读《竺可桢全集》前四卷对《竺可桢全集》前四卷的问世表示祝贺,对其编委会和出版社同志们的辛勤劳动表示衷心感谢!捧读四卷,思绪万千。我似乎又回到了抗战烽火的“流亡大学”,正在聆听竺老讲《徐霞客游记》,讲“求是”精神。竺老深睿思考时的口头语和绍兴口音,言犹在耳。忘记了自己这个老学生已是耄耋之年、垂垂老矣!伟大科学家、教育家的人格魅力是永远的,万古长青的!我的一生都是在竺老的教诲下成长的。

After the completion of the Three-Gorges reservoir,a series of changes in fluvial processes of the upper,middle and lower reaches of the reservoir will inevitably occur, causing changes in Yangtze River bed. Firstly, river mouth bars and subaqueous deltas will be formed because of the elevated base level of the tributaries at river mouths where the tributaries flow into the reservoir and its downstream area. Secondly,swing and deformation of the riverbed will occur in the upper reaches near the reservoir and banks along the reservoir when the reservoir begins to store water. Thirdly, riverbed scouring and channel deformation will happen at the downstream of the reservoir because of unmixed water flows when the reservoir sluices, which will influence seriously Wuhan city and Jinjiang, the reach of Yangtze River from Yichang city to Wuhan city.These processes in Hubei province and Chongqing municipality should be studied and calculated as soon as possible so that the countermeasures can be made promptly.

中国地理学会地图学与地理信息系统专业委员会于2002年10月25～29日在美丽的海滨城市青岛举行了“新世纪地图学与GIS的开拓与创新”学术会议。来自全国各地50多个单位的90多位专家学者出席了会议,并提交60多篇论文。会上有14位教授作报告,近30位专家学者在分组会上报告。论文涉及地学信息图谱、数字省区、地理信息标准化、公共信息网、空间信息移动服务系统、海图数据库系统、生物量遥感监测、GIS在作战指挥自动化中的应用、计算机地图概括、数字电子地图、GIS的应用以及地图学与GIS人才培养等许多方面。这次会议的论文同上届学术会议比较,在研究深度和解决实际问

1　“国家安全”的广义理解国家安全泛指国防安全和国家公共安全 :包括环境安全、生态安全与信息安全…… ,诸多方面突发事件的综合应变能力。涉及到区域导弹防御体系、生物秘密武器、病毒传染、生物入侵 ,以及地震、地质灾害、洪涝、干旱、沙尘暴与风暴潮…… ,和黑客干扰、文化入侵、信息干扰、电子对抗等。无论来自人为的还是自然的原因 ,其对人民生命、财产的危害都很大 ;其预警、防卫、救治的方式则是非常相似的。对区域经济社会可持续发展的影响也是非常深远的。

1　“数字地球”新战略“数字地球”的观念 ,是美国原副总统戈尔( A.cole,1 999)提出的 ,引起了政治家和科学界的关注。中央军委江泽民主席在院士大会上号召青年科学家密切关注 ,中国科学院发起组织了第一届“数字地球”国际研讨会 ,发布了“北京宣言”,第二、三届分别在北美 ,欧洲举行 ,第四届 ( 2 0 0 5年 )将由日本举办。

Palaeoclimate is an important reference frame for the study of changes of modern and future climate. As palaeoclimate research is closely related to global change,it has become an important field of international geoscience. The key point in palaeoclimate research is how to reappear and rebuild palaeoclimate and to simulate the dynamic evolvement process of basic element fields of atmospheric circulation in the form of 3-dimensions (time as a dimension). In this paper,a model of temporal and spacial index (MTSI) is brought forward and an object of temporal and spacial index (OTSI) is created to deal with the corresponding relations of temporal progress and to solve the information query,display and analysis of palaeoclimatic basic factors(including temperature,precipitation,sea level pressure and 1000 hpa potential height) at t time on the dynamic visualization for palaeoclimate simulation. Using the object oriented programming platform,a TGIS-based dynamic visualization simulation of palaeo-climate (TDVSP) is completed and has a good visual effect. After a series of data files of palaeoclimate factors being opened,a video can be created in the TDVSP. In a video,there are two types of image formats(vector and grid) for demonstrating the dynamic change of the fields of palaeoclimatic factors,and the features of vector in image(e.g. isoline density,line width and line color) can be modified in runtime. In addtion,the two types of image formats at t time can be switched during running for researches to analyse the spacial pattern of the fields of palaeoclimatic factors. Moreover,every frame of a video can be saved as a picture.Therefore,TDVSP is a good tool for palaeoclimatic researchers to analyse,demonstrate and illuminate the results of palaeoclimatic dynamic simulation.

The research objective of Geo-information science is human intelligence sphere and its main task is to control and adjust man-land relationship of human flow, material flow and energy flow with information flow for the purpose of serving peace and development. This paper discusses the theory and practice of Geo-information science by making penetrating analysis of the examples. It then suggests to understand the nature, master the law of nature, inverse the past and predict the future by using Geo-information Tupu. Finally, it calls for the GIS world to introduce network computation technique as early as possible so as to promote development in Geo-information science.

The so-called“floating bridge island”,just as the American Indians referred to in 1910,is seated intoday's Bering Strait.The narrowest part was only 86km wide,and 30 to 50m deep.There were two small is-lands in the middle.Moreover,people could see each other after rain on sunny days.China's ancestors migrationto America on foot at this period of time is related to ancient sea level change,i.e.,the constant continentalglacier thawing and sea level rise in later Quaternary.Sea level is 100m lower than today's about 14000 yearsago,the Alaska continental bridge lying in the Bering Strait did exist between Asia and America;when sea levelrose to 60m about 12000 years ago,the last ice age was over,the bridge still existed;until 9000 years ago,sea level rose to negative 25m,the bridge began to be submerged,and yet water was shallow,people could stillgo through on ice in winter easily;till about 7000 years ago,it is on the eve of human civilization,sea levelwas still 5 to 6m lower than the present,people could reach America by raft or canoe,and therefore lots of Chi-nese ancestors reached America since then,records have been found in China's ancient books.As a result,China is not only a landmass country,but rather a great navigation country long before.

Remote sensing is a kind of science and technology with strong applications background. This paper states that serving national developing strategy is an important embodiment of remote sensing contribution to the society from the original intention of remote sensing development and today's outstanding achievement. A basic framework of technological system of earth observing technology by remote sensing at national level and the design idea of " Four major integration system" are put forward, This paper discusses the nature and characteristics of remote sensing technology and the relations among the basis, technology, application, product and system engineering issues. It is the development direction of remote sensing that tasks impel subjects.

信息化社会来临,数字化浪潮势不可挡,人们对数据的关切,空前高涨。2003年世界遭遇二大突发事件的冲击:一是伊拉克战争,美国以50多颗卫星和5000多枚精密制导和巡航导弹,数字化第四步兵机械师和全球定位系统等数字化装备,以压倒优势攻击伊拉克,掌握绝对制控权,打了一场很不对称,不正常的战争,充分显示出双方“数字鸿沟”的差距。二是非典型肺炎的世界性传染病,涉及20多个国家,流窜到人口高度密集,交通极度发达的国际大都市。我国政府和国际组织都对非典病人统计数据的可信度表示格外的关切和重视。

长江流经 1 1个省市 ,支流散布于 8省浸润中国1 /5的土地。在世界大河中迳流量仅次于亚马逊河和刚果河。本文讨论长江在未来经济发展上的重要性和一些问题。1　能源2 0 0 1年 ,中国能源消费 ,煤炭、石油、天然气所占的比例分别为 67,2 4 ,3。世界平均分别为 2 8,38,2 4。中国煤炭消费量太高 ,而石油和天然气偏低。中国石油储量仅占世界 3%,而天然气之比例更低。自 1 993年以后 ,中国开始输入石油。 2 0 0 0年石油进口量占消费量 1 /3。世界石油储量将于 2 0 1 0年开始下降至 2 0 5 0年 ,将消耗殆尽。

Data itself can make up an independent data project without an application system Up to now, it is quite urgent to introduce management mechanism for data project in China This paper first analyzes the various problems in data project construction in our country and gives the necessity of practicing data management Then, according to the particularity of data project and practice on data project management, some discussions on the mechanisms, contents, and flow process of data are presented The specialty, the difficulties and the operating regulations are discussed in detail.

A new interdisplinary subject called as Hydroinformatics was emerged in Europe in the early 1990's.It was resulted from the merge of traditional water science and modern information technology. It has developed very fast in the ten years time and is now well accepted all over the world. China is now in the transition period from engineering-based traditional water resources to management-based modern water resources. The infor-mationalization process of water resources in China has been remarkably accelerated in recent years. Various new concepts, such as digital water resources and digital watershed, have been proposed and many sophisticated information systems have been built in China′s water sector. We are now working towards industrialization of the water sector driven by information technology, which requires the development of our own hydroinformatics subject. Theoretical and technical studies of hydroinformatics are still very weak in China. There are yet no any universities opening hydroinformatics course, no formal acdemic journal of hydroinformatics, and no any relevant acdemic societies. The paper introduces the concept of this new subject and reviews China′s recent development in this field. Finally the paper strongly suggests to establish our own hydroinformatics subject system including its education, research, application and consultancy as well as journal publication and acdemic society. By doing so it is aimed to promote the theoretical preparation for further and sustainable development of China′s information technology in water resources.

Based on the developments of theories and techniques in the field of computer and system engineering on the modelbase system at home and abroad,after collecting,revising and categorizing the resources environment models we have had,we conducted the research progress of modelbase system theories and tried to design and explore the general platform of Resource and Environmental ModelBase System (REMBS) by taleing into the consideration of the integrated and complicated characteristics of these models. In order to take full advantage of those models and the avaiable knowledge and to create new models,the above-mentioned work should be done. The REMBS could offer the key techniques and support platform for solving the various and important issues of resources and environment. We designed the framework of the REMBS and the general scheme flows to realize the REMBS. Furthermore,we brought forward and designed the functions and structures of Resource and Environment ModelBase (REMB),resource and environmental model dictionary (REMD),Resource and Environment ModelBase Management System (REMBMS),and the framework to integrated REMBS and GIS,which are the key parts of REMBS. Finally,we discussed the benefits the REMBS could supply and the problems the REMBS could solve.

2004GIS“2004年全国地图学与地理信息系统学术会议”于10月1921日在福州市外贸中心酒店隆重召开。这是一次规模较大、层次较高的学术会议,来自全国科研、教学和生产单位180多名地图学与地理信息系统方面的专家学者包括3位中国科学院与中国工程院的院士、9位国际欧亚科学院院士和50多位研究员、教授。福建省政协副主席科技厅厅长王钦敏教授及省科技厅、教育厅、国土厅、测绘局、环保局等有关部门负责人、有关省学会领导和福建师大、福州大学校长等出席了会议的开幕式。

In this paper, we automatically trace the movement routes of MCSs over the Tibetan Plateau using GMS infrared black body temperature (Tbb) in summer of 1998, while the MCSs are classified according to their move direction.Based on this, the relationships of eastward-moving MCSs features over the Tibetan Plateau and its environment physical field values are obtained using decision tree technique. Results indicated that in 400hPa, when the gravity center location of MCSs is near 100°E, the south east ward moving MCSs that has moved out of the Plateau is only related to the height and temperature over this constant pressure surface;the northeast ward moving MCSs is only related to the height and potential pseudo equivalent temperature; further more, the eastward-moving MCSs that has already moved out of the Plateau mainly depends on four physical values of constant pressure surface height, divergent, vortex and the potential pseudo-equivalent temperature. While in 500hPa, the northeast ward movement of MCSs are mainly influenced by K index and water vapor flux divergent when they lie west to the 104°E, however, to the eastward or southeastward moving MCSs, they are influenced by more factors in this layer.

Based on cognitive psychologic process,Case-Based Reasoning(CBR)is a new method for machineself-learning and solving problem.CBR has been widely applied in many study fields served as an alternativeapproach to rulebased reasoning for solving some complex problems.Especially it has become an importantreasoning technique for intelligent decision support system.In the field of battlefield geographic environment analysis,historical landing operation geographicenvironment is very helpful to current decision-maker.By applying CBR,they can be treated as typical casesand manipulated with an example battle base.In this paper,the important value of geo-feature indexing andanalyzing of typical landing operation is reviewed.The geo-features related to landing operation are explored indetail and then classified with concept hierarchy.The techniques of CBR are applied to the design of geo-feature indexing and analyzing system of typical landing operation.They are discussed from three aspects.The first is Case Base Construction.In our system,a typical landing operation case is formally representedas the following form:Case=(problem,constrained condition,solution),which is the main body consisting ofentities and attributes of the problem.Constrained condition means the domain expert knowledge or rulerequired for constructing cases.The second is Case Indexing.When finding a solution for a new problem,CBRuses similar knowledge and feature indexing to search the most similar case to current problem from case base.This includes three sub-processes:characteristic discrimination,similarity computation,and test and evaluationwith domain expert knowledge,in which similarity computation is most important.Generally,the similarity ofthe case can be divided into four levels,that is,attribute similarity,entity similarity,level similarity,and totalsimilarity,there are many algorithms and equations for these similarity computations.The third is Selecting Indexing Strategy.There are three major case indexing strategies for CBR:NearestNeighbor(KNN),Inductive Indexing and Knowledge Guiding.In our system,since the organization andexpression of the case are based on KNN,the indexing strategy is called weighted indexing based on KNN.Finally,based on the framework of CBR and its key techniques,a case base of typical landing operationshas been built using programming language VB and VC as well as the database management system SQL Serverand Microsoft Access.It has been proved a high performance.

This paper begins with the problem of how to manage the dynamic environmental monitoring point layers. It firstly points out that something must be considered for meeting the requirement of managing the dynamic layers. Such as, how to solve the problem when many clients visit the server simultaneously, and how to save the session information of the clients individually.Thinking the above problems, this paper gives some primary class diagrams based on Unified Modeling Language and describes the function and relationship of the diagrams, which can accelerate the software development based on the UML tool. The server end includes the classes like MapX, MapXServer, MapXbroker and some other classes. Each class has its own function, some relationships among the classes have been given. The system developing environment adopts the Microsoft .NET, for the .NET is easier and faster to develop the software.

This paper mainly focused on general evaluation of ecological environmental quality in the upstream and headwater areas of Yellow River by means of RS and GIS technology. It determined information acquiring method of 13 evaluating factors including plant coverage, land desertification, soil and water loss, and caloulated ratio value and weight of these factors.It also focused on foundation of assessing models, partition of assessing class, and classified the upstream and headwater areas of Yellow River into four ecological subregions such as Datong Mountain-Laji Mountain scrubby grassland ecological subregion, Gonghe basin grassland-desert ecological subregion etc. Analyzed main environmental problems in each subregion, and generally evaluated environmental quality of subregions as well as the whole region for comparison. The results indicated that the environmental quality of the region shows a vertical distribution law and the primary factor affecting water and soil loss, plant degradation,quick expansion of desert areas in headwaters of the Yellow River is the irrational economic activities of human being.

Map drafting assisted by computer have brought about a deep technical revolution in cartography.Tremendous changes have taken place in digital drafting technology on reading, analysis, disposing, operation, manifestation, manufacturing and publishing.As development of global positioning system, Digital photo-grammetry, remote sensing technology, geographic information system and digital map charting will be also faced with a new opportunity and challenge.This paper discusses the theoretical and technological basis of digital map, and relationship with traditional map drafting, use and the developing prospects of digital map charting.

The oasis is a special landscape in arid desert, which plays the most important ecological role in arid and semi arid geographic system The matter,energy and information frequently exchanges at its interface, and it is the primary human habitat in arid regions The ecosystem of oasis is fragile, and with the intensiveness of human's activity, the system will be more unstable Based on the advanced technique of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS),it is possible to develop an integrated system to regulate the oasis ecosystem dynamically and to serve the sustainable oasis development This paper describes the concept, structure, functionalities and applications of the oasis regulation system A group of models were developed The water demand model can estimate the total water demand including each crop water demand in different times, ecological water demand, and other water demand The water supply model can calculate the available water resources of ground water and surface water, and the system balance model can balance the water demand and water supply by regulating the usage of water resource and landuse structure The system is established on the base of a database including the data of topography, weather, hydrology, land use, socio economic data and some other special data Multi temporal remote sensing images are dynamic data source The system will be used for studying the relationship between water resource usage and ecosystem development in oasis, and will be helpful for oasis planning, management, and monitoring for the purpose of realizing its stable and sustainable development.

Accessing and manipulating the spatial data efficiently stored in the enterprise relational database management systems is an important task f or GIS platforms and engineering Among the interfaces provided by Oracle, Oracle Call Interface (OCI) and Oracle C++ Call Interface (OCCI) are welcomed for their outstanding advantages With a detailed analysis on OCI, OCCI and Object Type Translator (OTT), the authors set forward an object oriented method accessing and manipulating the SDO geometric objects in Oracle system with OCCI and OTT technologies, and conducted an experiment with Oracle 9i The method allows users to construct their own geometric model with inheritance from SDO geometric model, thus avoiding the spatial information transformation between SDO geometric objects and user defined geometric objects during uploading and downloading the spatial data Mo reover, the spatial operators and spatial aggregate functions of Oracle Spatial can be used sufficiently.

Records of Mountains and Rivers is a classical geographical book. West Mountain, South Mountain, North Mountain and Middle Mountain referred to in "Wu Zang Shan Jing" are all located in mainland China, except East Mountain for correlated records haven't been found in ancient books in the past 3000 years. Henrieffe Mertz, an American woman scholar, approved that overseas portion of East Mountain is located in America unexpectedly in her book of "Palegnk-Toso Oreient Records of Chinese Exploration in America"(1953), including Rocky Mountain, Nevada Mountain, Casketed Mountain and Coast Mountain. The distance among them, the number of apices, and species of their plants and animals are basically the same with those mentioned in Records of Mountains and Rivers. In masterstroke of the book she writes down"Records of Mountains and Rivers-Indian People-Effect of China-America-Discovery and Exploration of Chinese". It is emphasized in epilogue. "We have to show our respect for fearless Chinese, who were pedestrian to America across thousands of snow mountains and sheer apices 4000 years ago".

The spatial pattern of urban system is the result of the location selection mainly through the economicactivities and the population migration in history.Analyzed by some quantitative methods,such as density con-trast,nearest distance comparison and the spatial autocorrelation of city distribution,this paper finds out that thecity density becomes increasingly high,however,the difference between the three economic belts still exists andthe gap of urban development between them becomes wider and wider,though the spatial contact enhanced be-tween 1985 and 2001.The calculation based on the Moran's I statistics which is a global measurement of spa-tial dependence increased during this period of time indicates that the cities distribution displays a high degreeof spatial autocorrelation in the same period.By drawing Moran's scatterplot based on city distribution in China,this paper obtains a more disaggregated view of the nature of the spatial autocorrelation for the initial and termi-nal years,and by contrast,city distribution and its spatial lag can be displayed apparently.The information en-tropy value implicates there is an equilibrium development trend in China, which is an indication of rapid de-velopment of cities and towns in the period of concerned.

Through several years development, the conception and connotation of digital earth have been enriched and taken shape, in the meantime, they have also exerted profound impact on all disciplines of natural sciences. Based on the research contents and methods of the earth system science and geographical sciences, the research on effect of man-land relationship that digital earth produced has been discussed in this paper. Under the new technical framework, earth system science investigates the new man-land relationship, which is the main content of the digital earth and has become the necessary theoretical and technical bases of modern geographical sciences. In digital earth laboratory, we can realize the aim of providing a virtual innovation environment for the original innovation. The geographical sciences' virtual innovation environment takes data of different spatial and temporal resolutions, as basis, or megal data produced by fusing data about resource, environment, society, economy and population. These data are disposed from lithosphere to biosphere, to atmosphere, from regional level to global level, and from infer space to outer space which abide by a given geographical coordinate.The new technical system will be a fine resolution of the complex big system. The research can finish the actuality description, historical restoration and future prognostication through the knowledge innovate platform.

The outlet of water body of Dianchi Lake is located in the southern area, but the main pollution load is in the northern area. The flow of Dianchi Lake is always rush from North to South. Because of the slow lake flow, over 90% of the pollutants in the waste water deposit on the bottom of Dianchi Lake.Hence there are mainly two factors causing the pollution in Dianchi Lake. One is the slow lake flow, the other is the intruding of the polluted water. There are two ways to deal with the pollution situation. One is to speed up the lake flow,the other is to stop the polluted water from intruding to the southern lake.In light with the situation that the northern lake polluted the southern lake of the Dianchi,the new solution identified is to change the original outlet of Dianchi Lake by digging up a new canal and putting Dianchi Lake flow backwards to the north. By so doing, the main pollution load can be closed to the new outlet and kept away from the original one, part of the polluted water in Kunming city will not directly discharge into the Dianchi Lake. Even if the polluted water discharged into the Dianchi Lake, it is possible to let it rapidly flow out of the northern Dianchi Lake.In a word, the elevated potential of high water pressure can effectively prevent the southward intrusion of pollution load from northern part, offering a basic solution to the pollution problems of the Dianchi Lake.

2001年,章家敦曾著《中国即将崩溃》(英文版)一书,海外流传颇广。纵观中外历史,除非有外患或严重的内斗,粮食匮乏、资源耗竭及基础设施建设的朽坏等,往往成为国家衰亡的重要原因。张镜湖教授著文就中国大陆的农、渔、牧,能源,水资源及道路交通、航运与港口基础设施建设等方面作了扼要分析,现将其刊出,供读者判断。

With the development and application of modern science and technology, especially computer and Internet technology, the old maps bloom and are becoming more and more important in science and our every day life.In order to spread cartographic knowledge,enhance understanding and application of maps and adapt to the requirement of education on networks, we built the specialized "cartography website" which is now on test run on the campus networks.This paper introduces the main content, the function design and the building method of cartography website, and makes a tentative research on the design and realization of cartography website and webmaps.Cartography website is a professional academic one with function of education and entertainment to spread cartographic knowledge.So its design adheres to the principles of combining information with interest, and combining speciality with popularity.The content of the cartography website mainly includes walking in maps, webmaps, application of maps, digital earth, English columns, academic articles, news and interesting hearsay about maps, etc.Cartography website is tastefully designed, which has both scientific contents and abundant information and practical functions.Its principal functions include the interactive learning function of the multimedia cartographic knowledge, the browse function of interesting hearsay about maps and common information, the query function of webmaps and the mutual search function of map database.In order to realize the above functions preferably we settled the following questions technically: the combination of art with practicality in webpage design, the balance between visual impression and loading speed of webpages, the connection and use of webmaps, and the application of multimedia website technology.

This study focuses on the design and development of the Entironmental Information System of the Western Arid Land The code and structure design of the Entironmental Information System are introduced According to the characteristics of the environmental data, the database of the system was classified into 6 sub databases, including geographical vector data, hydrological and weather data, economic statistics, documents, theme maps and RS images or pictures, landuse or landcover theme data With the ArcGIS software of ESRI as the development platform, the system is built by the way of built in intergration, combining VB with ArcObject as the development language The system uses Geodatabase model to manage the attributes and spatial data A geodatabase (short for geographic database) is a physical store of geographical information inside a database management system (DBMS) Geodatabase provides many advantages in managing geospatial data, migrating existing GIS datasets from either Coverages or Shapefiles to the new Geodatabase format Taking the western arid land as an example, this article has built the Entironmental Information System of the Western Arid Land In practice, the choosing of data, the structure design of structure and the management and query of database are very important, which are also the values of this paper What's more, through the establishment of index tables and index maps, we can also spatially query the data like picture, text and remote sensing data, which can only originally be queried by attributes.

Using a new method and working flow,with the help of the ParGIP, a parallel rem ote sensing images processing software, and the ArcGIS software, we can quickly establish a background database of the flooding disaster region, which include remote sensing images and vector data The establishment of the background database can be divided into three parts The first step is the land use classification of the researched area and the boundary extraction of each class using ParGIP, in this step we can get the black white map of each land use class. The second step is the creation of the vector map of each land use class' black and white map using ParGIP, in this step we can get vector data of all classes very quickly. The last step is the creation of the vector data of the administrative boundary using AlgoLab PtVector software to scan and vectorize the paper map With the establishment of the background database of the research area, it will be useful to the monitoring and evaluating of the sudden disasters Using the SAR image of the disaster area, we can extract the flooding area from it and put it into vector format; then with the help of ArcInfo we can overlay different vector data together and get the different valuable results such as the flooded area of each county and of each land use class very quickly According to the experiment in the Poyang Lake region, this method can promote the speed and the efficiency of the monitoring and evaluating of flooding disaster to several times.