我国黄牛甲烷排放因子空间差异及其季节变化分析
作者简介:边俊艳(1989-),女,硕士生,研究方向为地理信息系统及其全球变化应用。E-mail: bianjunyan2010@163.com
收稿日期: 2014-04-09
要求修回日期: 2015-05-12
网络出版日期: 2015-09-07
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目“我国大气甲烷浓度时空变化的地面排放源解析研究”(41175132)
An Analysis of the Spatial Variations and Seasonal Changes of Methane Emission from Cattle in China
Received date: 2014-04-09
Request revised date: 2015-05-12
Online published: 2015-09-07
Copyright
以牛羊为主的反刍动物养殖是我国甲烷的首要排放源,其中又以牛的排放占主导。我国的养殖牛中,黄牛的数量最为庞大,占总存栏牛的56%。在以往有关反刍动物甲烷排放的研究中,着重点多在于排放因子的测定及依据测定结果估算国家尺度的排放源清单。但是,对于反刍动物种群特征及环境因子变化造成的动物甲烷排放在空间和季节的差异却较少关注。本研究收集了我国不同地区46个亚科黄牛的个体特性数据及其生态因子,结合IPCC的反刍动物甲烷排放估算方法,分析了我国2005年黄牛甲烷排放因子的空间差异及其季节变化特征。结果表明,总体上农区肠道发酵排放因子,除4-6月因役用强度大的原因,而排放略高于牧区外,其他月份均小于牧区,而农区粪便管理排放因子全年高于牧区。肠道发酵排放因子在夏季小于其他季节,其月均排放因子为4.48 kg/head/m,粪便管理排放因子则表现出相反的季节格局,夏季粪便管理月均排放因子为0.44 kg/head/m。在7个大的分区中,肠道发酵年排放因子最大、最小区域分别为黄土高原区71.0 kg/head/a和西南区55.2 kg/head/a;粪便管理年排放因子最大、最小区域分别为东南区5.4 kg/head/a和青藏区0.1 kg/head/a。
边俊艳 , 王新生 , 张稳 . 我国黄牛甲烷排放因子空间差异及其季节变化分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2015 , 17(9) : 1071 -1079 . DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2015.01072
Ruminant livestock accounts for the major proportion of methane emissions within the agricultural sector. In China, cattle dominates the livestock due to its huge population and large size in comparison to sheep. The latest studies have paid little attention to the spatial variations and seasonal changes of the livestock methane emission factors, though a lot of direct measurements and modeling estiamtions have been made to improve the quality of the national inventories. In this study, we analyzed the spatial variarions and seasonal changes of the methane emission factors of cattle by studing the spatio-temporal differences in the body weight for 46 cattle species, the feeding and diet, and the draft and milk production in different places of China are also discussed . The Tier 2 equations of IPCC (2006) were used to calculate the methane emission factors from both the enteric and the manure management emissions. The calculation showed that the enteric emission factor was general low in summer (4.48 kg head-1 month-1) and high in other seasons, while the emission from manure management was high in summer (0.44 kg head-1 month-1) and low in other seasons. Spatially, northwestern China has a higher enteric methane emission factor (71.0 kg head-1 year-1) than southwestern China (55.2 kg head-1 year-1). The methane emission factor from manure management was low (0.1 kg head-1 year-1) in Tibetan plateau and high (5.4 kg head-1 year-1) in southeastern China.
Key words: cattle; methane; emission factor; spatial variation; seasonal change
Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of different categories of cattle in China图1 黄牛亚类分布及Ⅶ个分区 |
Tab. 1 Individual characteristics of cattle in different regions of China表1 我国黄牛分区及其个体特征参数 |
分区 | 6个月 | 1岁 | 成年牛 | 产奶量 | 亚类 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(kg) | (kg) | (kg) | (kg/d) | ||
Ⅰ | 122~133 | 161~232 | 425~764 | 3.8 | 延边牛、蒙古牛、复州牛 |
Ⅱ | 76~158 | 141~255 | 310~608 | 3.0 | 渤海黑牛、冀南牛、郏县红牛、鲁西牛、蒙山牛、南阳牛、徐州牛 |
Ⅲ | 65~133 | 106~178 | 234~601 | 3.4 | 大别山牛、广丰牛、吉安牛、锦江牛、雷琼牛、闽南牛、皖南牛、温岭高峰牛 |
Ⅳ | 79~145 | 149~229 | 263~660 | 3.5 | 晋南牛、平陆山地牛、秦川牛、太行牛、蒙古牛 |
Ⅴ | 41~178 | 96~211 | 214~464 | 2.0 | 巴山牛、川南山地牛、滇中牛、峨边花牛、关岭牛、黎平牛、凉山牛、南丹牛、平武牛、威宁牛、文山牛、巫陵牛、务川牛、云南高峰牛、昭通牛、隆林牛 |
Ⅵ | 64~137 | 105~175 | 290~540 | 3.1 | 阿勒泰牛、安西牛、哈萨克牛、乌珠穆沁牛、蒙古牛 |
Ⅶ | 50~67 | 96~110 | 190~398 | 1.6 | 柴达木牛、迪庆牛、甘孜藏牛、西藏黄牛 |
注:数据来源于中国畜禽遗传资源志·牛志[18] |
Tab. 2 Properties of cattle breeding in China and the parameters used for calculating the methane emission factors表2 我国黄牛饲养及甲烷排放相关参数季节变化 |
月份 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | ||
农区 | 规模化饲养Ym(%) | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 6 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
散养Ym(%) | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 7.0 | |
DE(%) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 55 | 50 | 50 | |
使役时间(h) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
牧区 | 规模化饲养Ym(%) | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 |
散养Ym(%) | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | |
DE(%) | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 50 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 50 | 45 | 45 | |
使役时间(h) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
注:规模化标准为年出栏>50头[33] |
Fig. 2 Emission factors and the seasonal variations of the enteric and manure management systems of cattle图2 黄牛肠道发酵和粪便管理的甲烷排放因子及其季节变化 |
Fig. 3 Differences in the methane emissions from enteric and manure management systems in different regions of China图3 不同地区黄牛的肠道发酵和粪便管理甲烷排放差异 |
Tab. 3 Emission factors and the total methane emissions in each province of China表3 全国各省年甲烷排放因子(kg/head/a)及总排放量(Gg) |
省市 | 肠道发酵排放 | 粪便管理排放 | 省市 | 肠道发酵排放 | 粪便管理排放 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
排放因子 | 排放量 | 排放因子 | 排放量 | 排放因子 | 排放量 | 排放因子 | 排放量 | ||||
安徽 | 67.20 | 94.47 | 3.00 | 7.00 | 辽宁 | 65.64 | 109.70 | 1.92 | 3.00 | ||
北京 | 69.84 | 2.99 | 4.20 | 0.00 | 内蒙 | 69.36 | 110.69 | 3.12 | 6.00 | ||
福建 | 62.16 | 23.86 | 3.24 | 2.00 | 宁夏 | 67.44 | 30.49 | 0.96 | 1.00 | ||
甘肃 | 65.64 | 134.97 | 0.72 | 2.00 | 青海 | 63.48 | 84.58 | 0.12 | 0.00 | ||
广东 | 62.76 | 56.77 | 8.16 | 9.00 | 山东 | 75.24 | 375.54 | 5.64 | 39.00 | ||
广西 | 61.20 | 160.81 | 7.32 | 15.00 | 山西 | 69.24 | 97.74 | 3.84 | 7.00 | ||
贵州 | 56.64 | 192.39 | 0.72 | 3.00 | 陕西 | 71.28 | 114.06 | 0.72 | 2.00 | ||
海南 | 59.64 | 17.09 | 9.12 | 4.00 | 上海 | 64.20 | 0.01 | 3.12 | 0.00 | ||
河北 | 62.52 | 234.66 | 4.20 | 19.00 | 四川 | 60.36 | 41.29 | 0.60 | 5.00 | ||
河南 | 74.64 | 606.67 | 5.88 | 66.00 | 天津 | 69.36 | 10.80 | 5.16 | 0.00 | ||
黑龙江 | 71.16 | 150.65 | 1.56 | 3.00 | 西藏 | 57.96 | 60.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
湖北 | 64.08 | 61.22 | 5.76 | 10.00 | 新疆 | 75.36 | 265.21 | 0.72 | 2.00 | ||
湖南 | 62.28 | 113.03 | 6.12 | 17.00 | 云南 | 49.08 | 134.16 | 0.72 | 3.00 | ||
吉林 | 72.24 | 180.28 | 1.68 | 5.00 | 浙江 | 66.36 | 5.37 | 3.00 | 0.00 | ||
江苏 | 66.48 | 11.39 | 2.88 | 1.00 | 重庆 | 56.04 | 40.60 | 0.72 | 1.00 | ||
江西 | 61.80 | 67.91 | 6.36 | 12.00 | 总计 | 67.73 | 5638.20 | 3.24 | 244.00 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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