山城眺望空间OSCA模型构建及应用

doi:10.12082/dqxxkx.2021.200188

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

山体是大自然赋予城市的天然景观资源,通过山与城市中建筑群构成的山城空间关系,可形成多类型的眺望景观。当前山城眺望景观在建设热潮中不断被破坏,逐渐消失在林立的高楼中,需要进行一定的控制和保护。以济南市中心城区为例,基于眺望控制分区,寻找城市建筑发展演变、分区建设的规律,结合元胞自动机与多智能体,提出基于眺望景观控制下的山城眺望空间CA-OSCA模型（Overlooking Space Cellular Automata）,构建山城眺望空间演变模型。利用GIS等数据分析平台,对模拟结果进行分析,构建真实城市空间下的未来山城眺望空间景观三维模型,以更加直观、真实地方法探讨在眺望景观分区控制的影响下,未来城市空间结构的发展模式,最终为未来山城眺望景观空间的控制与保护以及眺望景观保护下,山城城市未来空间发展结构提出发展策略。

关键词: 山城城市, 眺望景观, 元胞自动机, 多智能体, 动态演变, 仿真建模, 眺望模型, ArcGIS

Abstract:

The overlooking landscape of a mountain city is not only the natural landscape resources given by the nature, but also an important part of urban characteristics. Now, with rapid urbanization, the mountain body is gradually integrated with urban construction, forming the spatial characteristics of a mountain city. However, with the development of urban construction, the relationship between the city and the mountain gradually changes. The mountain landscape could be constantly changed during extensive urban construction, and the overlooking landscape of the mountain city will be disappeared in tall buildings and dense blocks. When people look far away, the green mountains will been gone, replaced with dense and airtight facade of high-rise buildings. Therefore, the overlooking landscape of a mountain city needs to be protected through appropriate methods. Taking Jinan city center as an example, this paper explores the rules of the evolution of architectures constructed based on the controlling zones and develops a spatial evolution model of mountain city by combining Cellular Automata theory and Multi-Agents theory which is called Overlooking Space Cellular Automata model (OSCA). We also use some data processing platforms such as GIS, to analyze and modify the results and discuss the developed models of urban spatial structure in a more intuitive way. Finally, we put forward strategies for future spatial development in mountain cities in order to protect or control the overlooking landscape of mountain cities. The OSCA model theoretically combines cellular automaton theory and multi-agent theory and technically integrates NetLogo simulation platform and ArcGIS 3D display platform, which is very innovative. Our research results show that the OSCA model can realize the dynamic evolution of a mountain city’s overlooking landscape and predict the future growth mode and development and construction mode of mountain city's overlooking space evacuation. It provides important theoretical and application values to guide urban planning and control the development of urban space. Although this study cannot bring all the complex elements into the model, it still provides reasonable evacuation suggestions for overlooking space according to the simulation results. We also put forward some solutions for the follow-up study on urban dynamic model construction and provide reasonable suggestions for the development of urban space and urban structure in future.

Key words: mountain city, overlooking landscape, cellular automata, multi-agents, dynamic evolution, simulation modeling, visual model, ArcGIS

王烁棋, 赵亮. 山城眺望空间OSCA模型构建及应用[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2021, 23(9): 1559-1574.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2021.200188

WANG Shuoqi, ZHAO Liang. Establishment and Application of Mountain City OSCA Model[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2021, 23(9): 1559-1574.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2021.200188

图/表 17

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

图12

图13

图14

图15

图16

图17

参考文献 40

[1]	赵亮, 王烁棋, 杨希东, 等. 泰山山脉“山城群落”空间环境特征分析及架构研究[J]. 中国园林, 2019, 35(1):90-95.
	[ Zhao L, Wang S Q, Yang X D, et al. Analysis and structure research of “mountain-city community”spatial environment characteristics of Mount Tai[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2019, 35(1):90-95. ]
[2]	张松, 蔡敦达. 欧美城市的风景保护与风景规划[J]. 城市规划, 2003, 27(9):63-66.
	[ Zhang S, Cai D D. Landscape protection and landscape planning in European and American cities[J]. City Planning Review, 2003, 27(9):63-66. ]
[3]	王卓娃. 欧洲多层面控制建筑高度的方法研究[J]. 规划师, 2006, 22(11):98-101.
	[ Wang Z W. Methodological study on multilayer building height control in Europe[J]. Planners, 2006, 22(11):98-101. ]
[4]	刘泉, 潘仪, 赖亚妮. 滨海城市山海眺望景观规划控制的日本经验[J]. 国际城市规划, 2019, 34(4):92-101.
	[ Liu Q, Pan Y, Lai Y N. View planning management between mountain and sea of coastal cities: The experience of Japan[J]. Urban Planning International, 2019, 34(4):92-101. ]
[5]	苏东宾, 聂志勇. 浅谈如何通过建筑物高度控制来形成良好的城市景观[J]. 国际城市规划, 2007, 22(2):104-108.
	[ Su D B, Nie Z Y. How to build an appreciative urban landscape through the height control on construction[J]. Urban Planning International, 2007, 22(2):104-108. ]
[6]	高源. 专题型城市设计高度分区研究体系探讨[J]. 规划师, 2011, 27(2):53-59.
	[ Gao Y. Research system of building height zoning in specialty urban design[J]. Planners, 2011, 27(2):53-59. ]
[7]	钮心毅, 李凯克. 基于视觉影响的城市天际线定量分析方法[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2013(3):99-105.
	[ Niu X Y, Li K K. A quantitative approach to visual impact analysis of city skyline[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2013, 208(3):99-105. ]
[8]	钮心毅, 宋小冬, 陈晨. 保护山体背景景观的建筑高度控制方法及其实现技术[J]. 上海城市规划, 2014(5):92-97.
	[ Niu X Y, Song X D, Chen C. Developing building height restriction for preserving views to mountain backdrop[J]. Shanghai Urban Planning Review, 2014(5):92-97. ]
[9]	杨俊宴, 潘奕巍, 史北祥. 基于眺望评价模型的城市整体景观形象研究——以香港为例[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2013(5):106-112.
	[ Yang J Y, Pan Y W, Shi B X. Evaluation of overlooking views of city central district: The case of Hong Kong[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2013(5):106-112. ]
[10]	杨俊宴, 陈宇. 滨水景观区总体城市设计的理论与方法研究探索——西湖案例[J]. 城市规划, 2017, 41(7):54-61.
	[ Yang J Y, Chen Y. Research and exploration on theory and methods of integrated urban design in waterfront landscape area: Take West Lake as an example[J]. Urban Planning Review, 2017, 41(7):54-61. ]
[11]	刘卫东, 林观众. 眺望控制法在地标背景建筑高度控制中的运用初探——以温州江心屿双塔北京建筑高度控制规划研究为例[J]. 华中建筑, 2009, 27(3):85-88.
	[ Liu W D, Lin G Z. Application of visual control method to architectural height control in landmark background: A case study of planning for architectural height control in protection of “Double Tower” in Jiangxin Island, Wenzhou[J]. Huazhong Architecture, 2009, 27(3):85-88. ]
[12]	牟婷婷, 刘祎绯. 山地公园眺望景观视线组织研究——以凤凰山国家森林公园为例[J]. 中国园林, 2017, 33(12):91-94.
	[ Mu T T, Liu Y F. Research on the sight line organization of vista view landscape in mountainous park: taking Phoenix Mountain national forest park as an example[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2017, 33(12):91-94. ]
[13]	北京市城市规划设计研究院. 北京城市总体规划(2016年—203 5年)[M]. 北京: 中国建筑出版传媒有限公司, 2019.
	[ Beijing Municipal Institute of City Planning and Design. Beijing urban master plan(2016-2035)[M]. Beijing: China Architecture Publishing and Media, 2019. ]
[14]	崔云兰, 赵佩佩. 国内外城市景观控制研究综述及其借鉴意义[J]. 江苏建筑, 2011(5):31-33-63.
	[ Cui Y L, Zhao P P. Review of research in the landscape control planning at home and abroad[J]. Jiangsu Construction, 2011(5):31-33,63. ]
[15]	深圳市人民政府. 深圳市城市规划标准与准则(2018局部修订)[S]. 2013.
	[ Shenzhen Government. Shenzhen city planning standards and guidelines (2018 partial revision)[S]. 2013. ]
[16]	Tobler W R. A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region[J]. Economic Geography, 1970(46):234-240.
[17]	White R, Engelen G. Cellular automata and fractal urban form: A cellular modeling approach to the evolution of urban land-use patterns[J]. Environment and Planning A, 1993, 25(8):1175-1199. doi: 10.1068/a251175
[18]	Batty M, Xie Y, Sun Z. The dynamics of urban sprawl[M]. London: University College London, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, 1999:15.
[19]	Couclelis H. From cellular automata to urban models: New principles for model development and implementation[J]. Environment and Planning B, 1997(24):165-174.
[20]	Couclelis H. Of mice and men: What rodent populations can teach us about complx spatial dynamics[J]. Environment and Planning A, 1988(20):99-109.
[21]	Clarke K C, Gaydos L J. Loose-coupling a cellular automaton model and GIS: Long-term urban growth prediction for San Francisco and Washington/Baltimore[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 1998, 12(7):699-714.
[22]	Yeh G O, Li X. A constrained CA model for the simulation and planning of sustainable urban forms by using GIS[J]. Environment & Planning B, 2001, 28(5):733-753.
[23]	Andrés M García, Inés Santé, Marcos Boullón, et al. A comparative analysis of cellular automata models for simulation of small urban areas in Galicia, NW Spain[J]. Environment and Urban Systems, 2012, 36(4):291-301. doi: 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2012.01.001
[24]	Liu M H. Dynamic simulation of urban land use with ACO-CA [C]. AMSE 2015, 2015:141-145.
[25]	Asfa Siddiqui, Almas Siddiqui, Sandeep Maithani, et al. Urban growth dynamics of an Indian metropolitan using CA Markov and Logistic Regression[J]. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 2017, 21(3):229-236.
[26]	Hamide A, Maryam M, Mona S, et al. Change detection and prediction of urban land use changes by CA-Markov model (case study: Talesh County)[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2019, 78(17):1-12. doi: 10.1007/s12665-018-7995-0
[27]	刘小平, 黎夏, 艾彬等. 基于多智能体的土地利用模拟与规划模型[J]. 地理学报, 2006, 61(10):1101-1112.
	[ Liu X P, Li X, Ai B, et al. Multi-agent systems for simulating and planning land use development[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2006, 61(10):1101-1112. ]
[28]	黎夏, 叶嘉安. 约束性单元自动演化CA模型及可持续城市发展形态模拟[J]. 地理学报, 1999, 54(4):289-298. doi: 10.11821/xb199904001
	[ Li X, Yeh G A. Constrained cellular automata for modelling sustainable urban form[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1999, 54(4):289-298. ]
[29]	张亦汉, 刘小平, 陈广亮等. 基于最大熵的CA模型及其城市扩张模拟[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2020, 50(3):339-352.
	[ Zhang Y, Liu X, Chen G, et al. Simulation of urban expansion based on cellular automata and maximum entropy model[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2020, 50(3):339-352. ] doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-6007-0
[30]	Li X, Yeh A G O. Modelling sustainable urban development by the integration of constrained cellular automata and GIS[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2000, 14(2):131-152. doi: 10.1080/136588100240886
[31]	刘小平, 黎夏. Fisher判别及自动获取元胞自动机的转换规则[J]. 测绘学报, 2007, 36(1):112-118.
	[ Liu X P, Li X. Fisher discriminant and automatically getting transition rule of CA[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, 2007, 36(1):112-118. ]
[32]	Benguigui L, Czamanski D, Roth R. Modeling cities in 3D: A cellular automaton approach[J]. Environment and Planning B, 2008, 35(3):413-430. doi: 10.1068/b33075
[33]	张乐珊. 基于元胞自动机和VR-GIS技术的城市空间增长三维动态模拟及应用研究[D]. 青岛:中国海洋大学, 2010.
	[ Zhang L S. Cellular automation and VR-GIS technology based three dimensional dynmic simulation and application study of urban space growth[D]. Qingdao: Ocean University of China, 2010. ]
[34]	秦静, 方创琳, 王洋. 基于元胞自动机的城市三维空间增长仿真模拟[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2013, 15(5):662-671. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2013.00662
	[ Qin J, Fang C L, Wang Y. The three-dimensional urban growth simulating based on cellular automata[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2013, 15(5):662-671. ] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2013.00662
[35]	苟爱萍, 赵瑾瑾, 王江波. 基于CA模型的城市空间规划研究综述[J]. 现代城市研究, 2015, 8(5):26-34.
	[ Gou A P, Zhao J J, Wang J B. Review on the field of cellular automata in city planning[J]. Planning and Design, 2015, 8(5):26-34. ]
[36]	刘荣增, 陆文涛, 杜力卿. 基于ANN-CA模型的郑州城市空间拓展研究[J]. 城市发展研究, 2019, 26(12):77-85.
	[ Liu R Z, Lu W T, Du L Q. Study on the space expansion of Zhengzhou based on the ANN-CA model[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2019, 26(12):77-85. ]
[37]	张亦汉, 乔纪纲, 刘婉华等. 城市扩张CA模型的参数敏感性分析[J]. 遥感学报, 2018, 22(6):1051-1059.
	[ Zhang Y H, Qiao J G, Liu W H, et al. Parameter sensitivity analysis of urban cellular automata model[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2018, 22(6):1051-1059. ]
[38]	李静, 陈云波, 刘小茜等. 面向城市建成区扩展模拟的CA-Markov模型改进[J]. 测绘通报, 2018(3):60-65.
	[ Li J, Chen Y B, Liu X Q, et al. Improvement of CA-Markov model for extended modeling of urban built-up area[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2018(3):60-65. ]
[39]	胡最, 王慧. 多因素约束的城市空间扩张元胞自动机构建及其应用研究[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2020, 22(3):616-627. doi: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2020.190240
	[ Hu Z, Wang H. MCES-CA based urban expansion simulation of Hengyang city[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2020, 22(3):616-627. ]
[40]	济南市政府. 济南市城市总体规划(2011-2020年)[EB/OL]. 2016.
	[ Jinan Government. Urban Master Planning of Jinan City(2011-2020)[EB/OL]. 2016. ]