区域人口迁移时空溢出效应与动力机制分析
作者简介:赵心怡(1993-),女,硕士生,研究方向为空间数据挖掘。E-mail: zxy919781142@163.com
收稿日期: 2018-01-02
要求修回日期: 2018-04-04
网络出版日期: 2018-06-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41271388、41771417)
江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目
江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心资助项目
Space-time Spillover Effects and Driving Forces of Regional Migration Process
Received date: 2018-01-02
Request revised date: 2018-04-04
Online published: 2018-06-20
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41271388, 41771417
Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)
Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application
Copyright
区域人口迁移流的规模不仅取决于迁出地与目的地的“双边”要素,也与前期迁移流和周边迁移流息息相关。传统重力模型揭示了区域人口迁移过程的“推-拉”机制,但受制于对时空维度的忽视,无法有效表达迁移流之间的时空依赖关系,因而难以度量区域要素变化对迁移流产生的时空溢出效应。本文引入多种形式的时空依赖结构,构建迁移流时空重力模型,并采用贝叶斯马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)方法进行估计。在此基础上,结合时空效应框架量化区域要素对迁移流的影响,定量分析人口迁移过程的时空溢出效应与动力机制。本文以1985-2015年中国省际人口迁移为例,通过与非空间的动态重力模型估计结果比较,初步表明时间依赖、空间依赖以及时空扩散依赖在区域人口迁移过程中不容忽视;时空维度上,区域要素变化在初期对迁移网络的溢出效应超过对该区域迁移流的直接影响;逐渐衰减的时空溢出效应维持了区域人口迁移规模发展的相对稳定,与动态重力模型估计结果形成了鲜明对比。区域人口规模、人均GDP水平及其时空溢出效应共同驱动中国省际人口迁移系统的发展。耦合时空维度依赖关系的时空重力模型能更好地理解区域人口迁移过程的演化特征,为促进区域人口均衡发展提供科学的决策依据。
赵心怡 , 蒲英霞 . 区域人口迁移时空溢出效应与动力机制分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2018 , 20(6) : 817 -826 . DOI: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180015
Interregional migration is a significant component of regional population growth as well as a major driving force in urbanization process. The evolution of migration flows is not only related to the characteristics of origin and destination regions, but also the past and surrounding migration flows. Most empirical migration studies based on traditional gravity models have failed to capture space-time spillover effects during the migration process due to ignoring time or spatial dependence among migration flows. By introducing several space-time interaction effects, this paper constructed the space-time gravity model of interprovincial migration flows in China over the period of 1985-2015 and estimated the model using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. The space-time spillover effects evaluation framework further explained the space and time dynamics in the evolution of interprovincial migration associated with changes in regional GDP per capita and population size. The preliminary results are as follow: firstly, the estimates of time, spatial and space-time diffusion dependence are all significant, which can provide powerful means for exploring complex and systematic behaviors among regional migration flows. Secondly, regional population size dominates the Chinese interprovincial migration process more than twice the influence of regional GDP per capita. Thirdly, the spillover effects of regional socio-economic factors play a quite significant role during regional migration process, which are greater than the corresponding origin and destination effects in the short term. More importantly, the decaying spillover effects through the whole space-time network will help the migration system stay at an equilibrium state over the long term. All in all, the coupled space-time gravity model contributes to capture the space-time spillover effects and driving forces during the regional migration process, which provides a scientific basis for predicting future migration trends and promoting balanced regional population development.
Fig. 1 The chart for spatial dependence, time dependence and space-time diffusion dependence structure of Chinese interprovincial migration process图1 中国省际迁移过程的时间依赖、空间依赖以及时空 扩散依赖结构图 |
Tab. 1 Coefficients estimates for dynamic gravity model and space-time gravity model表1 中国省际迁移动态重力模型和时空重力模型的系数估计结果 |
动态重力模型 | 时空重力模型 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
变量 | 系数 | p值 | 系数 | p值 | |
α | -1.0335 | 0.0918 | -0.6042 | 0.0395 | |
γ | -0.9795 | 0.0000 | -0.2147 | 0.0000 | |
βo_GDP | -0.0665 | 0.0440 | -0.0249 | 0.0786 | |
βo_Popu | 0.8746 | 0.0000 | 0.2222 | 0.0000 | |
βd_GDP | 0.7947 | 0.0000 | 0.1713 | 0.0000 | |
βd_Popu | 0.5094 | 0.0000 | 0.1084 | 0.0000 | |
ρo | - | - | 0.4381 | 0.0000 | |
ρd | - | - | 0.3165 | 0.0000 | |
ρw | - | - | 0.0670 | 0.0000 | |
ϕ | 0.0563 | 0.090 0 | 0.5935 | 0.0000 | |
θo | - | - | -0.2282 | 0.0000 | |
θd | - | - | -0.1301 | 0.0000 | |
θw | - | - | -0.2282 | 0.0000 | |
R2 | 0.6760 | 0.7687 | |||
修正R2 | 0.6757 | 0.7684 | |||
AIC | -37 679 | -39 245 | |||
BIC | -37 641 | -39 207 |
Tab. 2 Estimates of the spillover effects from dynamic gravity and space-time gravity models表2 中国省际迁移动态重力模型和时空重力模型的溢出效应估计 |
时间T | 动态重力模型 | 时空重力模型 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
人均GDP | 人口数量 | 人均GDP | 人口数量 | ||||||||
均值 | 累积和 | 均值 | 累积和 | 均值 | 累积和 | 均值 | 累积和 | ||||
迁出地效应(oe) | |||||||||||
0(同期) | -0.0665** | -0.0665** | 0.8746*** | 0.8746*** | -0.0214 | -0.0214 | 0.4111*** | 0.4111*** | |||
1 | -0.0060* | -0.0724** | 0.0784*** | 0.9531*** | -0.0288** | -0.0502 | 0.2047*** | 0.6158*** | |||
2 | -0.0006 | -0.0730** | 0.0073** | 0.9604*** | -0.0181** | -0.0683 | 0.1277*** | 0.7436*** | |||
3 | -0.0001 | -0.0730** | 0.0007* | 0.9611*** | -0.0119** | -0.0802 | 0.0835*** | 0.8271*** | |||
4 | -0.0000 | -0.0730** | 0.0001 | 0.9612*** | -0.0080** | -0.0882 | 0.0563*** | 0.8834*** | |||
5 | -0.0000 | -0.0730** | 0.0000 | 0.9612*** | -0.0055** | -0.0936 | 0.0386*** | 0.9219*** | |||
长期 | - | -0.0730** | - | 0.9612*** | - | -0.1067 | - | 1.0142*** | |||
目的地效应(de) | |||||||||||
0(同期) | 0.7947*** | 0.7947*** | 0.5094*** | 0.5094*** | 0.2363*** | 0.2363*** | 0.1776*** | 0.1776*** | |||
1 | 0.0713*** | 0.8661*** | 0.0456*** | 0.5550*** | 0.1068*** | 0.3431*** | 0.0619*** | 0.2394*** | |||
2 | 0.0067** | 0.8727*** | 0.0043** | 0.5593*** | 0.0562*** | 0.3993*** | 0.0319*** | 0.2713*** | |||
3 | 0.0006* | 0.8734*** | 0.0004* | 0.5597*** | 0.0301*** | 0.4293*** | 0.016 5*** | 0.2878*** | |||
4 | 0.0001 | 0.8734*** | 0.000 0 | 0.5597*** | 0.0163*** | 0.4457*** | 0.0087*** | 0.2966*** | |||
5 | 0.0000 | 0.8734*** | 0.0000 | 0.5597*** | 0.0090*** | 0.4546*** | 0.0046*** | 0.3012*** | |||
长期 | - | 0.8734*** | - | 0.5597*** | - | 0.4655*** | - | 0.3055*** | |||
网络效应(ne) | |||||||||||
0(同期) | - | - | - | - | 0.6980*** | 0.6980 | 1.3208*** | 1.3208 | |||
1 | - | - | - | - | -0.0904 | 0.6075 | -0.2313 | 1.0895 | |||
2 | - | - | - | - | -0.0560*** | 0.5516 | -0.1592*** | 0.9303 | |||
3 | - | - | - | - | -0.0350*** | 0.5166 | -0.1101*** | 0.8202 | |||
4 | - | - | - | - | -0.0200*** | 0.4965 | -0.0724*** | 0.7477 | |||
5 | - | - | - | - | -0.0117*** | 0.4848 | -0.0486*** | 0.6991 | |||
长期 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.4662*** | - | 0.5884*** | |||
总体效应(te) | |||||||||||
0(同期) | 0.7283*** | 0.7280*** | 1.3840*** | 1.3840*** | 0.9128*** | 0.9128*** | 1.9095*** | 1.9095 | |||
1 | 0.0654*** | 0.7936*** | 0.1241*** | 1.5081*** | -0.0124 | 0.9005*** | 0.0353 | 1.9448 | |||
2 | 0.0061** | 0.7998*** | 0.0116** | 1.5197*** | -0.0179* | 0.8826*** | 0.0004 | 1.9452 | |||
3 | 0.0006* | 0.8003*** | 0.0011* | 1.5208*** | -0.0169*** | 0.8657*** | -0.0101* | 1.9351 | |||
4 | 0.0000 | 0.8004*** | 0.0001 | 1.5209*** | -0.0117*** | 0.8541*** | -0.0074*** | 1.9277 | |||
5 | 0.0000 | 0.8004*** | 0.0000 | 1.5209*** | -0.0082*** | 0.8458*** | -0.0055*** | 1.9222 | |||
长期 | - | 0.8004*** | - | 1.5209*** | - | 0.8250*** | - | 1.9080*** |
注: ***、**、*分别表示1%、5%和10%水平上显著 |
Fig. 2 The chart of space-time spillover effects trends for space-time gravity model图2 中国省际迁移时空重力模型时空溢出效应趋势图 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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