北京城市建筑密度分布对热岛效应的影响研究
作者简介:葛亚宁(1990-)女,安徽蚌埠人,硕士生,主要从事3S技术在资源环境中的应用研究。E-mail:sugar0417@163.com
收稿日期: 2015-12-28
要求修回日期: 2016-04-08
网络出版日期: 2016-12-20
基金资助
国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAC03B01)
中国科学院重点部署项目(KJZD-EW-TZ-G10)
Study on the Influence of Urban Building Density on the Heat Island Effect in Beijing
Received date: 2015-12-28
Request revised date: 2016-04-08
Online published: 2016-12-20
Copyright
“热岛效应”是现代城市气候的主要特征之一,本文基于高分辨率遥感影像,通过人工目视解译获取了北京市五环内的不同建筑密度区,进而结合遥感反演获得的地表温度数据,分析了城市建筑密度分布与城市热岛效应及其变化之间的关系。结果表明,北京市五环内的建筑以中密度区为主,高密度区次之,各建筑密度区在不同环线之间的分布也有较大差异。高密度区主要分布在二环以内,中密度和低密度建筑区主要分布在二、三环之间,高层建筑区总体分布较少,主要分布在二、三环和三、四环之间。城市建筑区的地表温度与建筑密度呈现显著正相关关系,城市建筑密度越大,其地表平均温度就越高,北京市高密度区的平均温度达到30.5 ℃,而高层建筑对热岛强度具有一定的缓解作用,北京高层建筑区的平均温度为28.32 ℃,比高密度区低2.18 ℃。从热岛强度变化来看,总体上高密度区、中密度区和低密度区的热岛强度均为增强的趋势,其中高密度区热岛强度增加的幅度最大,热岛强度增加了0.56 ℃,只有高层建筑区的热岛强度表现为减弱趋势,热岛强度降低了0.07 ℃。
葛亚宁 , 徐新良 , 李静 , 蔡红艳 , 张学霞 . 北京城市建筑密度分布对热岛效应的影响研究[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2016 , 18(12) : 1698 -1706 . DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.01698
"Heat island effect" is one of the main features of modern urban climate. In this paper, we have obtained the information for regions with different building densities in Beijing by using the artificial visual interpretation based on the high resolution remote sensing images, and then analyzed the relationship between the urban building density distribution and the urban heat island effect and its change pattern based on the land surface temperature data obtained by remote sensing inversion. The results show that the medium density building regions are the primary type within the fifth ring road in Beijing, and the area proportion of which is 23.5%. The distribution of the high density building regions is slightly less than the medium density building regions, and the area proportion of which is 12.01%. There are evident differences among the distributions of regions with different building densities within different ring roads. The high density building regions are mainly distributed within the second ring road, while the medium density building regions are commonly distributed in the whole area. The medium density building regions and the low density building regions are mainly distributed within the second-third ring road area. The overall area of the high-rise building regions is very small, and the high-rise building regions are mainly distributed within the second-third ring road area as well as the third-fourth ring road area. The relationship between the land surface temperature and the building density for the urban building regions is significantly positive, in which the higher density of the urban buildings, the higher average land surface temperature it will reach. The average temperature of the high density building regions in Beijing reached 30.5 ℃. The contribution of the high-rise building regions to the heat island intensity is small, and the average temperature of the high-rise building area is 28.32 ℃, which is 2.18 ℃ lower than the high density building regions. The distribution pattern of the average temperature for regions with different building densities among different ring roads is approximately the same. The differences of the average temperature among regions with different building densities within the second ring road are the smallest, while the average temperature of the high density building regions is obviously higher than other building density regions within the second-third ring road area and the third-fourth ring road area, and the average temperature of the high-rise building regions within the fourth-fifth ringroad area is the lowest, which is 28.09 ℃. Taking the change of heat island intensity between 2010 and 2015 into consideration, only the heat island intensity in the high-rise building regions has a weakening tendency, in which the intensity of the heat island has reduced by 0.07 ℃. While the heat island intensity in the high, medium and low density building regions have an enhancing tendency, the heat island intensity in the high density regionshas the largest growth, which had an increase of 0.56 ℃. Heat island effect is one of the most representative ecological environment problems in the process of urbanization, and the intensity of urban construction has an important impact on the urban heat island effect. Base on many researches, an appropriate reduction of the urban building density can effectively ease the occurrence of urban heat island effect.
Key words: Beijing; building density; heat island effect; remote sensing inversion
Fig. 1 Classification results of regions with different building densities in Beijing图1 北京市建筑密度区分类结果 |
Tab. 1 Classification standards of regionswith different building densities表1 不同建筑密度区划分标准 |
密度区 | 划分标准 |
---|---|
高密度区 | 房屋建筑密集,间距很小,绿化面积极少 |
中密度区 | 房屋建筑较密集,与高密度区相比,楼间距稍大,绿化面积较多 |
低密度区 | 房屋建筑比较稀疏,房屋建筑之间自然植被分布较多 |
高层建筑区 | 楼间距较大,在高分辨率遥感影像上能看到明显的立体房屋和楼房阴影 |
Fig. 2 The features of regions with different building densities on the Quick bird remote sensing images in Beijing图2 北京市不同建筑密度区快鸟高分辨率遥感影像特征 |
Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of land surface temperature in Beijing图3 北京市地表温度空间分布图 |
Fig. 4 The relationship between the measured temperature from meteorological stations and the LST图4 气象站点的实测温度与地表温度之间的关系 |
Fig. 5 Comparison of water LST of Beijingbetween 2010 and 2015图5 北京市2010年和2015年水体地表温度对比 |
Fig. 6 The area ratio of regions with different building densities for different ring roads in Beijing图6 北京市各环不同建筑密度区面积比例 |
Tab. 2 The average temperature of different density regions in Beijing in 2010 (unit: ℃)表2 北京市各环线之间不同密度区2010年平均温度(℃) |
密度分区 | 二环内 | 二、三环 | 三、四环 | 四、五环 | 整体 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
高密度区 | 29.84 | 31.37 | 31.29 | 30.45 | 30.50 |
中密度区 | 29.69 | 29.29 | 29.48 | 29.23 | 29.35 |
低密度区 | 29.09 | 28.91 | 28.71 | 29.04 | 28.91 |
高层建筑区 | 28.69 | 28.40 | 28.58 | 28.09 | 28.32 |
非建筑区 | 25.81 | 25.93 | 26.24 | 26.21 | 26.05 |
Fig. 7 The average temperature of different densityregions in Beijing in 2010 (℃)图7 北京市各环线内2010年不同密度区平均温度(℃) |
Tab. 3 Distribution of heat island intensity of different density regions between different ring roads in 2010 and 2015表3 2010年和2015年北京市不同环线间各密度区热岛强度分布(℃) |
密度分区 | 二环内 | 二、三环 | 三、四环 | 四、五环 | 总体 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010年 | 2015年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | 2010年 | 2015年 | |
高密度区 | 3.79 | 4.80 | 5.32 | 4.48 | 5.24 | 5.26 | 4.40 | 5.04 | 4.45 | 5.00 |
中密度区 | 3.64 | 4.03 | 3.24 | 3.55 | 3.43 | 3.70 | 3.18 | 3.64 | 3.30 | 3.66 |
低密度区 | 3.04 | 3.28 | 2.86 | 3.01 | 2.66 | 2.85 | 2.99 | 3.39 | 2.86 | 3.15 |
高层建筑区 | 2.64 | 2.69 | 2.35 | 2.41 | 2.53 | 2.60 | 2.04 | 1.79 | 2.27 | 2.19 |
Fig. 8 Variation of heat island intensity from 2010-2015 between different ring roads in Beijing图8 北京市各环线间2010-2015年热岛强度变化(℃) |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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