Geo-information mobile users service system is the technique base of Geo-information popularizing service and the platform of the commercial function of GIS industry.This passage mainly introduces the system characteristics and the frameworks of Geo-information mobile users service system,the construction of commercial GIS frame works and the commercial of the system operation.

As a result of particular advantages of Synthetic Aperture Rad ar, SAR has been applied widely in earth science and military science But, during the imaging process of SAR, these uncertainty factors, such as the environmental disturbance and the aircraft instability et al , affect the application of SAR image directly So it is very important to analyze these uncertainty factors Presently, the research of SAR uncertainty is based on the statistical method, but this method is inconvenient to unveil the mechanism of uncertainties caused and to visualize the SAR uncertainty Whereas, we first discussed the SAR system uncertainty propagation function from the view of mechanism in this paper, and then focus on discussing the visualization of uncertainties of SAR system based on this uncertainty propagation function by means of VR technique and system simulation technique Finally an example about the uncertainty visualization is given.

As the remote sensing archaeology integrates the techniques of remote sensing and field archaeology, the study mentioned in this paper ulteriorly integrates remote sensing archaeology with technique of virtual reality and the multiple subjects correlated with archaeology Sustained by the integration, the evolvement of ancient geographical environment whose features kept in some historic remains and the relationship among these remains will be studied There are such main characteristics in the study as intersection, penetration and amalgamation of physical and social sciences along with the archaeological practices in typical areas, study of the new theory and high tech of remote sensing archaeology and so on From aspect of basic research, the main contents of the study are the spectrum features of the remote sensing archaeological objects, the mechanism of remote sensing archaeology such as extracting faint information from these underground objects and making out translating mechanism of their information and theoretical system and technical criterion of remote sensing archaeology From a spect of technical development, the main symbols are these studies on earth ori ented observation under whole spectrum, whole weather, and whole time and with various platforms, on establishment of the processing and analyzing system of remote sensing archaeology information and the system will be symbolized with definitely perspective capability, multiple dimensions in time and space, multiform information resources and on digitally virtual expression of typical historic remains and the anversion of geographical environment From aspect of applications, the targets are investigation of distribution of the historic remains in the typical areas of West China, establishment of the information system of important historic remains in these typical areas, discovery of the temporally and specially distributional rules of the historic remains in these typical areas and enrichment of the civilized history of West China.

Wavelet package analysis has been rapidly developed based on wavelet transform in recent years. Signal was expressed as a linear combination of a set of best bases of wavelet package,the energy of expansion coefficients are concentrated in a small number of coefficient because of the good location properties of wavelet package best bases. So it is possible to achieve high compression ratios without any loss of useful and important information of the compressed signal. Owing to the limitation of wavelet transform,the authors of this paper have researched wavelet package analysis in the signal compression and given some experimental verifications.

Spectral characteristic is one of the basic characteristics of ground objects, and is the basis of qualitative and quantitative remote sensing. Although we've developed a lot of spectral databases during the past several years, some basic problems still existed in the remote sensing applications, such as the problems of same objects but with different spectra or the opposition, are still not solved completely, which have severely obstructed the development of remote sensing application and industrialization. The main reason lies in that we haven't paid enough attention to the structure, material, and aspection of the measured objects before, and the constructed databases are short of supports of remote sensing models, so the measured data in the databases can't be extended to other cases. The new generation spectral database will be featured by the matching of ground objects' structure, spectra, knowledge library, and model library. Its aim is to solve problems confronted in the previous spectral databases. In this paper, we state the status and function of remote sensing model library in spectral knowledge library, and discuss its structure, system architecture and development technique under network environment. Its operational mechanism under the support of spectral knowledge library and metadata is also discussed. We put forward the web-based three-tiered distributed system architecture and component-based construction method of remote sensing model library. Meanwhile, we also discuss the definition of model metadata from the point of view of remote sensing model library,and put forward metadata-based management and operational mechanism of remote sensing model library. Finally, an application instance and some key codes are presented in the paper.The construction of distributed Web-based remote sensing libraries will greatly enhance the functions of spectral databases, and expand their usable ranges. The component-based design philosophy and metadata-based application and management method ensure that the model library can be updated and modified dynamically to keep its progress and practicability and enhance the reusability of codes.

Remote sensing technology is a highly efficient method applied to investigate rapid land use change.We might acquire detailed land use situation from the fused production of multi-source RS data at least cost.These conventional fusion methods such as HSI transform,Brovey transform and principal components transformcould merge two optical image data of different resolutions——a high spatial resolution panchromatic image anda multi-spectral image at low spatial resolution.However,these fusion methods required same or analogousspectral response range between the high spatial resolution panchromatic image and the low spatial resolutionmulti-spectral image.This paper brought forward an improved fusion method called LoG Filter Fusion(LFF)based on HSI transform,that could merge different kinds of optical image data with different spectral responseranges of multi-source RS data.LFF arithmetic was put forward in this paper,that is,firstly to filter on the highspatial resolution panchromatic image with LoG filter,and then to substitute the intensity component throughHSI transform to engender the LFF image by HSI invert transform.The result of analysis on these fused imagesshowed the gray variance index of LFF fusion method is higher than HSI transform,the color of LFF image isanalogous to the low spatial resolution multi-spectral image,so the LFF fusion method is more excellent at thespectrum preservation capability than HSI transform.And the classification accuracy of the LFF image is 5.68% higher than HSI image.

This paper takes Poyang Lake where the famous 98's catastrophic flood happened in 1998 as an example. With available data of a during-flood SAR image and one pre-flood TM image, an approach named TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) was used for registration, with better accuracy than other general methods. Then according to statistic analysis including interband correlation and entropy, etc. the selection of the optimal bands of TM was discussed. Finally, in order to monitor flood better and more quickly, various fusion approaches were applied and compared based on time-consuming operations. As a result, the pseudocolor composition of SAR, one near infrared TM band (TM5 or TM7) and one visible TM band (TM3 is optimal) is the best, which not only can make us easily identify flood extend area, soil area full of water content and non-flood area from each other, but also is simple and less time-consuming. It will meet the need of rapid response to flood.

Raster and vector are two major types of data format in GIS, especially at presenst, remote sensing images have been very important data resource of GIS. With the development of GIS, remote sensing data will play an even greater role in GIS. But however, remote sensing data is usually raster data, and cannot meet the requirements of spatial analysis in GIS, so a conversion of raster data into vector one is of great importance for GIS. Although there are many algorithms and softwares for vectorization of raster data, yet some problems still exist in the process of vectorizing raster data, for example, the vector images thus produced have some islands and self-intersect polygons, or there are only polylines without good topological relation. Hence this can hardly gratify the need of our work.On the basis of summarizing the existing algorithms and following the topological theory, an improved method for converting raster data to vector one is suggested in this paper. In other words, firstly it's determined by the relation of similarities or differences between four neighboring pixels(Fig.2) whether the crosses of neighboring pixels(Fig.1) belong to nodes or coordinate points, then in the process of searching nodes and coordinate points, both vertical and horizontal line segments are picked up at the same time in order to realize the vectorization of raster data more quickly and more efficiently. In addition, by use of the methods such as automatically breaking and widening grid size, some common problems in the course of vectorization of raster data such as self-intersected polygon and island are successfully solved. The authors programme a programme in Visual C⁺⁺ to realize the algorithm in this paper, and contrast its result with other softerwares or algorithms. The algorithm has some better virtues:1)it is easy and convenient to practice; and 2) it has perfect topological relation. Therefore, the improved method is of great benefit to retrieve useful information from remote sensing images, and to promote the integration of Remote Sensing and Geography Information System.

Sharing of geographic information is important because the more it is shared, the more it is used, and the greater becomes society's ability to evaluate and address the wide range of pressing problems to which such information may be applied. To facilitate sharing, the Geographic Information System (GIS) user and research communities must to establish a structured set of standards for information concerning objects or phenomena that are directly or indirectly associated with a location relative to the Earth. These standards may specify the methods, tools and services for both technical and institutional aspects of collecting, structuring, analyzing, accessing, presenting, disseminating, integrating, maintaining spatial data and transforming such data in digital/electronic form between different users, systems and locations. In this paper, the newest development status of geographic information standards is introduced at International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Open GIS Consortium (OGC) and the European Committee for Standards(Comité Européen de Normalisation, CEN). The organizaion structure, Working items of geographic information standards are presented at ISO/TC 211, OGC and CEN/TC 287 and the strategies for developing geographic information standards in China are proposed.

Evapotranspiration is an important parameter for water resource management Compared to the traditional ET computation methods, the ET computation method based on Remote Sensing has the characteristics of quickness, precision, large scale and visualization mapping SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land) is a model which is used to compute evapotranspiration in large scale region based on Remote Sensing images which have the visible, near infrared and infrared bands SEBAL model is based on surface energy balance equation which includes net radiance flux, soil heat flux and sensible heat flux and latent heat flux All these three heat fluxes are computed in sequence, then the latent heat flux which provides energy for evapotranspiration can be computed, finally instantaneous ET and daily ET can be obtained In this paper SEBAL model was used to compute the evapotranspiration for the Yellow River Delta where water resource is facing an urgent situation, in the end the evapotranspiration characteristics of Yellow River Delta are analyzed This study is helpful for better management of water resource of Yellow River Delta.

The article reviews more than 20 years out of 80 years of application and research work of remote sensing technology (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system on soil erosion, and briefly introduces and comments on the technical approaches during the process of erosion investigation at different stages. It aims at making soil conservation monitoring workers understand “3S” application in soil erosion investigation process, and have a clear direction for future application study. The application of RS, GIS and GPS to soil erosion fast investigation is a beneficial attempt for the applied of Hi tech to production reality, and also is a frontier for the applied study of “3S” in water and soil conservation. Soil erosion investigation is a quite complicated task. This article, based on the experience of summary on erosion remote sensing investigation at different periods of time, aiming at the existing technical problems in the third remote sensing investigation on soil erosion, carries out an analysis and puts forward corresponding suggestions so as to consult with colleagues and to provide a reference for decision making.

The Yellow River is well-known for its highest sediment contents of all rivers in the world. Due to the huge sediment to the coast, the Yellow River Delta is in a state of continuous dynamic change. The most recent shift occurred in 1976, and a new sub-delta is being created since then. This paper describes the method and technology for monitoring the coastline change of the Yellow River Delta using remote sensing. The multi-temporal Landsat and other satellite images were used as the monitoring data source. The images were registered to the high precision GIS database, and they were matched each other and matched with the database. All the images have the same coordinate system. A mean high water (MHW) model was developed for extracting coastlines from remote sensing images. 20 coastlines were extracted from different years. The result shows that a new territory of 330km2 was formed in the present estuary area from 1976 to 2000. At the same time, a territory of 137km2 was eroded in the Diaokou estuary area to the north of the Yellow River Delta. In conclusion, it is the substantial foundation for the water and sedimentation of the Yellow River to shape the delta. That is, it is the essential factor leading to coastline evolution.

Based on multi-temporal remote sensing images of Jinjiang city in Fujian province acquired in 1988 and 2001,together with auxiliary data and geo-knowledge，we establish the formation characteristics and the classification system of the eco-environment in Jinjiang city. By interpreting the Thematic Map of ecoenviron-ment in this area and analyzing the current situation of Jinjiang city’s land use,we then get two ecoenvironmental maps in two different periods. Combined with the analysis of the quantity of eco-environment,characteristics of their distribution and the rule of their dynamic changes,we establish the spatial and temporal analysis model for measuring the rate of ecoenvironmental changes. In conclusion,the paper points out that the changes of two eco-environments in this area are vigorous,and the settlements of urban and rural eco-environment have increased greatly,while the area of eco-environment in platform dryland decreases drastically. And the obviously changing city space could be divided into three areas: the northeast developing area,the southwest developing area and the central newly developed area. In the northeast and southwest developing areas,their development trends radiate along the transportation lines. But the central newly developed area has changed as the hub shapes outwardly.

Three land use classification maps of Xiamen in SE China in 1989,1995,and 2000 with their changeconversion matrixes were obtained using the multi-stage classification and the change detection(post-classifica-tion comparison)techniques.The result clearly reveals the land use changes in Xiamen during the 11-yearstudy period with rapid economic development and urbanization process.The land use has changed significant-ly,especially in the main land use types such as the built-up land,the arable land,and the forested land.Alarge amount of arable lands are replaced by the built-up lands due to urban expansion,resulting in not onlythe decrease of quantity but also reduction in quality of the arable lands.Analysis revealed that the main driv-ing forces causing these changes in Xiamen include the progress in industrialization and urbanization,the popu-lation growth,and the topographic environment.The study finally concludes that dynamic monitoring of land useinter-annual change can rapidly and efficiently identify the characteristics and the inherent rules of land usechange of the city by using multi-temporal and muhi-spectral resolution remote sensing images,with a combi-nation of geographic information system(GIS)and global position system(GPS)technique,and the result canserve as a reference for decision-making and urban planning of the local government.

It is well known that the topography is the most complicated object in nature. With the development of GIS technology, the 3D rendering of topography is becoming one of the most important research areas today because the 3D digital topography is a very important part of GIS. At the same time, 3D digital topography is also a key technology of VR(Virtual Reality). However, it is a difficult task to bring this key technology into effect because large quantities of data have to be coped with. These data mainly include data of topography and data of topographic surface features. There is no doubt that creating a real-time, interactive, vivid topographic environment using these spatial geographic data in computer is a very complicated work. Fortunately, with the development of computer technology, we can easily draw it in common computer with OpenGL. In this paper, we briefly discussed the technology of drawing 3D graphics and the solid view of digital topography as well as the mechanism and procedure of real displaying of 3D topography. Using this technology, we can easily render a 3D digital topography in a common computer. We also discussed two methods of realizing the dynamic view of topography, one is the viewpoint fixing with object-point moving. In fact, in many cases, in order to better understand the topography, we need to observe the 3D digital model along a selected routing. So we can use another method of dynamic view, that is object-point fixing with viewpoint moving. A specific example of drawing the 3D digital topography using the previously method is given.

Mathematical morphology is a powerful implement in the research of image analysis.It has been a primary domain of image science and its theory and method has been applied in many fields.The article is to study its method in the process of extracting the skeleton of spatial pattern based on remote sensing data.Spatial pattern image differs from area with slab-sided shape such as character and fingerprint.It is not slab-sided with daedal orientation.The authors sum up the current major mathematical morphology arithmetic of thinning at first.They find out the merits and demerits by analysing the difference between these arithmetic using the resultant contrastive photos.Finally, based on these arithmetic, the authors bring forward an improved arithmetic of skeleton extraction of spatial pattern image that is very fit for not slender bar with large area, furthermore offer the realization method for the program.

Investigation of ecological environment problem is the basis of programming ecological function protected areas. The article mainly introduced the method of using 1∶250 000 TM satellite remote sensing images to find out soil erosion types and intensity in Qinling Mountain of Shaanxi, and drew the conclusion that within the region with the drop of altitude waterpower erosion gradually increased while freeze erosion gradually weakened. The main factor influencing soil erosion is anthropogenic activities. Soil erosion areas in the region increase due to largely exploration and using of forest resources and soil erosion intensity increased because of increase of farmland and slope farmland areas. The work proved that using remote sensing technology combined with GIS technology is useful to investigate and analyse ecological environment problems in process of programming ecological function protected areas.

Geomatic TuPu presents spatial information in well regulated form of graphics Geo informatic TuPu is a computer based geomatic TuPu, which is a kind of spatial information visualization, and a new form of cartographic products in the era of information It aims to provide users with the deeply processed, higher level of geographic information products supported by the technologies of computer, GIS, visualization and VR Complex informatic Tupu of natural landscape, according to spatial scale, may be divided into macroscopic landscape informatic TuPu, mid cosmic landscape informatic TuPu and microcosmic landscape informatic TuPu Chinese complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape is a nationwide macroscopic landscape informatic TuPu, and its typologic grades include landscape zone, landscape second zone,landscape genre According to the composing elements of natural landscape, natural landscape informatic TuPu can be divided into single element informatic TuPu of natural landscape and complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape The method of “from top to bottom” is used to study complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape in China, that is, the complex informatic TuPu in China is dealt with level by level from landscape zone to landscape second zone and then to landscape genre As Chinese complex informatic Tupu of natural landscape is a kind of macroscopic landscape informatic TuPu and the outlines of TuPu are changed very slowly with time, the focus of research is put on the changes of the graphic outline but the macroscopic change of geographical spatial distribution rules The technological flow of retrieval for complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape in China includes design for the representation of TuPu, type partition and outline determining of natural landscape, building of index system, design for database structure, and development of TuPu information system This paper introduces the basic concept of informatic TuPu of natural landscape firstly; then, discusses the way of studying complex informatic TuPu of natural landscape in China; thirdly, provides the way of retrieval for complex informatic TuPu and single element informatic TuPu by taking Chinese natural landscape as a case; lastly, introduces simply the development of TuPu information system.

The authors propose a conceptual framework on Geo Informatic Tupu method from the point of view of geography in the paper We especially emphasize that Tupu is not only a way for presentation, but also a method of analysis It integrates cognition, graph and method Some key concepts and their meanings are briefly discussed firstly Then the authors give a general review on application of graphic methods from other fields such as physics and biology, especially Chinese ancient Fengshui (geomantic) theory and cartography Geo Informatic Tupu is a junction, which can connect traditional geography and modern technology The paper analyzes the main problems in geography from aspects of philosophy, theory and methodology, and points out that holistic thought should be regarded as philosophic basis for the method As beginning of study on the method, building regional spatial unit and their hierachical system, setting up imagine feature standard for geogra phic elements by remote sensing technique and finding out ways of presentation for Geo Informatic Tupu, all of these are considered as main directions They will be essential to clarify the method.

The Landsat-7 ETM+ Panchromatic band is taken simultaneously with multispectral bands using the same sensor system. The solar illumination and other environmental conditions are identical. They are received at the same time. The two data sets, therefore, can achieve the best fusion result without coregistration. Now there are many image fusion algorithms. Four fusion algorithms are applied to the data fusion between Landsat-7 ETM+ PAN band and multispectral bands respectively to determine which one is the best suitable methods for ETM+ image. The four fusion algorithms include HIS transformation, Brovey transformation, SFIM transformation and Weighting fusion. The result of different merging methods are evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by comparison with the spectral fidelity and the spatial texture information. The study indicates that Smoothing Filter-Based Intensity Modulation (SFIM) is very fit for fusion with ETM+ images on the whole. SFIM technique distorts the spectral quality slightly, and at the same time improves the spatial resolution apparently.

This paper aims to extract the spatial distribution of discrete point events by means of image processing after conversion from the discrete field to the image field.For identifying the seismic belts,this paper creates the gray-value density image from the discrete earth-quake points by means of “sliding windows” and uses the Skeleton operation of mathematical morphology to extract out the skeleton where denotes the position of seismic belts. The identifying prodcedure analyzes the connectivity of the gray-value density image of earthquake distribution firstly. The main connective components are thought as the correspoonding position of seismic belts where the earthquakes are dense. After used the Fourier filter to smooth the main connective component image having noise,the Skeleton operation of mathematical morphology is used to extract out the skeletons as the position of identified seismic belts. After the artificial data is used to test the validity of this method,this method is applied to the earthquake records of the Great North China. The results are statistically verified by the Buffer analysis of GIS. The seismic belts drawn by seismologist are also compared. The result is satisfactory.

Oasis,an important area in arid zone,is active,dynamic and related with spatial position.Among allthe issues,oasis evolvement is the core.Basing on the study of the characteristics and rule of oasis changes,the following properties are obtained:(1)Oasis changes include attribute change(compostion,fabric,function,etc.)and the space change(shape,borderline,position,etc.).(2)Oasis change is an active and dynamic pro-cess,which does not take place in the past,but also at present and in the future.(3)Oasis change relates toenvironmental science,geology,spatial information science,ecology,etc.,so oasis change research is a muhi-disciplinary integrated research.The content of oasis change research includes the attribute research,positionchange research,evolvement processes research,driving force research and mechanism research.RS(Remote Sensing)which is a high-technology has been developed quickly and been used widely dur-ing these years in the field of resource investigation,environment monitoring,etc.In this paper,after a briefintroduction of the oasis change,the oasis change research takes Manas oasis as an example for analyzing theapplication of RS technology in the research of oasis attribute change and its spatial position transference.Themethod using RS technology and the theory of physiognomy and geology to study oasis space-time change pro-cess that took place in the past is discussed.

Spatial information querying methods in traditional GIS have many limitations, their operation is complicated, the presentation of querying results is highly formalized, and their user interfaces are so complex that they are not suitable for most people and decision makers. An Ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization, as a tool for conceptual modeling which can describe information system on semantic and knowledge level, it is quite suitable for information retrieving on semantic and knowledge level. In this paper, we developed a new spatial information query method, named ODSKQ, which means Ontology-Driven Spatial Knowledge Query. The ODSKQ method is built directly for users who have not special knowledge on GIS, and because it uses natural language to describe querying conditions. The result of querying is highly synthetical and knowledgeable, providing users direct answers while hiding the complicated calculation and reasoning processes, it is indeed a highly humanized, intelligent spatial querying method. In the end of this paper, we took spatial query of resources and environment domain in coastal zone as an example to verify the possibility and usefulness of ODSKQ, and the results showed that the ODSKQ method is very useful and powerful in the process of solving spatial problems.

Improving ecological environment of Yellow River could drive "Western Reform". Based on grade one branch of Yellow River such as Tuiwei River, Huangfuchuan River and Kuye River,this paper provides the way to dynamically manage water and soil conservation in the Yellow River by using 3S technology.

GIS is developed into a tool that is provided with space analysis and forecast, assistant decision-making from tool that can only collects, stores, searches and displays data as the development of information technology.Campaign command has consanguineous relations with battlefield environment.Stream of command not only contains campaign schemes and command, etc, but also contains battlefield state information after data amalgamation.So the military affairs decision-making is not independent of geographic information support.In this paper the characteristics of command automation in condition of high technology are analyzed.The relations between command and GIS are clarified.The battle units will have high centrality and flexibility, the battlefield will has the characteristics that has rapid rhythm, cooperating campaign and more dimension is pointed out.So campaign command automation is not independent of GIS support.In succession most of the functions offered by GIS in campaign command automation is analyzed.The collectivity frame chart that GIS applies in campaign command automation is presented including geographic data collection and processing subsystem, multimedia geographic database managing subsystem, information query and space analysis subsystem, electron sand plate processing subsystem, electron marking processing subsystem, multimedia integration processing subsystem and electron message processing subsystem.In the end the application prospect and problems should be studied and analyzed.

The highlight of geo info Tupu is to fully develop the grap hicalideation of human cerebra based on new technology such as remote sensing and geographic information system to solve the problems of resources and environment human faced today Unlike other traditional concepts such as map, atlas, geographic Tupu, geo info Tupu is a new thought in new times, it is not only a set of graphic products, but also a new method, it is very important in geographical research both in theory and in practice However, further research on the theory, method and application fields of geo info Tupu is imperative This paper also discusses its latest development and great achievements on literature and thesis, research items and panels, possible application fields in recent years For integrated ecosystem assessment, it first aggregates data, then assesses the current conditions, forecasts the future scenarios, finally produces the scheme of decision making That is just like the flow of building geo info Tupu, so it is possible to take advantage of geo info Tupu to study the integrated ecosystem assessment.

The whole process of the computer aided cartography of the grassland thematic maps using the ArcMap software, which is a part of the ArcGIS8 1, was introduced in detail in this article, and the particular problems that had been met during the work were illustrated carefully The grass data all over the country was got from the interpretation of Landsat TM remote sensing images that had beenph otographed during 1999²000 The background factors being included in this grassland thematic map cartographic work are residents, administrative boundaries, road system, railway system and fluvial system. And all these background factors have the data sets with spatial resolution of 1∶500 000 Both the grassland data sets and the geographical base maps were made by the ARC/INFO software and were stored as ARC/INFO coverage format files Based on these data sets, the cartographic work was divided into two parts The first part was the cartography of grassland based on all the provincial administrative units except Taiwan province, Hong Kong special municipality and Macao special municipality because of the unavailability of their grassland data sets An atlas including 31 maps in total was got at the end of the work The second part was the cartography of grassland based on the 1∶500 000 scale spatial division of the whole country An atlas including more than 210 maps covering the whole terrestrial section as well as the section of large islands was got at last The first part of the work was much complicated than the other and more flexibility was needed However the second part of the work had a much heavier workload than the first one In view of these obvious differences between the two parts of the work, different workflows were designed respectively to efficiently accomplish them In addition, the computer hardware system and the software environment, especially the ArcMap software needed by the cartographic work were introduced and discussed in detail in this article.

The IHO S-57 standard is an international digital data transfer or exchange standard for hydrographic information. In this paper, all the aspects of the S-57 standard are analyzed in detail through discussing on the standard′s origin, status, development and key points. In the following, according to S-57 standard it has given out the theoretical model, data model, implementation method and the instances of database structure for creation of chart database. It is designed through analyzing the difference between the S-57 standard and existing national chart database. Finally, it points out that the implementation of the S-57 standard is the necessity for the development of the information society and it is also the necessity for the transition from the Charting-Oriented database to the Geographic-Reality-Oriented database.

This paper introduced ASTER image as the sign of a high spectrum resolution era. A comparison was made between high spectrum resolution images and previous common remote sensing images. Great differences between ASTER and other common images such as TM are obvious as far as some technical parameters are concerned. It is clear that high spectrum resolution images could be information resources of higher quality. ASTER images are very useful in various fields,such as glaciology,hydrology,urban expansion,volcanic forecast,evapotranspiration / surface temperation and geology. In this study,an ASTER image,covering the citywide of Fuzhou，is preliminarily disposed during some pre-classification processes such as principal com-ponents analysis and band math. In principal components analysis process,the entire information of the initial images was compressed to six bands of the disposed image，which can well represent initial information and meanwhile can make concrete/urban buildings more distinct.In the process of band math,which is based on the spectrum characteristics of previous image,a common band math formula,B1-B2,is used. B1 and B2 represent Band 1 and Band 2 in the previous image respectively. The value of B1-B2 depends on the type of land cover. Two kinds of values can be seen,the one greater than zero represents buildings and the one smaller than zero represents natural cover such as trees or water bodies. Unsupervised classification method of Isodata is used to extract the cover of buildings. Then the disposed image is used to extract the concrete/urban development information of the research area with a good result. This result can be used in further analyses,such as urban planning,urban environment evaluation with ecological theory of interstice and so on.

Based upon a detailed analysis of the technical progress of high resolution satellite remote sensingrepresented by IKONOS,we have found out three reasons why the satellite remote sensing technology with me-ter resolution was so rapidly developed in the 1990s.Firstly,the international political situation experienced adramatic change with the end of the Cold War,resulting in the ban-lift of this technology,which was strictlylimited to the military departments in various countries.Secondly,the general development of science and tech-nology,and especially the efforts in probing into and testing of the high resolution satellite remote sensing tech-nology by the military departments,have provided favorable conditions for wide spread application of this tech-nology.Thirdly,the increase of users of this technology and the demand of remote sensing data has made it pos-sible for this technology to be commercialized.We hold that the high resolution remote sensing can be widelyapplied to such fields as mapping,urban planning,land management,environmental protection and agriculturaldevelopment.Some insights about the application prospects of this technology have been put forward.Finally,adiscussion about techniques of classification in remote sensing and data sharing is also carried out in combina-tion with the features of such data.