地球信息科学理论与方法

中小学最优避难疏散模型与选址应用

展开
  • 城市环境过程与数字模拟国家重点实验室培育基地, 北京 100048;民政部灾害评估与风险防范重点实验室, 北京 100048;首都师范大学资源环境与旅游学院, 北京 100048
马玥(1988- ),女,北京人,硕士生,主要从事遥感和地理信息系统技术在防灾减灾中的应用研究。E-mail:mylovett0509@163.com

收稿日期: 2013-03-01

  修回日期: 2013-04-01

  网络出版日期: 2013-08-08

基金资助

北京市教委专项“首都基础教育协调发展决策支持系统”。

A Location-allocation Model for School Emergency Evacuation

Expand
  • Base of the State Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Modeling, Beijing 100048; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Civil Affairs of Disaster Assessment and Risk Prevention, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048; College of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China

Received date: 2013-03-01

  Revised date: 2013-04-01

  Online published: 2013-08-08

Supported by

null

摘要

本文以区位-配给模型理论为指导,以路网疏散距离最短、场地服务容纳量最大为目标,构建最优避难疏散模型,以解决中小学避难场地选址问题。本文从保障学生避难疏散场地的安全性和适宜性角度出发,通过建立环境制约因素模型,对地形坡度、断裂带、河流湖泊、易燃易爆站点、高层建筑物倒塌范围和文物古迹保护范围6大因素进行空间叠加分析,计算了实际的避难需求和供给容量。为减少利用直线距离直接作为疏散道路产生的误差,本文通过对不受影响的路网信息进行网络分析,计算最短疏散道路,以获取实际的路网距离。本文将该方法应用于北京市西城区中小学避难场地选址的优化方案,有效地解决了中小学避难场地选址问题。

本文引用格式

马玥, 孙永华, 李小娟 . 中小学最优避难疏散模型与选址应用[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2013 , 15(4) : 512 -517 . DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2013.00512

Abstract

In this paper we aim to develop a location-allocation model for the school emergency shelter selection by using GIS. Through the studies of emergency shelter in recently years, a location-allocation model for school emergency shelter selection is proposed. Based on location-allocation model theory, the optimal evacuation model for school emergency shelter selection is made with constrains of the largest site service capacity and the shortest network distance. In the process of the model construction, we take school emergency shelter's safety and suitability into full consideration. According to the characteristics of this model, the environmental constraints model is constructed to make spatial overlay analysis of six factors by using ArcGIS 9.3. The six factors are terrain slope, rivers and lakes, earthquake fault zone, flammable and explosive site, collapsed range of High-rise buildings, and protection range of cultural relics. The environmental constraints model respectively discusses the five factors influence range when the earthquake happens. And the actual capacity of the evacuation demand and site supply is calculated in this way. In order to reduce the error, the straight-line distance as the evacuation path is not chosen in this paper. Through the network analysis of the unaffected road, the shortest evacuation road is found. Considering the largest site service capacity and the shortest network distance, is the key to solve the problem. By introducing the location-allocation model theory, the solution of the optimal evacuation model is obtained to select the school emergency shelter. In this paper, school emergency shelter in Xicheng District of Beijing City is selected by using this technical method which can effectively solve the problem of school emergency shelter selection. This optimization method is an effective measure to prevent the school from disaster and provide safe site for the student. This academic technology is introduced as the references to relevant researchers on the school emergency shelter selection.

参考文献

[1] 施小斌.城市防灾空间效能分析及优化选址研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.

[2] 相悦丽,方芳,张述成.学校贯彻突发事件应对法初探[J].中国卫生事业管理,2008(11):755-758.

[3] 杨洋.校园针对地震灾害的防灾避难功能适宜性设计研究[D].四川省:西南交通大学,2009.

[4] 周晓猛,刘茂,王阳.紧急避难场地优化布局理论研究[J].安全与环境学报,2006(6):118-121.

[5] 武文杰,朱思源,张文忠.北京应急避难场地的区位优化配置分析[J].人文地理,2010(4):41-44.

[6] Saadatseresht M, Mansourian A, Taleai M. Evacuation planning using multiobjective evolutionary optimization approach[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2008(198):305-314.

[7] 黄静,叶明武,王军,等.基于GIS的社区居民避震疏散区划方法及应用研究[J].地理科学,2011,31(2):204-210.

[8] 王芬.应急避难场所专项规划的实施和评价研究——以深圳市为例[D].云南:云南财经大学,2010.

[9] Sorensen J H, Shumpert B L, Vogt B M. Planning for protective action decision making: Evacuate or shelter-in-place[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004(109):1-11.

[10] 佐藤隆雄,山田美由紀.学校の避難所利用における立地安全評価手法に関する研究 その1.学術講演梗概集[J]. F-1, 都市計画, 建築経済·住宅問題,1995,357-358.

[11] 建部謙治,鈴木賢一.小学校の避難計画に関する基礎的研究:児童の空間認知と火災時の避難経路選択への影響[J].1学術講演梗概集. E-1,建築計画I,各種建物·地域施設,設計方法,構法計画,人間工学,計画基礎,1998,887-888.

[12] 李帆,王晓敏.灾难中的安全家园——从日本东北地区地震谈中小学校防灾设计[J].建筑与文化,2011(11):126-127.

[13] 黄猛,张震,丰继林,等.震时中学应急疏散模型建立的探究[J].四川地震,2009(3):45-47.

[14] 宋正娜,陈雯,袁丰,等.公共设施区位理论及其相关研究述评[J].地理科学进展.2010,29(12):1499-1508.

[15] 陈志芬,李强,陈晋.城市应急变场所选址规划模型与应用[M].北京:气象出版社,2011,30-35.

[16] 杨海军,邵全琴.GIS 空间分析技术在地理数据处理中的应用研究[J].地球信息科学,2007,9(5):70-75.

[17] 戴晴.基于GIS的樱井避难场所适宜性评价——以深圳市地震应急避难场所为例[D].北京:中国地质大学,2010.

[18] 田波.军事地理信息系统构想与空间决策分析[J].地球信息科学,2004,6(1):76-80.

[19] 谢旭阳.基于GIS的重大事故应急疏散决策研究[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2007,3(2):32-35.

[20] 北京市教育委员会. 西城区小学校址信息·各级各类学校名录·政务信息公开.来自http://www.bjedu.gov.cn/publish/mainmain/1427/index.html,2012-12-20访问.

[21] 方军,张秀明.基于Lingo软件的消防站布局优化[J].消防科学与技术,2006(6):809-819.

文章导航

/