贵州省喀斯特地区泥石流灾害易发性评价
作者简介:岳溪柳(1988-),女,博士生,主要从事山地灾害与环境脆弱性评价研究。E-mail: yuexiliu8518@163.com
收稿日期: 2014-12-25
要求修回日期: 2015-05-19
网络出版日期: 2015-11-10
基金资助
国家科技支撑计划项目“西南突发性灾害应急与防控技术集成与示范”(2012BAD20B06)
贵州省山地环境气候研究所院士工作站项目(2014GZ93962)
The Susceptibility Assessment of Debris Flow in Karst Region of Guizhou Province
Received date: 2014-12-25
Request revised date: 2015-05-19
Online published: 2015-11-10
Copyright
贵州省独特的喀斯特山地环境对地质灾害的孕育有其特有的作用机理。本文初选了10个相关因子进行GIS的方差分析及相关性分析,以筛选喀斯特山区泥石流灾害的主要影响因子及灾害易发性评价。结果表明,研究区内土壤侵蚀因子对泥石流灾害的贡献作用最为显著,断层的影响作用不明显。土壤侵蚀、坡度、坡向、岩石性质、土地利用方式、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、到沟谷的距离及>25 mm日数8个影响因子,具有良好的独立性和代表性,是研究区内泥石流易发性评价的最佳指标;泥石流主要分布在贵州西部云贵高原边境、北部大娄山、东北雾灵山及苗岭等地带,占全省面积的29.51%,贵州中部及东南部泥石流易发程度较低;极高易发区泥石流的分布密度是极低易发区的19倍,其主要的环境特征表现为坡度大、植被覆盖率较低,旱地与工矿用地分布多,土壤侵蚀严重;加强旱地、工矿用地及低植被覆盖区的合理利用及管理,是减少泥石流灾害发生的有效途径。
岳溪柳 , 黄玫 , 徐庆勇 , 陈昌彦 , 谷晓平 . 贵州省喀斯特地区泥石流灾害易发性评价[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2015 , 17(11) : 1395 -1403 . DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2015.01395
Guizhou is a typical karst mountainous province in China, which has unique geological disaster mechanism due to its unique geological environment. In this study, 10 factors were selected as the possible impact factors, and the cluster analysis and correlation analysis methods were used to identify the main risks of debris flow factors. Based on the techniques of geo-information system, information model was used to evaluate the spatial pattern of debris flow susceptibility. Soil erosion is identified as the most important factor to influence the occurrence of native debris flow, while fault has little impact on debris flow. Factors of soil erosion, slop, aspect, rock characteristics, land use, NDVI, distance to gully and days of daily precipitation greater than 25mm are proved to be independent and representative factors, and they served as indices for susceptibility assessment. The results show that 29.51% of the regions in Guizhou are heavy susceptibility regions, which were located in western Guizhou and the mountainous area, such as Dalou mountain, Wuling mountain and Miaoling in northern Guizhou. The central and southeastern Guizhou is identified as relative less susceptibility region. Heavy susceptibility areas have common characteristics of steep slope, low vegetation coverage, featuring with dry land, industrial and mining land, and are subjected to serious soil erosion. The debris flow density in heavy susceptibility region is 19 times of that in the low susceptibility region. The effective way to decrease debris flow disaster is to strengthen the management of dry land, industrial and mining land, and the area with lower vegetation cover.
Key words: karst; debris flow; susceptibility assessment; Guizhou; GIS
Fig. 1 The boundary map of Guizhou Province图1 贵州省行政区域图 |
Tab. 1 The classification of debris flow impact factors表1 泥石流灾害影响因子指标分级 |
影响因子 | 分级数 | 指标分级 | 分级方法及依据 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
直接影响因子 | 土壤侵蚀 | 5 | 一级侵蚀(轻度侵蚀),二级侵蚀,三级侵蚀,四级侵蚀,五级侵蚀(重度侵蚀) | 土壤侵蚀等级数据(西南山地分中心发布) |
坡度 | 6 | <10°,10~15°,15~20°,20~25°,25~30°,>30° | 等间隔法;文献[30] | |
年平均降水 | 6 | <1000 mm,1000~1100 mm,1100~1200 mm,1200~1300 mm,1300~1400 mm,>1400 mm | 等间隔法 | |
>25 mm降水日数 | 5 | <5 d,5~8 d,8~11 d,11~14 d,>14 d | 归一化分级 | |
间接影响因子 | 岩石性质 | 6 | 软硬岩互层岩,粘土岩、泥岩、页岩,砾岩、砂岩,灰岩、白云岩,变质岩,岩浆岩 | |
到断层的距离 | 5 | <0.5 km,0.5~1 km,1~1.5 km,1.5~2 km,>2 km | 等间隔法;文献[15] | |
坡向 | 5 | 阳坡(南坡:157.5~202.5°),半阳坡(东南坡:112.5~157.5°及西南坡:202.5~247.5°)、过渡坡(东坡:67.5~112.5°及西坡:247.5~292.5°)、半阴坡(东北坡:22.5~67.5°及西北坡:292.5~337.5°)、阴坡(北坡:337.5~22.5°及平地区域) | ArcGIS软件默认分类 | |
土地利用方式 | 5 | 旱地,耕地,城镇、工矿用地,草原,林地 | 文献[31]-[32] | |
NDVI | <0.157,0.157~0.171,0.171~0.183,0.183~0.226,>0.226 | 自然断点法 | ||
到沟谷的距离 | 5 | <2 km,2~4 km,4~6 km,6~8 km,>8 km | 等间隔法 |
Tab. 2 Analysis of variance of causal impact factors表2 初选影响因子方差分析表 |
影响因子 | 方差 | 影响因子 | 方差 |
---|---|---|---|
土壤侵蚀(X1) | 5.7774 | 到断层的距离(X6) | 0.0507 |
坡度(X2) | 0.2241 | 坡向(X7) | 0.2088 |
年平均降水(X3) | 0.3391 | 土地利用方式(X8) | 1.6792 |
>25 mm降水日数(X4) | 0.9318 | NDVI(X9) | 0.7185 |
岩石性质(X5) | 0.3622 | 到沟谷的距离(X10) | 0.2282 |
Tab. 3 Correlation matrix of impact factors表3 影响因子相关性系数矩阵 |
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | X6 | X7 | X8 | X9 | X10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | 1.00 | -0.02 | -0.14 | -0.14 | 0.02 | -0.03 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.03 |
X2 | -0.02 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.05 | -0.01 | -0.16 | -0.25 | 0.02 |
X3 | -0.14 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.90 | -0.14 | 0.04 | 0.01 | -0.06 | -0.08 | -0.02 |
X4 | -0.14 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 1.00 | -0.14 | 0.04 | 0.01 | -0.06 | -0.02 | 0.03 |
X5 | 0.02 | 0.00 | -0.14 | -0.14 | 1.00 | 0.06 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.04 |
X6 | -0.03 | -0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.04 |
X7 | 0.01 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.01 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
X8 | 0.28 | -0.16 | -0.06 | -0.06 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.30 | 0.06 |
X9 | 0.19 | -0.25 | -0.08 | -0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 0.17 |
X10 | 0.03 | 0.02 | -0.02 | 0.03 | -0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 1.00 |
Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of impact factors according to their degrees图2 各因子等级空间分布图 |
Tab. 4 Assessment factors and their information quantities of debris-flow susceptibility表4 泥石流灾害易发性参评因子及信息量计算结果 |
因子 | 分级 | Si/S | Ni | I(L,Xi) | 信息量排序 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
土壤 侵蚀 | 一级 | 0.6195 | 107 | -0.6948 | 41 |
二级 | 0.2198 | 106 | 0.3323 | 7 | |
三级 | 0.1098 | 80 | 0.7446 | 4 | |
四级 | 0.0437 | 44 | 1.0676 | 2 | |
五级 | 0.0072 | 9 | 1.2833 | 1 | |
坡度(°) | <10 | 0.3313 | 86 | -0.2873 | 38 |
10~15 | 0.2217 | 68 | -0.1205 | 31 | |
15~20 | 0.1845 | 82 | 0.2501 | 13 | |
20~25 | 0.1278 | 53 | 0.1815 | 17 | |
25~30 | 0.0740 | 28 | 0.0894 | 21 | |
>30 | 0.0607 | 29 | 0.3225 | 8 | |
坡向 | N | 0.1221 | 30 | -0.3424 | 39 |
NW&NE | 0.2456 | 70 | -0.1938 | 33 | |
E&W | 0.2549 | 87 | -0.0135 | 25 | |
SW&SE | 0.2542 | 105 | 0.1772 | 18 | |
S | 0.1233 | 54 | 0.2357 | 15 | |
岩性 | 岩浆岩 | 0.0325 | 9 | -0.2217 | 35 |
变质岩 | 0.0251 | 10 | 0.1405 | 19 | |
白云岩、灰岩 | 0.4406 | 138 | -0.0996 | 30 | |
砂岩、砾岩 | 0.1882 | 51 | -0.2443 | 36 | |
粘土岩、泥岩、页岩 | 0.1411 | 59 | 0.1895 | 16 | |
软硬岩互层 | 0.1725 | 79 | 0.2804 | 10 | |
土地利用方式 | 林地 | 0.5815 | 127 | -0.4600 | 40 |
草地 | 0.1764 | 58 | -0.0510 | 28 | |
城市及工矿地 | 0.0038 | 2 | 0.4256 | 5 | |
耕地 | 0.0705 | 25 | 0.0251 | 24 | |
旱地 | 0.1679 | 134 | 0.8359 | 3 | |
NDVI | >0.226 | 0.2070 | 22 | -1.1802 | 42 |
0.183~0.226 | 0.3206 | 108 | -0.0268 | 27 | |
0.171~0.183 | 0.2798 | 127 | 0.2713 | 11 | |
0.157~0.171 | 0.1526 | 74 | 0.3375 | 6 | |
<0.157 | 0.0400 | 15 | 0.0810 | 22 | |
到沟谷的距离(km) | <2 | 0.4322 | 120 | -0.2200 | 34 |
2~4 | 0.1238 | 42 | -0.0196 | 26 | |
4~6 | 0.1362 | 60 | 0.2414 | 14 | |
6~8 | 0.1465 | 47 | -0.0752 | 29 | |
>8 | 0.1614 | 77 | 0.3215 | 9 | |
>25 mm降水日数(d) | <5 | 0.1584 | 71 | 0.2588 | 12 |
5~8 | 0.2000 | 71 | 0.0259 | 23 | |
8~11 | 0.2100 | 82 | 0.1208 | 20 | |
11~14 | 0.3039 | 88 | -0.1781 | 32 | |
>14 | 0.1277 | 34 | -0.2619 | 37 |
Fig. 3 Zonation of debris flow susceptibility in Guizhou Province图3 贵州省泥石流灾害易发区划分 |
Tab. 5 The statistics of debris flow distribution in the study area表5 研究区泥石流易发性分布统计 |
易发性分级 | 综合信息量区间 | 面积(km2) | 面积比(%) | 灾害数(处) | 分布密度(处/1000 km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
极低易发区 | (-3.6909)-(-1.8901) | 28 332 | 16.09 | 10 | 0.35 |
低易发区 | (-1.8901)-(-0.8568) | 50 700 | 28.78 | 43 | 0.85 |
中易发区 | (-0.8568)-0.0878 | 45 132 | 25.62 | 69 | 1.53 |
高易发区 | 0.0878-1.1801 | 33 168 | 18.83 | 98 | 2.95 |
极高易发区 | 1.1801-3.8666 | 18 816 | 10.68 | 126 | 6.70 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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