暴雨内涝危险性情景模拟方法研究——以上海中心城区为例

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.00506

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文采用地理信息系统技术（GIS）与水文/水动力学相结合的方法,使用修正的SCS模型进行产流模拟,利用局部等体积法和水动力模型进行汇流模拟,建立了基于情景的城市暴雨内涝危险性模拟工具,并对相同雨强情景下不同汇流模型的模拟结果与精度进行了对比分析。结果表明：（1）局部等体积法计算简单,对降雨的时程分配较为敏感,峰前历时和雨强对结果影响显著,较适合于雨型确定的城市暴雨内涝危险性快速模拟;水动力模型计算复杂,与整个降雨历时存在明显关系,模拟精度较高。（2）利用台风“麦莎”带来强降雨导致的积水实测数据,对模拟结果进行对比和验证,表明本文建立的水动力模型法模拟结果与实测降雨积水更为接近,更适合上海中心城区暴雨内涝危险性情景模拟。

关键词: 暴雨内涝, 危险性模拟, 局部等体积法, 水动力模型法, 上海中心城区

Abstract:

For the purpose of simulating rainstorm waterlogging scenarios in the urban areas that have specific terrain surface characteristics, a comprehensive methodology derived from the hydrology/hydrodynamic theory and the geographic information system (GIS) is proposed in this paper. Moreover, a modified SCS model is utilized for the runoff producing simulation, while a locality volume equation and a hydrodynamic model are used for runoff converging simulation. Taking the central urban area of Shanghai as an example, rainstorm scenarios with 100-year return period are designed for the simulation. Meanwhile, based on the same runoff producing process, the locality volume equation and hydrodynamic model are used to simulate the waterlogging course respectively. Thereafter, a comparison is made to reveal the distinction of accuracy among the results acquired from these diverse models. The results indicate that: (1) it is easier for the runoff converging calculation to use the locality volume equation, but the results are obviously influenced by the temporal distribution of the rainfall course, especially at the period before the peak, as well as by the intensity, thus this model is more feasible for fast waterlogging simulation if the rainfall pattern is determined in advance. As for the hydrodynamic model, the runoff converging calculation is more complicated, but shows a better performance and higher precision when being used for simulating a longer rainfall process. Furthermore, the results have a closer relationship with the rainfall duration. (2) Specifically, these two models are verified based on the inundation data measured during the typhoon “Matsa”. A comparison between the simulation results and the historical data predicts that, although more or less a deviation is inevitable, the hydrodynamic model performs better in fitting the characteristics of urban rainstorm waterlogging, thus basically it's found more suitable for simulating the waterlogging hazard in the central urban area of Shanghai.

Key words: rainstorm waterlogging, hazard simulation, locality volume equation, hydrodynamic model, central urban area of Shanghai

黄清雨, 董军刚, 李梦雅, 王军. 暴雨内涝危险性情景模拟方法研究——以上海中心城区为例[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2016, 18(4): 506-513.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.00506

HUANG Qingyu,DONG Jungang,LI Mengya,WANG Jun. Research on the Scenario Simulation Method of Rainstorm Waterlogging Hazard: A Case Study in the Central Urban Area of Shanghai[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2016, 18(4): 506-513.DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.00506

图/表 4

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测量点	积水深度/mm
测量点	局部等体积法模拟结果	水动力模型法模拟结果	“麦莎”实测数据
1	286	159	200
2	129	203	275
3	523	204	225
4	377	141	125
5	387	302	275
6	467	143	75
7	793	167	175
8	93	263	325
9	144	272	275
10	173	184	150
11	356	178	175
12	402	166	175
13	323	135	175
14	535	275	300
15	534	197	175
16	205	200	175
平均值	358±181	199±50	205±66