The world's largest dam project and Chinese Western Region Development project was implemented in recent decades in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area (TGRA). These human activities lead to and influence widespread cropland change. In this study we used remote sensing data for dynamic monitoring of cropland in TGRA over 15 years before and after the Three Gorges Project and found that cropland plantation index become 0.25 in 2007 in TGRA, cropland of 0.069 hectare per capita in 2007 is lower than 0.089 hectare per capita of critical line based on estimate of the national total cropland control of 18 billion Mu (1.2 billion hectare). Cropland lost 59 655 hectare during the Three Gorges Project construction, that is to say, annual loss of cropland is 3 977 hectare. With the change of cropland, the ratio of the cropland occupied to the cropland reclamation is 26∶1, such an unbalanced situation means a rapid decrease in land capacity. Meanwhile, high-yield cropland accounts for 61% of cropland loss, resulting to a decline in entire cropland quality. It aggravated the deterioration between cropland supply and food requirement. However, the urbanization process decreases rural population and alleviates the pressure of cropland resources per capita. The driving forces of cropland decline included urban development, "Grain for Green" Project, reservoir submergence and orchard plantation, among them urban development is a key factor. The reservoir submergence accounts for 16% of total cropland loss. Up to now, cropland on slopes more than 25 degree accounts for 20% of total cropland area, that means a high risk of serious soil erosion. As for the long run "Grain for Green" Project which aims at improving the ecological environment, there is still many to do in the future.

The spatial distribution of population at fine-scale has increasingly become research hotspot and a difficulty issue in the field of population geography. It has practical application value and scientific significance for relevant researches, such as disaster assessment, resource allocation and construction of smart cities. The population is concentrated in the urban area. Revealing the population distribution difference in this area is the core content of spatializing population data at the fine scale. In this paper, the urban area of Xuanzhou District was selected as the research area. The population distribution vector data at residential building scale was established by proposing a spatialization method based on urban public facility elements. The method classified residential building patches. And it treated residential building patches as population distribution locations in geographical space with community boundary and community-level demographic data as the control unit. A multiple regression model of patch area and population was constructed. The spatialization method used in this study can reveal the detailed information about the population distribution in urban area. Results show that: ① The population distribution data, obtained by adopting urban public facility elements, is proved to be high accurate and reliable. The number of patches with estimated population in a reasonable range is 35.4% of 779 residential building patches. And the proportion of patches with relative errors of ±20% in population estimation is 61.2%. Moreover, the Chengdong community and Sijia community served as accuracy verification units, the absolute relative error of population estimation in these communities is less than 9%; ② Urban public facility elements, especially primary and secondary schools and kindergartens, vegetable markets and fruit shops, are important factors for accurate estimation of population within a residential building. Their estimation accuracy of number of people is high ifor multi-storied building, but lower for moderate high-rise building.

引言二十一世纪是人类全面认识、开发利用和保护海洋的新世纪。《中国21世纪议程》把海洋资源的可持续开发与保护作为主要行动方案领域之一,提出“要建立可持续利用海洋资源的综合管理体系,及海洋生态系统监测与保护体系和环境预报服务体系,我国拥有约300万平方公里的海洋国土。在我国陆上资源越来越匾乏,生存发展空间潜力愈来愈小的情况下,海洋提供了广阔的发展空间和丰富的资源。所以建立一个较为完善的实用性的海洋决策支持系统非常必要。

Mountain basal elevation (MBE) is the elevation of the base which mountains uplift from. The variation of MBE affects the redistribution of water and heat conditions in mountain areas, and the structure and distribution of mountain altitudinal belts. But so far, there has been no accurate and scientific concept of MBE and no effective method to quantitatively extract it. This paper discusses the features of MBE, and develops a new quantitative method for MBE extraction based on topographical features. There are several algorithms available for automated extraction of topographical features, including ridge line, valley line and the boundary of mountains, and most of the current approaches are mainly based on regular statistic unit. This paper takes Taiwan mountain areas for experimental zone, and uses ASTER GDEM at resolution of 30m. Firstly, extracting main ridge line and main valley line by terrain analysis and hydrological analysis, and using topographical features to extract the boundary of mountains. Then based on the result of extraction, the distribution and the value of MBE are determined. The results show that the mountain areas of Taiwan can be divided into six MBE areas (0m, 150m, 200m, 600m, 630m, and 650m). The results can represent the distribution of Taiwan mountain basal elevation. This MBE extracting method is based on sophisticated algorithms, so it can improve the efficiency of the extraction process and the accuracy of results. The method could promote the extraction of the world's mountain basal elevation and the quantitative research of mass elevation effect.

This paper primarily demonstrates the scientific foundation of circular economy which includes physics foundation,ecology foundation,system science and regional scientific foundation.Then it analyzes the support by each scientific foundation to circular economy and the relationship of each foundation. This paper takes the process of plus entropy and minus entropy and the dynamic balance as its basis,and advances the basic framework for running circular economy.Finally,this paper expounds the structure of information minus entropy and main content in detail.

Over the past two decades, with rapid urbanization in Guangzhou, urban fringes experienced drastically land use changes. In this paper, taking the Extend South Area of Guangzhou as a typical example of urban fringe, based on GIS (Geography Information System) and RS (Remote Science) technology, land use vector of the study area in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 were interpreted from Landsat TM images. Dynamic degree, fractal dimension and stability index of each main land use type in each year were calculated. Results showed that: from 1990 to 2005, land use of the Extend South Area of Guangzhou experienced obvious changes under the strong forces of urbanization of core area in Guangzhou. According to the change characteristics of land use, two phases of study period are followings. Firstly, from 1990 to 1995, the structure of land use changed tempestuously. In this period, the increase of construction land and decrease of farmland was the main process, with great increase of fractal dimension and decrease of stability index. Secondly, from 1995-2005, increasing speed of construction slowed down, farmland and forest land started to increase, and increase of fractal dimension and stability index became slighter, regional structure of land use experienced a beneficial development.

The strategy of western exploitation takes science and technology as the first step and IT industry as the breakthrough point, to avoid rough exploitation and reduce environmental pollution. Thus, digital earth could play an important role in it. In addition, the whole environment should be taken into account for the strategy as well as the interaction and coupling among the environmental elements such as atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, considering the background of global change, as well as the change of Eastern Asia continent. That's just the strongpoint of digital earth, which studies the earth as a whole. Thereby,"digital earth" should be applied in the western exploitation, to transform western information resources into increasing knowledge assets through investment of knowledge capital.

陈述彭先生一生笔耕不缀,为我国地理学事业的发展留下了大量宝贵的学术论著。本文就研读陈述彭先生早期地理论述,试从地理区域研究、综合自然区划、景观综合制图、制图综合指标、地学多维图解五个方面,对先生早期地理学术思想进行了分析,并对先生早期地理思想的现代地理学,以及地球信息科学发展的指导意义进行了思考。

《地理信息系统引论》( Introduction to Geographic Infor mation Systems)教材是 GIS入门的好教材。系由美国爱达荷大学张康聪 ( Kang- tsung Chang)教授长期从事地图学与 GIS的教学与研究 ,在积十几年教学经验的基础上悉心编著的。该教材 2 0 0 1年 8月由美国 Mc Graw- Hill高等教育出版公司出版后 ,第一版即售出 60 0 0多册 ,被美国 2 0 0多所大学采用。美国同行教授评价该教材是“第一本通过实例如此透彻地阐明GIS,且对初学者和已有 GIS经验者皆适用的著作”。

Traditionally, tourism itinerary planning is implemented as a spatial arrangement issue, which lacks the consideration of the spatiotemporal coupling and the flexibility for tourists to make choices. In this paper, the understanding of the itinerary planning problem was extended from the perspective of space to the perspective of tourist activities. From the time-space coupling relationship and reconstruction mode of tourism nodes, the multi-dimensional attributes such as time, space, and topic involved in the travel were organically organized, and then the travel's spatiotemporal chain was proposed. The conceptual model and the method of space-time convergence of the stroke elements. The proposed method was applied to the case study of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province of China. Results show that the match between the model and the traditional itinerary design method in terms of node name, number of nodes, and node order exceeds 80%, indicating good methodological reliability. Compared with existing itinerary planning studies, this research took the basic information of the itinerary (such as travel time, cost budget, departure place, destination, etc.) as the precondition, and considered the travel itinerary from the perspective of tourists. Specifically, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the tourist nodes were organically integrated. While satisfying the spatial order of tourist routes, the rationality of the time arrangement of each tourism element was also considered. The proposed algorithm is mainly used to serve independent tourists. Meanwhile, this algorithm has the advantage of arranging route and schedule flexibly. It should be noted that the specific application of the model is still constrained by the basic travel itinerary conditions. The flexibility of the proposed model for meeting tourists' individualized needs is currently not strong. Considering that tourists' demands are in reality often changing during traveling, it is necessary to further optimize the adaptability, flexibility, and stability of the proposed model.

Logistics essentially refers to material entities movement process with distinct spatial measurement and spatial characteristics, where integration and application of spatial information techniques and other modern techniques of logistics management are needed. This is a new interdisciplinary research fields where to extent spatial information services combined with web services and geospatial analysis to the area of logistics management, and then integrate the concept of spatial information services into modern logistics services system to carry out logistics oriented spatial information web services access, integration and application. What's more, the key point to analyze logistics spatial phenomenon from the geographic perspective. Based on OGC web service framework, this paper we have put forward design and built the architecture of logistics spatial information services mainly include the mechanism for service integration, high-efficiency call and service composition and the model of integration based on web services, which clear its inherent elements and the relationship. Besides, we designed and developed the mechanism for service composition based on Net-Petri and Logistics Web of web service engine, which resolved the problems of dynamic access, high-efficiency call and real-time integrate to the logistics spatial information services. This work provided a new way and measure to the spatial information services being further developed and applied in the logistics area. By this way, even though the logistics information system constructors don't have a professional GIS background, they can also call spatial information service in their own programs. According to our study, the means of techniques of integrating and applying the logistics spatial information services, which achieve the dynamically composited and collaboratively integrated effectiveness and the practical experience for logistics spatial information service system construction.

Ecological restoration is an important way to adjust the structure and function of ecosystem in order to cope with the excessive interference of land use. Scientific mastery of restoration pattern and farmland pattern evolution has a profound significance on the management of regional ecological environment and the conservation of vegetation in Loess Plateau. This study, taking Yan'an City in Loess Plateau as a typical area, explores the spatial differentiation characteristics of farmland variation and restoration status from the overall characteristics of ecological restoration, topographic factors and regional differences since ecological restoration. The results show that the arable land of Yan'an City decreased from 11752.80 km² to 9149.93km² due to the ecology restoration during 2000-2013. The returned farmland is 2756.85 km², and the returned farmland index is 22.15%. The cultivated land was mostly converted to forest and grassland accounting for 95.29% of the total amount. Farmland and the returned farmland area was mainly distributed in slope (6~25°) and the altitude level of II（925~1115 m）, III（1115~1275 m）, IV（1275~1442 m）, which accounted for more than 70% of the area. The degree of farmland returning increased gradually with the increase of slope, with the land reclamation rate decreased gradually with the increase of slope and elevation. The highest degree of ecological restoration is the altitude level of IV, and the least is altitude level of III. The ecological restoration rate of 2005-2013 was higher than that of 2000-2005. The area and extent of restoration in county decreased from north to south. The center of farmland returning and cultivated land is located in the boundary of Ansai county and Baota District which are in the north of Yan’an City. The center of ecological restoration was changing from northeast to southwest while the center of cultivated land was changing from north to south. This study may provide more scientific and reasonable reference for ecological conservation and construction of ecological civilization in Loess Plateau by the analysis of spatial-temporal differentiation characteristics of ecological restoration in Yan'an city.

Marine GIS has become one of the important developing domains of GIS sciences Both scholars in GIS and in oceanography are interested in it The basic representation is considered as one of the most important problems This article presents a data model to solve the problem It includes three database: basic database, data warehouse and database for marine phenomena; two data analyzing mode: data pre disposing and feature analyzing It uses multi level extended grid data structure with two kinds of global grid scheme One is equal angle, the other is equal area grid scheme They have some new marine chara cteristics.

Path planning is a process to find the optimal path from the starting node to the destination node.Tens of algorithms have been designed to resolve the shortest path problem,in which the Dijkstra algorithm is always thought to be the most mature and classical one.However,its higher time complexity greatly restricts its practical application.Besides,for most path planning algorithms,the road network is considered as an ordinary plane network and the spatial distribution characteristics are ignored,therefore,the path planning algorithm can not do well in real road network.In order to improve the searching efficiency of the traditional Dijkstra algorithm and to meet the requirement of real-time vehicle navigation,a path planning algorithm based on SuperMap is designed by utilizing the network editing function of SuperMap GIS platform.Firstly,with the spatial distribution characteristics,a road network is built in SuperMap.In this process,we take three-dimensional transport and one-way road network into consideration,making the road network built in SuperMap able to reproduce the real road network.For three-dimensional transport,we set the parameters of non-broken lines and make sure the roads not in the same plane have no intersections;for one-way roads,the forward resistance and reverse resistance are set with different weights.Secondly,in order to improve the searching efficiency of the traditional Dijkstra algorithm,we propose a method to restrict the searching area.According to the coordinate relationships of the starting node and the destination node,we create a hexagon area,which contains the staring node and the destination node,as the restricted searching area,and make the algorithm able to search the shortest path within the restricted searching area on the theoretical basis of the classic Dijkstra algorithm.Thirdly,based on the actual needs,the path planning algorithm with certain constraints is designed.The constraints are prohibit a certain way and must pass through a certain point.At last,we apply the algorithm proposed in this paper to urban road network and compare it with traditional Dijkstra algorithm.The results show that,due to the searching area is restricted reasonably,the two algorithms get the same shortest path,but the time spent by the algorithm proposed in this paper is much less.Besides,the algorithm proposed in this paper can do well in path planning with constraints.Thus,the improved Dijkstra algorithm based on SuperMap GIS has a strong practicability,and can be used in real-time vehicle navigation.

This article estimated the precision of the precipitation simulated by 15 IPCC AR5 (the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC AR5) GCMs (Global Climate Models) and the multi-model ensemble (MME), based on the observed precipitation from 660 stations in China during 1996 to 2005. We firstly extracted the model simulation value at the corresponding position of the meteorological station, using the bilinear interpolation method, and took the average value of different models at the same station as the multi-model ensemble simulation value, then estimated the precision of the precipitation simulated by 15 IPCC AR5 GCMs and MME based on the observation of meteorological station. There were four evaluation parameters, including Corr (correlation coefficient), Bias, MRE (Mean Relative Error), and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error). Results show that the biases of the average daily precipitations simulated by IPCC AR5 GCMs present a gradually downward trend from northwest to southeast, and the RMSEs show a gradually increasing trend from northwest to southeast, while MREs in the east are less than those in the west. 82.3% of the average daily precipitations simulated by MRI-CGCM3 have relatively small biases, ranging from -0.5 to 0.5. The precisions of average daily precipitations simulated by BNU and MIROC-ESM are lower than that of others. Compared with other models, the MME simulation has the largest percentages of which the correlation coefficients are more than 0.5, MREs are less than 0.5, and RMSEs are less than 4mm, which accounted for 64.8%, 25.8% and 86.4% respectively. And the percentage of the biases ranging from -0.5 to 0.5 is relatively large, which is 56.7%, indicating that the simulation precision of MME is better than that of any other GCMs, and the MME can reduce the uncertainty of a single GCM simulation in future scenarios. Therefore, it is more scientific and reasonable to select the precipitation simulated by MME as the climate change condition, while studying subjects related to climate change.

Land surface temperature (LST) and fractional vegetation coverage （FVC） are important indicators of ecological environment changes. Studying the temporal and spatial variations of LST and FVC as well as their interaction in Fujian Province are of great significance to the evaluation of ecological environment construction and improvement of regional ecological environment. In this study, the temporal and spatial variations of LST in Fujian Province and the interaction between LST and FVC are analyzed, based on the reconstruction time series data of MODIS 11A2 LST and 13Q1 NDVI from 2001-2015. The results showed that: (1) The overall LST in Fujian Province presented a slight downward trend from 2001 to 2015, and the downward trend of LST is more pronounced after 2010. The spatial distribution of LST and FVC had a good negative correlation consistency, which implies the LST value is lower in the higher area while the LST is higher in the lower FVC area. (2) LST is negatively correlated with FVC, DEM and latitude. And their negative correlation was increased or decreased regularly with the change of months in a year .The negative correlation between FVC and LST was higher in summer and became lower in winter with the correlation coefficient reduced from 0.7 to 0.4. (3) The decreasing trend of LST with the increase of FVC is piecewise linear and has an obvious "FVC inflection point". In front and behind "FVC inflection point", the decreasing trends of LST with the increase of FVC are "slowly first and fast afterwards" in summer and "fast followed by slow "in winter. Moreover, the difference of LST decreasing rate with the increase of FVC becomes smaller in spring and autumn. In summer, when FVC is greater than 0.4, the LST can reduce about 0.77 °C with FVC value increase 0.1, and the cooling effect is about twice as much as that when FVC is less than 0.4. Therefore, if we want to effectively reduce LST in summer, we should make the surface vegetation cover more than 40%。Only in this way can vegetation play a better role in cooling. (4) From January to August, the negative correlation of FVC on LST has a lag, and vegetation change has a greater impact on the spatial and temporal distribution of the next month's LST. This study has a certain significance for the construction and evaluation of ecological environment in Fujian Province, and provide an important reference for the development of vegetation to suppress regional high temperature.

‘八五’农作物遥感估产国家攻关项目的研究·解决了一批主要农作物遥感估产中的关键技术问题,如播种面积提取技术信息复合技术、遥感估产模型建立的技术和全数字化电脑估产技术等。

Terrain position is the basic morphologic feature on the surface of the Earth. The classification and extraction of terrain position have been widely applied in many research fields such as landform evolution, digital soil mapping and landscape ecological mapping. Proposed by Kang X et al. (2016), the multi-scale Geomorphons method maps terrain position by recognizing the morphology of each interest cell in a DEM according to its relative altitudes within the neighboring window. Multi-scale Geomorphons method can avoid the shortnesses of other classificaton methods, which are caused by different terrain attributes and a single analysis scale. However, there are still some drawbacks in the multi-scale Geomorphons method. For example, the classification results are fragmented and the domain of the analysis scale is difficult to determine. To solve the above problems, this paper presents a new method to classify terrain position, which is based on object-oriented segmentation and multi-scale Geomorphons. First of all, we propose an approach of determining the domain of optimal analysis scale of the multi-scale Geomorphons method. Then, the multi-scale segmentation and classification methods are constructed according to the initial terrain position data via the multi-scale Geomorphons method. At last, the presented method is evaluated by the experimental data of the DEM with 5 m resolution in the loess plateau region of northern Shaanxi. The experimental results show that: (1) the method of mean change-point analysis can effectively solve the problem which is difficult to determine the domain of the analysis scale of the multi-scale Geomorphons method. The domain of optimal analysis scale of the sample area is 5×5 to 33×33 cells. (2) The layer of each terrain position type with the value 0 for non-type cells and 255 for type cells is suitable for multi-scale segmentation. The parameters (i.e. scale, weight of shape and weight of compactness) for multi-scale segmentation have deep influence on segmentation results. There is optimal segmentation parameters for a experimental region. There is optimal segmentation parameter for an experimental region. (3) Comparing with the multi-scale Geomorphons method, the classification results of the present approach are more integrity and reasonable in the aspects of morphology correspondence and geological interpretation.

The geosensor networks system of mine ground disaster monitoring is a integrating system implemented by comprehensive application of geomatics technology, that is, satellite remote sensing, geographic information systems, satellite positioning, Georobots, ground based SAR, and sensor networks. It is of great practical significance to predict the mine ground disasters timely and accurately, in order to prevent and reduce the loss of mine ground deformation disaster. The main research contents of the geosensor networks system of mine ground disaster monitoring include data whole processing theory and method, geographic grid and function partition, data fusion, spatial data clustering analysis, disaster effect analysis, intelligent forecasting models and theory, spatial database and service platform system. Using time-series monitoring data of multiphase geosensor networks, the high-resolution satellite remote sensing monitoring data and the function partition data, the dynamic deformation field can be established over mining region based on the research of spatiotemporal variations, so as to evaluate the effectiveness of the dynamic deformation field by measured data and optimize the deformation field model. Finally we can develop the geosensor networks GIS system of mine ground disasters monitoring and realize the integrating management of monitoring data and analyzing for the purpose of mine safety production and ground deformation monitoring and forecasting.

Two basic dimensions for describing the human social development and human cultural phenomena are space and time. Previous humanities research emphasizes much of the attribution of phenomena itself and time dimension because of the technologic limitation and epistemological difference. Sometimes these research ignored the space dimension or retained the attitude of excluding it. Fortunately, more and more scholars have rethought the importance of spatial coordination system and begun to use spatial thinking in their research. These scholars come from the discipline of history, philosophy, literature, economics, sociology, anthropology, archeology, geography, politics, statistics, etc. This article, based on the instructive thought of space and integrated humanities and social science research, intends to take modern geographic information science and methodology and related space technology as a platform, to tentatively discuss the spatio -temporal characteristics of multi-disciplinary humanity and social science research. Emphases are given particularly to the spatial attribute, space distribution, spatially mutual affection and space evolution rule of the economic and cultural phenomena in human society. In this article, the authors put forward the elementary thought of spatially integrated humanities and social science research which includes basic concept, research object, basic methodology and development direction and wish it can promote the discussion.

With rapid development of city construction,emergency events that endanger national security and people's safety occurred on occasion.It is necessary to establish an emergency management system and comprehensive emergency information system.Pipe analysis is a main application of GIS in the City Emergency Management Model.We can manage urban underground pipeline network and store information into computer orderly for data updating and resource sharing.The pipeline data in Guangzhou higher education mega center are used to demon- strate the application.A city emergency management model is built in the study by including three analysis modules (section analysis,vertical distance analysis,and analysis of pipe burst),and Guangzhou higher education mega center is selected as a study area for the three analyses by the visualization platform,By studying the Guangzhou higher education mega center pipeline network the authors analyze the three modules on the scope of application at the same time.The administrators of the pipe management can also make analysis of pipe burst,which is the most important spatial analysis function in pipe network analysis.The three modules of the emergency management model can be applied in pipe design,construction and service.

Concerning the paradox in evaluating the national resources-environmental security from both very traditional and very complex ones, a modest method, namely key factors analysis, is employed by this paper. A result of the proposed analysis on the 10 selected countries with a population over 100 million of each in the world shows that all the countries could be categorized as three types, namely high, lower and the lowest, in their national resource-environmental security evaluations.The result also implies that curtail factors to determine a country's place in the comparative study is the overall coordinated situation of the cultivated land, water resource, minerals and ecological environment, and it is particularly true for the large developing countrys like China with a population over 1.2 billion.In order to release a higher pressure on the weakening resource-environmental base for most of the developing countries, there are some things must be done. According to the common practices of the whole world, this paper raises the followings suggestions: tightening population control first of all; widening the national resource-environment base through international trade secondly; intensifying the national resource value-added process thirdly; and putting more energy into the national environment protection finally.