Urban heat island effect in Chongqing is in rising trend with the gradual expansion of urban construction land. And this trend increases hot weather of Chongqing, known as a 'stove’, so analyzing and understanding the spatial distribution of Chongqing urban heat island has great significance. In this paper, we referenced single-window algorithm to inverse surface temperature using Environmental Satellite image (HJ-1B) as the main data source, made a preliminary validation on retrieval result using MODIS temperature products, and used thermal field variability index to further analyze Chongqing spatial distribution feature of urban heat island. First, atmospheric water vapor content and atmospheric transmissivity was inversed from MODIS second band and 19th band, and land surface emissivity was obtained after classification by HJ-1B/CCD. On this basis, land surface temperature was inversed based on single-window algorithm, further, spatial distribution of Chongqings heat islands and their relationship with NDVI and NDBI and the heat island effect were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) Chongqings urban heat islands are roughly northeast and southwest distribution along Liangshan and Tongluoshan; (2) The center of Chongqings urban heat island is not in the downtown area, i.e. Jiefangbei, of which buildings are dense, but in the Dadukou industrial park and Jiangbei airport, of which energy is consumed largely and population is dense, the heat island intensity is between 7.7℃; (3) The heat island effect is not clear in dense building land area, the typical region such as the Yuzhong District is close to the Yangtze River and Jialing River waters; And (4) NDVI and surface temperature are negatively correlated, NDBI and the surface temperature show a more obvious positive correlation, NDVI and NDBI have a significant impact on surface temperature, and NDBI, i.e. the proportion of building land and building density, has a greater impact.