空间认知能力评价及其与场景草图面要素方位特征间关系的研究
唐柳天(1998— ),男,江苏镇江人,硕士生,主要从事空间认知和场景草图检索方面研究。E-mail: 201302076@njnu.edu.com |
Copy editor: 蒋树芳
收稿日期: 2022-12-08
修回日期: 2023-06-10
网络出版日期: 2024-03-26
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42071364)
国家自然科学基金项目(41631175)
南京工业职业技术大学引进人才项目(YK21-05-06)
Analyzing the Relationship between Spatial Cognition and Orientation Representations of Spatial Features in Sketch Maps
Received date: 2022-12-08
Revised date: 2023-06-10
Online published: 2024-03-26
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071364)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41631175)
New Talented Researchers of Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology(YK21-05-06)
场景草图是人们对周围环境认知结果的概括性表达,研究人们空间认知能力和场景草图不同特征之间的关系是实现场景草图与地图匹配的重要基础之一。然而,现有研究中仍然缺少空间认知与面要素间方向关系相互影响的研究。本文使用基于锥形模型的四方向模型和八方向模型以及基于投影的MBR模型描述场景草图中面要素间的方位关系,将空间认知能力划分为心理旋转能力(MRT)、方位能力和复杂图形记忆能力(CFT),设计认知能力实验,分析在社区级尺度下多类型场景中人们空间认知能力差异和场景草图面要素方位关系之间的相关性。研究表明:在居民区、商业区等等面要素类型丰富且分布复杂的区域: ① 心理旋转能力和场景草图面要素方位关系呈正相关; ② 方位能力和面要素方位关系呈显著正相关; ③ 复杂图形记忆能力和面要素方位关系则没有明显关联,而在面要素类型单一分布规整的区域, 3种空间认知能力和面要素方位关系则关联不明显。本文研究结果可以为场景草图在数据库中匹配寻址提供支持,也表明草图中地物间的方位关系是一个合适的匹配因子。
唐柳天 , 盛业华 , 唐铭 . 空间认知能力评价及其与场景草图面要素方位特征间关系的研究[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2024 , 26(1) : 170 -183 . DOI: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2024.220961
A sketch map depicts people's cognitive responses to their surroundings. Most studies either directly investigate the sketch map or utilize it as a tool to analyze people's psychological characteristics or preferences, lacking a thorough understanding of the spatial cognitive rules reflected in the sketch map. Due to the distortion and incompleteness of sketch maps, there is still a lack of efforts in analyzing the relationship between spatial cognition and orientation relationship of spatial features. In addition, it is essential to investigate the connections between people's spatial cognitive ability and various sketch map characteristics for sketch map alignment. In this paper, taking the orientation relationship as an example, the cone model with four and eight directions and MBR model based on projection were used to describe the direction between spatial features which were represented by polygons in sketch maps. The Mental Rotation Test (MRT), the Spatial Orientation/Perspective Test (SOP), and the Complex Figure Test (CFT) were used to classify spatial cognitive abilities into mental rotation ability, orientation ability, and memory ability in a cognitive ability experiment. After that we recruited volunteers to draw sketch maps about the multi-type environment at community scale. Then the variation in participants' spatial cognitive ability and the orientation relationship of spatial characteristics in different situations were investigated. Finally, we used Spearman coefficients to analyze the relationship between these abilities and the mutual orientation relationships of polygons in sketch maps. The results revealed that the cone model with four directions and the MBR model produced similar results when describing the orientation relationship between polygon features in a sketch map, however the cone model with eight directions was too exact to represent it, resulting in a low accuracy. In the area with complex spatial feature distribution and rich types of elements such as residential areas and commercial areas: (1) mental rotation ability was positively correlated with the orientation relationships of spatial features in sketch map; (2) the ability of azimuth judgment was significant positively correlated with the spatial feature orientation relationships; (3) it was still not clear whether there's a clear relationship between memory abilities and spatial feature orientation relationships. However, the correlation between the three spatial cognitive abilities and spatial feature orientation relationships was not obvious in regions with regular distribution of surface elements. Finally, participants tended to draw spatial features more accurately in their familiar area though this was not obvious compared to the whole sketch map. The results of this paper provide support for sketch map alignment in databases, and also demonstrate that the orientation relationship between ground objects in the sketch is a stable matching factor.
表1 CFT评分细则Tab. 1 Scoring rubric of CFT |
条件 | 得分 |
---|---|
准确绘出并且位置正确 | 2 |
准确绘出但位置不合适 | 1 |
图形扭曲不完整(尚可辨认)且位置合适 | 1 |
图形扭曲不完整(尚可辨认)但位置不合适 | 0.5 |
图形缺失不可辨认 | 0 |
表2 MBR模型各方向片间距离Tab. 2 Distance between orientation fragments in MBR model |
方向距离 | NW | N | NE | W | O | E | SW | S | SE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NW | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
N | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
NE | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
W | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
O | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
E | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
SW | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
S | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
SE | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
表3 志愿者空间认知能力问卷得分情况Tab. 3 Scores of Spatial Cognition questionnaire |
实验区 | 得分 | 均分 | 最高分 | 最低分 | 标准差 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
奥体 | MRT | 8.24 | 19.00 | 2.00 | 4.43 |
CFT | 23.65 | 36.00 | 7.00 | 8.40 | |
方位测试 | 134.04 | 171.17 | 81.92 | 25.5 | |
万达茂 | MRT | 8.00 | 15.00 | 2.00 | 3.43 |
CFT | 23.76 | 35.00 | 10.00 | 7.15 | |
方位测试 | 146.51 | 170.58 | 76.92 | 26.83 | |
南师 | MRT | 10.60 | 20.00 | 2.00 | 5.326 |
CFT | 29.14 | 36.00 | 17.00 | 5.239 | |
方位测试 | 159.20 | 173.25 | 141.91 | 10.34 |
表4 志愿者空间认知能力可靠性检验结果Tab. 4 Reliability test of spatial cognitive abilities |
空间认知能力 | Cronbach's Alpha | 项数 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
奥体实验区 | MRT | 0.846 | 20 | |
CFT | 0.868 | 18 | ||
方位能力 | 0.527 | 12 | ||
万达茂实验区 | MRT | 0.640 | 20 | |
CFT | 0.839 | 17 | ||
方位能力 | 0.702 | 12 | ||
南师实验区 | MRT | 0.900 | 20 | |
CFT | 0.750 | 18 | ||
方位能力 | 0.428 | 12 |
注: Cronbach's Alpha即克伦巴赫α系数,依据一定公式估量测验内部的一致性常用于衡量心理或教育测验的可靠性,α越接近1则越可靠,反之不可靠。 |
表5 面要素方位关系因子得分情况Tab. 5 Score of azimuth relation factors of spatial features |
实验区 | 模型因子 | 均值 | 最大值 | 最小值 | 标准差 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
奥体 实验区 | 轴向顺序Ac | 0.852 5 | 0.902 3 | 0.797 6 | 0.028 9 |
方向偏差Aa | 0.861 1 | 0.905 0 | 0.795 4 | 0.026 9 | |
万达茂 实验区 | 轴向顺序Ac | 0.851 8 | 0.943 8 | 0.662 4 | 0.079 3 |
方向偏差Aa | 0.838 4 | 0.942 2 | 0.638 6 | 0.095 8 | |
南师 实验区 | 轴向顺序Ac | 0.832 5 | 0.940 0 | 0.614 0 | 0.073 0 |
方向偏差Aa | 0.837 9 | 0.916 0 | 0.731 0 | 0.046 7 |
表6 空间认知能力和方位关系得分因子相关性Tab. 6 Correlation between spatial cognition and orientation factors |
轴向顺序Dc | 方向偏差Da | 方向准确度Ds | 方向相似性Dm | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
万达茂 地区 | CFT | 相关系数 | 0.197 | 0.244 | -0.020 | 0.200 |
Sig.(双侧) | 0.448 | 0.346 | 0.940 | 0.442 | ||
MRT | 相关系数 | 0.428 | 0.393 | 0.439 | 0.339 | |
Sig.(双侧) | 0.086 | 0.118 | 0.078 | 0.183 | ||
方位 能力 | 相关系数 | 0.481 | 0.436 | 0.184 | 0.339 | |
Sig.(双侧) | 0.051 | 0.080 | 0.480 | 0.183 | ||
奥体 地区 | CFT | 相关系数 | 0.402 | 0.307 | 0.023 | 0.044 |
Sig.(双侧) | 0.109 | 0.231 | 0.931 | 0.866 | ||
MRT | 相关系数 | -0.009 | -0.036 | 0 | -0.159 | |
Sig.(双侧) | 0.974 | 0.892 | 1 | 0.543 | ||
方位 能力 | 相关系数 | 0.193 | 0.258 | -0.272 | -0.140 | |
Sig.(双侧) | 0.459 | 0.318 | 0.290 | 0.593 | ||
南师实验区 | CFT | 相关系数 | -0.630 | -0.272 | -0.081 | -0.229 |
Sig.(双侧) | 0.016 | 0.346 | 0.782 | 0.430 | ||
MRT | 相关系数 | -0.416 | -0.248 | 0.009 | -0.245 | |
Sig.(双侧) | 0.139 | 0.392 | 0.976 | 0.399 | ||
方位 能力 | 相关系数 | -0.345 | -0.308 | -0.154 | -0.229 | |
Sig.(双侧) | 0.226 | 0.283 | 0.599 | 0.431 |
注:实验样本数量N为17,相关系数为Spearman相关系数,用于评价两变量间的相关性; sig指相关性差异,当sig<0.01时,相关性显著,当sig<0.05时相关性较明显。 |
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