基于供需匹配的养老服务设施规划布局研究

doi:10.12082/dqxxkx.2022.210699

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

人口老龄化是当前社会关注的重点问题之一,养老设施配置得合理与否对城市品质提升和社会公平地实现至关重要。当前对养老设施的研究已不在少数,但多从养老机构或社区养老设施的单一视角进行分析,评价内容集中于设施数量和空间分布的合理性,导致研究结果有所局限。因此,本文基于2018年武汉市社区级老年常住人口数据、2020年武汉市养老设施数据和道路交通等多源大数据,首先将社区养老设施纳入城市养老服务体系,并从养老设施和养老服务两大角度综合评价设施的供需匹配关系,结果表明： ① 区域层面,武汉市养老设施供需均呈现出中心城区集聚,外围分散的“核心-边缘”特征,但仍然存在数量等级体系不合理以及区域配置水平差距大等问题;② 社区层面,运用两步移动搜索法,发现武汉市养老设施供需匹配度：都市发展区>中心城区>外围城区;③ 养老服务上,武汉市医疗保健类和精神慰藉类服务供需匹配关系较差,且设施普遍缺少专业化的服务供给,高品质多样化的养老需求较难得到满足。针对武汉市养老设施和养老服务的供需匹配问题,本文从体系构建、空间布局以及实施管理方面提出了优化建议,同时运用最小设施点数模型将建议落实至空间层面,以期为类似地区养老设施规划提供有效参考。

关键词: 养老设施, 养老服务, 供需匹配, 两步移动搜索法, 最小设施点数模型, 养老设施服务体系, 空间布局, 武汉市

Abstract:

Population aging is one of the key issues concerned by the current society. Whether the allocation of elderly care facilities is reasonable or not is very important for the improvement of urban quality and the realization of social equity. At present, there are quite a few studies on elderly care facilities, but they mostly conduct analyses from a single perspective of elderly care institutions or community elderly care facilities, and the evaluation content is also limited to the rationality of the number and spatial distribution of facilities, resulting in one-sided research results. This paper utilizes multiple data sources including the data of community-level elderly permanent residents in Wuhan in 2018, the data of elderly care facilities in Wuhan in 2020, road traffic, and other big data. We first integrates community elderly care facilities into the urban elderly care service system, and then comprehensively evaluates the relationship between supply and demand of facilities from the perspectives of elderly care facilities and elderly care services. The results show that: (1) At the regional level, the elderly care facilities in Wuhan show the characteristics of "core edge" of agglomeration in the central urban area and dispersion in the periphery. There are still some problems in the supply level, such as unreasonable quantity hierarchy and large gap in regional allocation level; (2) At the community level, using the two-step mobile search method, this paper finds the matching degree of supply and demand of elderly care facilities in Wuhan: Urban Development Area > Central Urban Area > far urban area; (3) In terms of elderly care services, the supply-demand relationship between medical care and spiritual comfort services in Wuhan is poor, and the facilities generally lack professional service supply, so it is difficult to meet the high-quality and diversified elderly care needs. In view of the existing problems of the matching degree between the supply and demand of old-age facilities and the elderly population, this paper puts forward optimization suggestions from the aspects of system construction, spatial layout, and implementation management, and uses the minimum facility point model to implement the suggestions to the spatial level in order to provide effective reference for the planning of elderly care facilities in similar areas.

Key words: elderly care facilities, pension services, supply and demand matching, two step moving search method, minimum facility point model, elderly care facilities service system, spatial layout, Wuhan

彭建东, 邢露, 杨红. 基于供需匹配的养老服务设施规划布局研究[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2022, 24(7): 1349-1362.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2022.210699

PENG Jiandong, XING Lu, YANG Hong. Research on Planning and Layout of Elderly Care Service Facilities based on Supply-Demand Matching[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2022, 24(7): 1349-1362.DOI:10.12082/dqxxkx.2022.210699

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名称	数据类型	数据来源	年份	数据预处理
武汉市老年人口数据	社区级矢量人口数据	武汉市土地利用和城市空间规划研究中心	2018	整理、添加
武汉市养老设施空间数据	POI数据	百度地图API接口	2020	清洗、重分类、坐标配准
武汉市养老设施属性数据	JSON数据	武汉市民政局官方网站、养老信息网、春座养老网	2020	清洗、整理
交通路网数据	矢量数据	百度地图数据	2020	以百度地图数据为基础进行矢量化处理

规模	老年养护院/床	养老院/床	老年日间照料中心/人
小型	≤100	≤150	≤40
中型	101~250	151~300	40~100
大型	>250	>300	—

	较高	一般	较低
阈值	0.324~1.468	0.052~0.324	0.000~0.051
数量/个	22	811	2985
占比/%	0.58	21.24	78.18

服务功能		设施服务类型供给情况
		大型			中型			小型
		内容	配置情况		内容	配置情况		内容	配置情况
日常基本的养老服务	生活照顾	饮食起居/清洁卫生/生活护理等	高		饮食起居/清洁卫生/生活护理等	高		日托/全托/助餐/上门照料等	较高
高品质多样化的养老服务	医疗保健	保健康复/健康管理等	较高		保健康复/健康管理等	一般		健身/康复训练等	较低
	精神文化	文体娱乐/学习教育等	较高	文体娱乐/学习教育等		较高	学习教育/休闲娱乐等		一般
	心理慰藉	心理咨询/心理支持/临终关怀等	较低	心理咨询/心理支持/临终关怀等		较低	心理咨询		低

等级	属性	服务对象	服务功能
小型养老设施	社区级养老设施	居住在附近、自理能力较强的老年人	休闲娱乐、餐桌服务和上门服务等基础性功能为主
中型养老设施	街道级养老设施	具有一定自理能力的老年人	医疗保健、康养娱乐等功能为主
大型养老设施	区域级养老设施	自理能力较差或需要提供长期照料的老年人	长期护理、医疗保健等功能为主