,this paper includes case studies concerning implementation of the idea.The authors believe that WebGIS based upon Silverlight will play a great role in representing geographic information and aggregating geospatial web services in future,and also,it is more effective.

福建省委、省政府高瞻远瞩,大力发展信息产业,以数字化促进信息化,以信息化促进现代化,这是非常英明的决策,是落实“三个代表”思想的最深层的具体体现。21世纪是信息社会、网络经济与知识创新为主流的新时代。信息就是财富,就是先进的生产力和先进文化的标志。哪一个现代化也离不开信息化:工农业的经济结构调整、优化管理需要信息化;远程教育、医疗和文化传播,也离不开信息化;国家安全、生态安全、社会经济的可持续发展……等等,关系到最大多数人民的根本利益,无不与信息基础设施有关。

山西农业遥感工作,是在80年代全国农业自然资源普查的急需下兴起的。北京大学承继成教授向山西省领导建议用遥感方法进行农业资源调查,这是一种速度快、精度高、又省钱的农业自然资源调查方法。省委、省政府当即采纳了这一合理化建议,由省农业区划委员会组织,抽调各有关厅局的70多名专家、技术人员,组成山西省农业遥感应用试验组。在国家教育部大力支持下,由北京大学牵头,会同北京师范大学、北京农业大学等8个院校的30多名教授组成技术领导组,协同攻关,为山西省、地、县3级的农业资源调查及合理配置,提供了科学依据。为各级政府领导指挥生产、科学决策提供了有效服务。

Urban spatial information infrastructure is one of important supporting core of digital city. In this paper, based on the practice of developing Haidian district information system, authors introduce the integration of spatial foundation information oriented urban management. Meanwhile, authors present the reference methods in the project, which including large digital image compress, vectors process and diverse information composition according to the geographical feature.

The article introduces the current state of 3D GIS data model and analyzes their main strong points and weak points from the four basic modeling methods, namely tessellating model, vector modeling, hybrid model, analytical model.

Considering a lot of mixed image pixels are contained in remote sensing images, weighted posterior probability support vector machines are introduced to deal with the remote sensing images unmixing. Weighted posterior probability support vector machines aremotivated by statistical learning theory and is the further research result of regular SVM. Each ground posterior probability can be computed when training samples are determined by the proposed method. Non-linear unmixing mixed pixels model precision are improved by the method because weighted posterior probability support vector machines can avoid the effect on classifier than SVM. In order to solve the multi-class problem, two-class classification methods has been extended to multi-class classification methods and many algorithms have been developed. There are three classes can be described as following, one to many combination model, one to one combination model, and SVM decision tree. With weighted posterior probability support vector machines used on sub-pixel unmixing on remote sensing images, the classifier number are depressed than remote sensing images unmixing without weighted posterior probability support vector machines. The classification result based on weighted posterior probability support vector machines are more accurate according to empirical knowledge. Sample weighting is the main reason avoiding the negative effect of ambiguous ground class. The ground object endmembers can be determined by the proposed method and the posterior probability also be count out at the same time. The result of posterior probability is considered as the percent of each ground object belong to a pixel of remote sensing images. Multi-channel remote images data are used to validate the proposed method in this paper. The experiment results show that the unmixing model based on weighted posterior probability support vector machines has been improved over support vector machines algorithms. The precision of unmixing result obtained based on the proposed method is better than those of support vector machines algorithms.

Maps as being the most fundamental and essential data sources of database as well as GIS and RS, data precision of map digitization has become a matter of common interest to all related disciplines. In this paper, we define the theoretical foundation of digitization, discuss in detail two commonly used data acquiring models, introduce the composition of our digital system for world map, finally we focus our discussion on the principles and methods of probing the mysteries of map. Generally, this paper aims at creating the theoretical foundation of map digitization and improving data precision of map digitization.

This paper will show the importance of hydrogeologic survey in tunnel by presenting examples of troubles in tunnels' construction and administration caused by unascertained hydrogeologic conditions. A new approach named as Quantitative Remote Sensing Interpretation Application Model was put forward and the differences of this model from the traditional Qualitative Remote Sensing Interpretation Application Model in evaluating the degrees of water enrichment in tunnels were described in this paper. The core of applying this model to evaluate the water enrichment in tunnels is to assess the enrichment degrees using the empirical formula for remote sensing evaluating water enrichment degree in tunnel with quantitative remote sensing interpretation. This method is based on the remote sensing geological interpretation. It quantifies the interpretations and the factors affecting the water enrichment in tunnels, brings them into empirical formula in form of fractions, and obtains the enrichment degrees according to the derived fractions from the formula. As a focal point, this paper introduced the detail approach and steps in applying the empirical formula for remote sensing evaluating water enrichment degree in tunnel, illustrated by the two examples from qinling tunnel of Xi'an-Ankang railway and Jiazhujing tunnel of Nanning-Kunming railway.The construction has proofed these assessments and demonstrated that the predicted enrichment degrees were little different from the real ones. The paper also presented some noticeable problems encountered in application of the empirical formula for remote sensing evaluating water enrichment degree in tunnel. In the conclusion, the paper pointed out that the empirical formula for remote sensing evaluating water enrichment degree in tunnel was a new application model which was different largely from the traditional qualitative remote sensing interpretation application ones. This model made the water enrichment evaluation more reliable and its processing was more simple and feasible. No similar report on this kind of method has been found in recent data retrievals. This achievement can be applied in the hydrogeologic evaluation and predictions before tunnel constructions for railways, highways, and water conservancy works. It has beneficial effects on lowering the surveying cost, heightening the surveying quality, raising the surveying efficiency and improving labor conditions.

In this paper, according to the theory of "Self excitation Threshold Autoregressive Model", a new model-the objective numeric prediction pattern as well as "on line prediction model" is established by analyzing the situation of the earthquake activities for many years. The reliability of the model has been tested by the practical earthquake data in china mainland since 1980. The statistic indicates that the largest error of yearly position characteristic number ( M i ) is 0.3, the average error is 0.12, when predicting the future earthquake tendency by the model. Therefor, the model can reflect the natural characteristic and rules of the variation of the earthquake tendency objectively, and predict the future earthquake activities preferably. The model provides a scientific way to predict the earthquake tendency objectively and quantitatively.

In this paper, the deep research problems in the realm of resource and environment was emphatically discussed, and the point that using Informationlization to promote modernization was presented. The schematic analysis on the stratagem of Geo-information science and digital earth was also given.

This article briefly introduce that the basic circumstance of Remote Sensing (RS), Globe Position System (GPS), Geographic Information System (GIS) development, and its application effect on highway reconnaissance design The 3S-technology can be widely used in engineering reconnaissance design, resource information, economic geography, traffic transport manage, mapping drawing relation with highway traffic construction It is key technology to comprehensive know highway traffic natural environment, improve traffic program rule level, assort with and develop traffic network, the 3S-techonogy'information analyze method isn't replaced of others in highway choosing route, Engineering geological reconnaissance, engineering design and highway transport manage The advantage of Remote Sensing and aerial survey drawing is quick speed, high quality, low manpower and material resources, Three-dimension RS data is the basic of highway reconnaissance design automation, and effective advanced means of reflecting designing ideas, optimizing route program The 3S application currently primary is: Remote Sensing Charting of Highway Design, Highway Tunnel's Selection With Remote Sensing Geology , Remote Sensing Investigation of Highway Engineering Geology, The Remote Sensing Interpretation And Forecast For Badness Geological Phenomena , GIS And DEM Technical Exploitation And Application All gain good effect

The combination of Remote Sensing(RS), Global Position System(GPS), Graphical Information System(GIS),which are characteristic of celerity, precision and dynamic, can find the eco enviromental condition of the research area, and develop the eco environmental base survey database with high precision, which available the scientific direction for the government's macro decision making and layout.The paper ,as an example of the assumed project of "the Synthetic Survey and Evaluation of Eco environment with Remote Sensing in Minjiang Middle and Upper Valley" of National Theme 863 308,"the Golden Eye Action", discusses that the application of utilizing the "3S" technology(RS?GPS and GIS)to instruct setting down the policy of Changing Cultivation into Tree Planting and monitoring the eco environment. The precision of calculating surface area can meet the demand of 2 rank resources survey of our country.

This paper discusses the purpose,technical need,design idea and implement method of the construction of basic information platform of information system of intellect administration of Digital Haidian. The basic information system platform of Digital Haidian employ first 1∶2000 scale of colour air photo map as a hunting engine that possess the features of directly perceived through the senses,strongly sense of reality and simply operation. At the same time, a 25GB of great capacity data is compressed by advanced wavelet compressive technique. So that Digital Haidian can works well in personal computer or packet one. The model of Digital Haidian, at present, can provide constructive reference of information system for administration of city in China.

The scientists of china have already maken obvious progresses in earthquake prediction.Only CSB can persiste guiding principle to let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend, and not to demand perfecton, but to widely accept rational suggestions and combine the macroscopic methods with the microscopic ones, then the probability of false prediction and fail to prediction for strong earthquake in high population density area in China would be reduced, and the catastrophe, like the injuries and deaths of poeples in the 1976 Tangshan earthquake(Ms=7.8), would also be avoided. It is important for taking precautions against earthquakes and reducing disaster to popularize the knowledge of earthquake and improve scientific spirit for all nation people.

This paper expounds the concept and research significance about the quantitative map,and,proceeding from the graphic symbols,analyses the visualizing variable of symbols and puts forward that improving the expression of graphic symbols should be started with map designing in two ways: the expressiveness and the attractiveness of improving the expression of data content by symbols. The expressiveness of symbols includes three aspects: readability, sequency and information capacity. As for the attractiveness, symbols should be designed in aesthics, three-dimension, dynamics, figurativeness and perspective from the point of view of vision to enhance the visualization of the map. The graphic symbols of the degant quantitative map should posscess the higher expression and the perfect unity of the expressiveness of content and the attractiveness of symbol figure.

Having made the most of "3S" advantages, it is the first time during the construction of Three Gorges Project to monitor the dynamic changes of settlement along the Three Gorges Reservoir area of the Yangtze River by utilizing the combination of space and aerial borne data such as ETM+, SPOT, IKONOS with characteristics of multi-data, multi-temporal and multi-resolution. In addition, through the project of dynamic monitoring on settlement in the Three Gorges Reservoir area ( Fengjie-Badong), great strides towards the movements and settlement of population, distribution of newly-developed land, change of land use and land structure, prevention of geological hazard including its derived geological hazard, protection of environment and ecology as well as improvement of economic structure in the area have been made, indeed. Also,many basic data and achievements of scientific research have been collected and attained due to the construction of this project. Particularly, it can be regarded as the first achievement attained during the application of remote sensing technology using the high resolution satellite and aerial borne data received from those satellites of the latest generation launched in 1999. The outcome of research can provide an assistance while the final decision is to be made scientifically in terms of implementation of settlement planning, administration and sustainable development of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Based on such a practice, it shows that the application of remote sensing in dynamic monitoring settlement is of success in the project. It can be regarded as a technology that is updated and accurate as well.

The Ansai oil field visualable decision making system was established within ArcView GIS. It effectively combined and managed basic exploration data, maps and oil drilling/well data, can stat. It can not only manage the data base, but also make integrated analysis of space data, realize the visualization of space data and attribute data.

Based on a lot of research reports and papers offered by Prof. M. F. Goodchild and his colleagues, which is an achievement of the Varenius Project supported by the US National Science Foundation to advance Geographical Information Science, this paper introduces some new expositions and developments about a few key issues in the Geographical Information Science made by the professors mentioned above using a special mode of the geographical philosophical thinking. The aims of the paper are to help Chinese scholars to understand and trace the new developments in the Geographical Information Science, and provide some lessons for trans-century researches in the Geographical Information Science in China.

At present there are many hyper-spectral libraries used widely in the world, such as USGS_MIN, JPL, JHU, IGCP-264, ASTER ect. The paper analyses the data of spectal libraries, and find that the spectrum of a mineral in one library is different than in the other. Even in the same library the shape of a mineral's spectrum is various. On the basis of the fact, the author approves that the spectral features of rock, the composite of kinds of minerals, are more complicated and more prone to vary. The difference is hindrance to hyper-spectral analysis. The paper discusses the factors affecting the spectral features of mineral and rock, and points out the proceedings that should be paid more attention to when establishing a spectral library.

Vegetation coverage information in East Maowusu sand area were extracted and calculated by using TM imagery received in 1987 and 1998. The changes of vegetation coverage in past 11 years were obtained. The paper evaluated the effect of sand control in recent years and demonstrated the relationship between coal mine exploitation and vegetation recovery.

Using advanced techniques of GIS with integrated treatment of immense datum, spatial analysis and model calculation, this paper evaluated and analysed some important issues, such as soil erosion, soil pollution, soil nutrient dilution and ecological stability in agricultural eco environment in Fujian province. The spatial distributions of regional characteristics were proposed. It will facilitates the development and harness of the region.