火星高纬度典型区域石块遥感精细提取及分布特征分析
作者贡献:Author Contributions
孙娜和冯永玖参与方法设计和论文撰写;童小华参与方法修改;王禹皓和王蓉参与数据处理;王超、徐聿升和柳思聪参与论文修改。所有作者均阅读并同意最终稿件的提交。
The method was designed and the manuscript drafted by SUN Na and FENG Yongjiu. The method was refined by TONG Xiaohua. Data processing was performed by WANG Yuhao and WANG Rong. The manuscript was revised by WANG Chao, XU Yusheng, and LIU Sicong. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.
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孙 娜(1987— ),女,辽宁阜新人,博士生,主要从事火星石块遥感提取研究。E-mail: ytxwz@tongji.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2025-06-21
修回日期: 2025-10-14
网络出版日期: 2025-12-04
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42441816)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF0504100)
天问三号任务关键技术攻关项目(TW3004)
Remote Sensing Precision Extraction and Distribution Characteristics Analysis of Rocks in Typical Regions of High Latitudes on Mars
Received date: 2025-06-21
Revised date: 2025-10-14
Online published: 2025-12-04
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42441816)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF0504100)
Key Technology Research Project of TW-3(TW3004)
【目的】火星石块是了解火星地貌、研究地质演化和着陆选址等火星探测任务的重要研究内容。Boulder Halo是火星中高纬度地区的典型地貌,提取和分析Boulder Halo地貌及周边地区的石块,能够加深对该地貌的了解,明确其周围石块的空间分布特征,进而有助于后续的相关研究。【方法】文中利用一种基于阴影和滑动窗口的石块提取方法提取火星石块(最大直径大于1.5 m的石块),即根据火星石块阴影的位置和范围建立初始窗口,通过滑动窗口的初始位置和终止位置确定石块的范围,石块的提取结果通过拟合椭圆来表示。该方法在HiRISE图像中进行石块提取,并以火星60° N—70° N之间的23个Boulder Halo地貌为研究区,对其内部及周边地区的石块开展空间分布特征分析。【结果】Boulder Halo地貌多位于石块高密度区附近;在Boulder Halo地貌的3倍半径范围内最大直径为1.5~2.5 m的石块数量最多;多数情况下,Boulder Halo地貌在1~1.5倍半径范围内石块最大直径的均值相对较大;在3倍半径范围内,1倍半径范围附近石块密度相对较高。【结论】本文的分析结果可作为参考数据,为未来深入分析Boulder Halo地貌的形成过程及进一步探测提供辅助。
关键词: Boulder Halo; 遥感提取; 石块密度; 石块直径; 双变量空间自相关
孙娜 , 冯永玖 , 童小华 , 王禹皓 , 王蓉 , 王超 , 徐聿升 , 柳思聪 . 火星高纬度典型区域石块遥感精细提取及分布特征分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2025 , 27(12) : 2996 -3012 . DOI: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2025.250291
[Objectives] Martian rocks are important research content for Mars exploration missions, such as understanding the Martian geomorphology, analyzing the Martian geological evolution process, and landing site selection. Rocks are smaller objects on the Martian surface. Moreover, the different sizes and shapes of the rocks make it a great challenge to extract and analyze them. Boulder Halo is a typical landform in the middle-to-high latitudes of Mars. The extraction and analysis of the rocks around it allows for a better understanding of its geomorphological characteristics. [Methods] In this study, a method based on shadow and sliding window for rock extraction was utilized to extract Martian rocks (rocks with maximum diameters greater than 1.5 m) in HiRISE images. The method created an initial window based on the position and range of the Martian rock shadow, and determined the termination position of the window by sliding it. The range of the rock was determined based on the initial and termination positions of the sliding window. The rocks were represented as fitted ellipses. The length of the rock along the illumination direction was the maximum distance between the initial and termination windows. The length of the rock along the vertical illumination direction is the width of the sliding window in that direction. Twenty-three Boulder Halos between 60° N and 70° N on Mars were selected as the study area to analyze the rocks within and surrounding them. The analysis focused on rock density, rock diameter, and spatial autocorrelation. These analyses could characterize the spatial distribution of rocks around the Boulder Halo. [Results] Analysis of rock density revealed that Boulder Halos are mostly located near areas of high rock density. Moreover, the number of rocks with maximum diameters of 1.5 m to 2.5 m was the highest within 3 times the radius of the Boulder Halo. In most cases, the mean of the maximum diameters of the rocks was relatively large, within 1 to 1.5 times the radius of the Boulder Halo. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of rocks within 3 times the radius of Boulder Halo showed a negative spatial correlation between rock density and radial distance, a weak negative spatial correlation between maximum diameter of rock and radial distance, and a weak positive spatial correlation between maximum diameter of rock and rock density. Combining rock density analysis with bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis between rock density and radial distance, it can be inferred that the rock density near the one-radius distance of the Boulder Halo is relatively high. [Conclusions] The analytical results can be used as reference data to assist future studies, such as in-depth analysis of the Boulder Halo formation process and revealing the related regions' geological evolution process.
图1 火星地质图和Boulder Halo地貌类型5景HiRISE图像Fig. 1 Geologic map of Mars and five HiRISE images of the Boulder Halo |
表1 5景图像中Boulder Halo地貌的位置和半径Tab. 1 Location and radius of the Boulder Halo in five images |
| 图像编号 | 图像名称 | 分辨率/m | 在图像中的编号 | 东经/° | 北纬/° | 半径/m |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 图像1 | TRA_000828_2495_RED | 0.25 | BH1 | 130.397 | 69.040 | 197.4 |
| BH2 | 130.382 | 69.051 | 330.4 | |||
| BH3 | 130.264 | 69.039 | 398.0 | |||
| BH4 | 130.253 | 69.064 | 246.8 | |||
| BH5 | 130.195 | 69.032 | 309.6 | |||
| BH6 | 130.161 | 69.063 | 270.8 | |||
| BH7 | 130.179 | 69.057 | 184.0 | |||
| 图像2 | TRA_000841_2460_RED | 0.25 | BH8 | 136.763 | 65.985 | 137.4 |
| 图像3 | PSP_001391_2465_RED | 0.25 | BH9 | 256.125 | 66.015 | 356.4 |
| BH10 | 256.042 | 65.982 | 263.8 | |||
| BH11 | 255.986 | 66.012 | 334.0 | |||
| BH12 | 255.940 | 66.015 | 458.0 | |||
| BH13 | 255.933 | 65.970 | 323.8 | |||
| BH14 | 255.891 | 65.975 | 240.8 | |||
| 图像4 | TRA_000846_2475_RED | 0.25 | BH15 | 359.938 | 67.064 | 108.0 |
| 图像5 | TRA_000894_2475_RED | 0.25 | BH16 | 130.456 | 67.450 | 102.0 |
| BH17 | 130.422 | 67.444 | 184.0 | |||
| BH18 | 130.456 | 67.462 | 224.8 | |||
| BH19 | 130.368 | 67.458 | 220.0 | |||
| BH20 | 130.458 | 67.487 | 110.0 | |||
| BH21 | 130.309 | 67.457 | 88.0 | |||
| BH22 | 130.383 | 67.507 | 130.8 | |||
| BH23 | 130.355 | 67.529 | 72.0 |
表2 Boulder Halo地貌在8个方向中石块最大直径的均值Tab. 2 Mean of the maximum diameters of the rocks in eight directions for Boulder Halo (m) |
| 在图像中 的编号 | 石块最大直径的均值 | 总均值 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 方向1 | 方向2 | 方向3 | 方向4 | 方向5 | 方向6 | 方向7 | 方向8 | ||
| BH1 | 1.91* | 1.93* | 2.03* | 2.14* | 2.18* | 2.09 | 2.09 | 1.94* | 2.04* |
| BH2 | 2.09* | 2.04* | 2.17* | 2.19* | 2.06* | 2.10 | 2.09 | 2.14 | 2.11* |
| BH3 | 1.89* | 2.00* | 1.94* | 1.99 | 1.97 | 1.98 | 1.98 | 1.98* | 1.97* |
| BH4 | 2.00 | 1.96 | 1.95 | 1.98 | 1.94 | 1.99 | 1.93 | 1.88 | 1.95 |
| BH5 | 2.32* | 1.91* | 2.02* | 2.08 | 2.08 | 2.05 | 1.92 | 2.24* | 2.08* |
| BH6 | 2.07 | 2.16 | 2.23 | 2.15 | 2.17 | 2.34 | 2.27 | 2.22 | 2.20 |
| BH7 | 2.16 | 2.08 | 2.17 | 2.19 | 2.16 | 2.26 | 2.09 | 2.13 | 2.16 |
| BH8 | 2.28 | 2.14 | 2.27 | 2.14 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 2.15 | 2.23 | 2.20 |
| BH9 | 1.94* | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.91 | 1.91* | 1.96* | 2.01* | 1.99* | 1.94* |
| BH10 | 1.93 | 1.90 | 1.94 | 1.93 | 1.93 | 1.99 | 1.93 | 1.91 | 1.93 |
| BH11 | 1.95* | 1.99 | 1.88 | 1.89 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.96* | 1.97* | 1.93* |
| BH12 | 1.87* | 1.88* | 1.91 | 1.87 | 1.91 | 1.97 | 1.93* | 1.83* | 1.90* |
| BH13 | 1.87 | 1.91 | 1.86* | 1.92* | 1.92* | 1.88* | 1.91 | 1.91 | 1.90* |
| BH14 | 1.91 | 1.91 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.88 | 1.89 | 1.87 | 1.96 | 1.90 |
| BH15 | 2.21 | 2.28 | 2.38 | 2.24 | 2.33 | 2.42 | 2.13 | 2.02 | 2.25 |
| BH16 | 1.96 | 2.14 | 1.97 | 1.77 | 1.95 | 2.01 | 2.01 | 1.98 | 1.97 |
| BH17 | 1.83 | 1.94 | 1.92 | 1.94 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.00 | 1.96 | 1.96 |
| BH18 | 2.03 | 2.04 | 1.93* | 1.85* | 1.97 | 1.95 | 1.99 | 2.06 | 1.98* |
| BH19 | 2.09 | 1.86 | 1.96 | 1.99 | 2.03 | 2.09 | 2.05 | 2.12 | 2.02 |
| BH20 | 2.58 | 2.42 | 2.04* | 1.93* | 2.15 | 2.16 | 2.27 | 2.37 | 2.24* |
| BH21 | 2.19 | 2.16 | 1.94 | 1.95 | 1.91 | 2.00 | 2.19 | 2.03 | 2.05 |
| BH22 | 2.10 | 2.16 | 2.15 | 2.34 | 2.05 | 2.11 | 2.08 | 1.97 | 2.12 |
| BH23 | 2.04 | 2.13 | 2.06 | 2.22 | 2.02 | 2.04 | 2.05 | 2.03 | 2.07 |
注: *表示3 r范围内石块数据不完整。 |
表3 Boulder Halo地貌在不同距离范围内石块最大直径的均值Tab. 3 Mean of the maximum diameters of the rocks in Boulder Halo at different distance ranges (m) |
| 在图像中 的编号 | 石块最大直径的均值 | 总均值 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0~0.5 r | 0.5~1 r | 1~1.5 r | 1.5~2 r | 2~2.5 r | 2.5~3 r | ||
| BH1 | 1.99 | 2.06* | 2.07* | 2.04* | 2.06* | 2.12* | 2.06* |
| BH2 | 1.85 | 2.14 | 2.24* | 2.16* | 2.02* | 1.95* | 2.06* |
| BH3 | 1.83 | 1.95 | 2.08* | 1.89* | 1.83* | 1.97* | 1.93* |
| BH4 | 1.82 | 1.98 | 2.08 | 1.91 | 1.84 | 1.91 | 1.92 |
| BH5 | 1.91 | 2.11 | 2.23* | 2.14* | 1.95* | 1.84* | 2.03* |
| BH6 | 2.23 | 2.28 | 2.32 | 2.22 | 2.12 | 2.08 | 2.21 |
| BH7 | 2.13 | 2.21 | 2.27 | 2.19 | 2.09 | 2.06 | 2.16 |
| BH8 | 2.12 | 2.27 | 2.33 | 2.27 | 2.14 | 2.00 | 2.19 |
| BH9 | 1.85 | 1.96 | 2.00* | 1.93* | 1.89* | 1.84* | 1.91* |
| BH10 | 1.87 | 1.89 | 1.95 | 2.02 | 1.92 | 1.83 | 1.91 |
| BH11 | 1.89 | 1.96 | 2.00 | 1.90* | 1.92* | 1.92* | 1.93* |
| BH12 | 1.86 | 1.94* | 1.98* | 1.92* | 1.90* | 1.88* | 1.91* |
| BH13 | 1.81 | 1.87 | 1.95* | 1.90* | 1.86* | 1.88* | 1.88* |
| BH14 | 1.90 | 1.97 | 1.96 | 1.95 | 1.86 | 1.84 | 1.91 |
| BH15 | 2.01 | 2.18 | 2.49 | 2.36 | 2.25 | 2.14 | 2.24 |
| BH16 | 1.90 | 2.12 | 2.15 | 1.98 | 2.00 | 1.91 | 2.01 |
| BH17 | 1.83 | 2.00 | 2.05 | 2.02 | 1.97 | 1.97 | 1.97 |
| BH18 | 1.86 | 2.18 | 2.09 | 2.04 | 1.96 | 1.90* | 2.01* |
| BH19 | 1.87 | 2.10 | 2.23 | 2.05 | 1.96 | 1.86 | 2.01 |
| BH20 | 2.43 | 2.37 | 2.54 | 2.44 | 2.25 | 2.10* | 2.36* |
| BH21 | 1.95 | 2.18 | 2.25 | 2.07 | 1.95 | 1.96 | 2.06 |
| BH22 | 1.89 | 2.18 | 2.36 | 2.15 | 2.05 | 1.91 | 2.09 |
| BH23 | 2.00 | 2.25 | 2.35 | 2.01 | 1.94 | 1.94 | 2.08 |
注:*表示3 r范围内石块数据不完整。 |
表4 Boulder Halo地貌内石块密度与径向距离的双变量Moran's I统计量Tab. 4 Bivariate Moran's I statistic between rock density and radial distance within Boulder Halo |
| 在图像中的编号 | Moran's I指数 | Z值 | P值 | 在图像中的编号 | Moran's I指数 | Z值 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH4 | -0.585 | -197.012 | 0.001 | BH16 | -0.030 | -4.635 | 0.001 |
| BH6 | -0.536 | -189.904 | 0.001 | BH17 | -0.201 | -54.374 | 0.001 |
| BH7 | -0.452 | -115.713 | 0.001 | BH19 | -0.527 | -150.724 | 0.001 |
| BH8 | -0.689 | -114.790 | 0.001 | BH21 | -0.420 | -49.905 | 0.001 |
| BH10 | -0.195 | -75.366 | 0.001 | BH22 | -0.419 | -75.129 | 0.001 |
| BH14 | -0.258 | -88.130 | 0.001 | BH23 | -0.615 | -56.076 | 0.001 |
| BH15 | -0.370 | -55.562 | 0.001 |
表5 Boulder Halo地貌内石块最大直径与径向距离的双变量Moran's I统计量Tab. 5 Bivariate Moran's I statistic between maximum diameter of rock and radial distance within Boulder Halo |
| 在图像中的编号 | Moran's I指数 | Z值 | P值 | 在图像中的编号 | Moran's I指数 | Z值 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH4 | -0.103 | -17.949 | 0.001 | BH16 | -0.124 | -9.312 | 0.001 |
| BH6 | -0.107 | -45.337 | 0.001 | BH17 | -0.031 | -5.273 | 0.001 |
| BH7 | -0.089 | -24.986 | 0.001 | BH19 | -0.150 | -35.033 | 0.001 |
| BH8 | -0.110 | -26.155 | 0.001 | BH21 | -0.162 | -16.015 | 0.001 |
| BH10 | -0.083 | -17.571 | 0.001 | BH22 | -0.169 | -31.506 | 0.001 |
| BH14 | -0.110 | -18.694 | 0.001 | BH23 | -0.222 | -23.313 | 0.001 |
| BH15 | -0.066 | -11.269 | 0.001 |
表6 石块最大直径与石块密度的双变量Moran's I统计量Tab. 6 Bivariate Moran's I statistic between maximum diameter of rock and rock density |
| 在图像中的编号 | Moran's I指数 | Z值 | P值 | 在图像中的编号 | Moran's I指数 | Z值 | P值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BH4 | 0.178 | 31.716 | 0.001 | BH16 | 0.101 | 7.693 | 0.001 |
| BH6 | 0.158 | 68.680 | 0.001 | BH17 | 0.129 | 21.312 | 0.001 |
| BH7 | 0.134 | 38.655 | 0.001 | BH19 | 0.253 | 61.055 | 0.001 |
| BH8 | 0.162 | 37.376 | 0.001 | BH21 | 0.238 | 22.839 | 0.001 |
| BH10 | 0.156 | 32.238 | 0.001 | BH22 | 0.198 | 36.419 | 0.001 |
| BH14 | 0.139 | 22.379 | 0.001 | BH23 | 0.217 | 22.801 | 0.001 |
| BH15 | 0.140 | 24.360 | 0.001 |
利益冲突:Conflicts of Interest 所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。
All authors disclose no relevant conflicts of interest.
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