六盘水市土壤侵蚀时空特征及影响因素分析
牛丽楠(1996-),女,内蒙古赤峰人,博士生,研究方向为地图学与地理信息系统专业。E-mail: niuln.18b@igsnrr.ac.cn |
收稿日期: 2018-09-05
要求修回日期: 2019-09-25
网络出版日期: 2019-12-11
基金资助
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项项目(XDA23100203)
国家重点研发计划课题(No.2017YFC0506501)
版权
Analysis on Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Factors of Soil Erosion in Liupanshui City
Received date: 2018-09-05
Request revised date: 2019-09-25
Online published: 2019-12-11
Supported by
CAS Strategic Priority Research Program(XDA23100203)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0506501)
Copyright
六盘水市是我国生态地位极其重要,水土流失又较为严重的城市。近些年,六盘水市实施了一系列生态工程,为了定量分析六盘水市土壤侵蚀状况及其影响因素,本文基于RUSLE模型,利用降雨数据、遥感影像数据、土地利用数据等,对贵州省六盘水市1990-2015年土壤侵蚀模数和土壤侵蚀量进行定量模拟,分析其时空动态变化,利用地理探测器定量分析影响因素,并进行空间相关性分析,结果表明: ① 六盘水市土壤侵蚀以微度和中度侵蚀为主。土壤侵蚀严重地区主要分布在北盘江流域与南盘江流域交界处以及喀斯特山地地区,煤矿开采使植被覆盖等抑制土壤侵蚀因子减少作用,使局部地区土壤侵蚀程度加剧。② 1990-2010年平均土壤侵蚀模数整体为下降趋势,2010-2015年为上升趋势。其中2000年平均土壤侵蚀模数最大,2010年平均土壤侵蚀模数最小。该变化由降雨可蚀性因子和植被覆盖度因子综合影响所致。③ 植被覆盖度因子和多年平均降雨量因子是影响区域土壤侵蚀空间分布的重要因素。未利用土地、植被覆盖度小于0.3、坡度在25°以上和降雨量在1543~1593 mm之间的地区为高风险侵蚀区域。④ 植被覆盖度与土壤侵蚀在空间上全部呈负相关性,降雨因子与土壤侵蚀在空间上存在负相关性和正相关性。⑤ 土壤侵蚀改善区域大多分布在生态工程区域内,生态工程建设能够改善土壤侵蚀情况,不同生态工程保护侧重点不同导致土壤侵蚀改善程度不同。退耕还林还草工程对六盘水市土壤侵蚀的改善具有重要意义,六盘水市更宜退耕还林。
牛丽楠 , 邵全琴 , 刘国波 , 唐玉芝 . 六盘水市土壤侵蚀时空特征及影响因素分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2019 , 21(11) : 1755 -1767 . DOI: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2019.180447
Liupanshui is a city with very important ecological status and serious soil erosion in China. In recent years, Liupanshui has adopted a series of ecological construction projects, therefore, it is very important to quantitatively analyze soil erosion and its influencing factors. Based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and geographical detector method, we calculated the average soil erosion modulus of Liupanshui city during 1990-2015. We analyzed the changes of spatiotemporal patterns, and explored the quantitative analysis of the influencing factors of geographic detector, and spatial correlation analysis. Results show that: (1) The Average Soil Erosion Modulus (ASEM)of Liupanshui was 23.50 t·hm-2·a-1, with an average soil erosion amount of 1578.42×104 t·a-1. The micro and moderate erosion were the dominant erosion types, occupying 83.49% of the total area, while the strong and violent erosion accounted for only 5.3%. The strong erosion area in Liupanshui was mainly located at the junction of Beipanjiang River Basin and Nanpanjiang River Basin as well as the Karst areas with fragile eco-environment. (2) The ASEM was the largest in 2000, which increased by 5.50% compared with that in 1990. The ASEM in 2005 decreased by 18.2% compared with that in 2000. The ASEM in 2010 was the smallest, 11.4% lower than that in 2005. The ASEM in 2015 increased compared with that in 2010. The soil erosion intensity in Liupanshui city in 2000-2015 was weaker than that in 1990-2000. The area of violent erosion decreased, and the strong erosion shifted to micro, light and moderate erosion. (3) The vegetation coverage factor and the perennial average rainfall factor are important factors affecting the spatial distribution of regional soil erosion. Moreover, unused land, vegetation coverage less than 0.3, slope above 25° and rainfall between 1543~1593 mm are high-risk erosion areas. (4) Vegetation coverage and soil erosion have negative correlation in space, while rainfall factors have negative correlation and positive correlation in space. (5) Soil erosion improvement areas are mostly distributed in ecological engineering areas, so ecological engineering construction can improve soil erosion. Different ecological engineering protection priorities lead to different degree of soil erosion improvement. By simulating rainfall to calculate the soil erosion modulus and soil erosion amount before and after Grain-for-Green, it could be seen that the soil erosion situation in Liupanshui had improved after Grain-for-Green. Compared with cultivated land-forest land and cultivated land-grassland land use change area, Liupanshui city is more suitable to return cultivated land to forest. Implementation of the Grain-for-Green Project should be continued in Liupanshui city, and focus more on areas with complex topography and fragile eco-environment.
Key words: soil erosion; spatiotemporal variations; RUSLE model; Geodetector; Liupanshui
表1 六盘水市土壤侵蚀评价及分析数据Tab. 1 Principal data sources for soil erosion assessment in Liupanshui |
数据名称 | 数据来源 | 时段 | 数据说明 |
---|---|---|---|
中国地面气候资料日值数据集 | 国家气象信息中心 | 1951-2015 | 包括六盘水市及其周边31个国家气象站1951-2015年温度和日降雨量数据 |
土壤数据库 | 资源环境数据云平台 | 1990-2015 | 土壤质地砂砾、粉粒,有机碳含量等数据 |
ASTER GDEM数据产品 | 地理空间数据云 | 1990-2015 | DEM高程数据 |
Landsat4-5 TM | 地理空间数据云 | 1990-2010 | 遥感影像数据 |
Landsat8 OLI_TIRS | 地理空间数据云 | 2010-2015 | 遥感影像数据 |
中国土地利用/覆被 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所地球系统科学数据共享平台 | 1990-2015 | 1990、2000、2005、2010、2015年5期土地利用数据 |
表2 六盘水市不同土地利用类型的P因子值Tab. 2 P-factor values of different land use types in Liupanshui |
土地利用类型 | 水田 | 旱地 | 林地 | 草地 | 采矿用地 | 裸地 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P因子值 | 0.01 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1 |
表3 1990-2015年六盘水市多年平均土壤侵蚀强度面积Tab. 3 Multi-year average soil erosion intensity area of Liupanshui from 1990 to 2015 |
级别 | 平均侵蚀模数/t/(hm2·a) | 面积/km² | 面积占比/% |
---|---|---|---|
微度侵蚀 | <500 | 3959.99 | 60.2 |
轻度侵蚀 | 500~2500 | 1534.69 | 23.3 |
中度侵蚀 | 2500~5000 | 737.11 | 11.2 |
强烈侵蚀 | 5000~8000 | 265.32 | 4.0 |
极强烈侵蚀 | 8000~15 000 | 57.54 | 0.9 |
剧烈侵蚀 | >15 000 | 26.71 | 0.4 |
表4 六盘水市各区县土壤侵蚀强度等级面积Tab. 4 Areas and proportions of different soil erosion intensity grades in each district of Liupanshui |
时段/年 | 侵蚀等级 | 钟山区 | 六枝特区 | 盘县 | 水城县 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
面积/km² | 占比/% | 面积/km² | 占比/% | 面积/km² | 占比/% | 面积/km² | 占比/% | |||||
1990-2000 | 微度侵蚀 | 326.41 | 73.8 | 1297.88 | 74.1 | 2621.23 | 66.1 | 2649.06 | 74.5 | |||
轻度侵蚀 | 46.86 | 10.6 | 142.07 | 8.1 | 435.45 | 10.9 | 270.19 | 7.6 | ||||
中度侵蚀 | 39.47 | 8.9 | 152.09 | 8.7 | 456.88 | 11.5 | 296.30 | 8.3 | ||||
强烈侵蚀 | 24.48 | 5.5 | 121.37 | 6.9 | 361.58 | 9.1 | 256.23 | 7.2 | ||||
极强烈侵蚀 | 3.54 | 0.8 | 23.86 | 1.5 | 63.67 | 1.7 | 53.59 | 1.5 | ||||
剧烈侵蚀 | 1.33 | 0.4 | 13.09 | 0.7 | 27.32 | 0.7 | 30.79 | 0.9 | ||||
2000-2015 | 微度侵蚀 | 278.06 | 63.3 | 1075.56 | 61.8 | 2242.21 | 56.9 | 2135.72 | 60.6 | |||
轻度侵蚀 | 125.56 | 28.6 | 496.74 | 28.6 | 1236.17 | 31.4 | 1043.48 | 29.6 | ||||
中度侵蚀 | 21.56 | 4.9 | 03.09 | 5.4 | 258.13 | 6.6 | 185.62 | 5.3 | ||||
强烈侵蚀 | 11.37 | 2.6 | 53.65 | 3.2 | 152.07 | 3.9 | 113.93 | 3.2 | ||||
极强烈侵蚀 | 1.73 | 0.4 | 10.97 | 0.6 | 28.29 | 0.7 | 24.20 | 0.6 | ||||
剧烈侵蚀 | 1.04 | 0.2 | 9.34 | 0.4 | 19.73 | 0.5 | 21.23 | 0.6 |
表5 土壤侵蚀强度影响因子的q值和P值Tab. 5 The q value and p value of influencing factors of soil erosion |
因子 | 土地利用 类型 | 植被 覆盖度 | 坡度/° | 多年平均降雨量/mm |
---|---|---|---|---|
q值 | 0.0041 | 0.1426 | 0.0027 | 0.0107 |
P值 | 0.0577 | 0.0000 | 0.0311 | 0.0000 |
表6 土壤侵蚀影响因素交互作用下q值Tab. 6 The q values of dominant interactions between soil erosion influencing factor |
土地利用 类型 | 植被 覆盖度 | 坡度 | 多年平均 降雨量 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
土地利用类型 | 0.0041 | 0.1861 | 0.0174 | 0.0344 |
植被覆盖度 | 0.1861 | 0.1426 | 0.1771 | 0.1810 |
坡度 | 0.0175 | 0.1771 | 0.0027 | 0.0231 |
多年平均降雨量 | 0.0344 | 0.1810 | 0.0231 | 0.0107 |
表7 各影响因子侵蚀高风险区域及土壤侵蚀强度平均值Tab. 7 High risk areas of soil erosion and its mean value of each influencing factor (t/(hm2﹒a)) |
土地利用 类型 | 植被 覆盖度 | 坡度 | 多年平均 降雨量 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
高风险区 | 未利用土地 | <0.3 | >25° | 1543~1593 |
平均土壤侵蚀强度 | 19.17 | 163.50 | 20.29 | 27.96 |
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