Journal of Geo-information Science >
The Digital Watermarking Algorithm for 3D Models of Oblique Photography
Received date: 2018-01-02
Request revised date: 2018-03-24
Online published: 2018-06-20
Supported by
Jiangsu Province “Six Personnel Peaks” Innovative Talent Team Project, No.XYDXXJS-CXTD-004
Copyright
The importance of data security cannot be ignored in 3D model data of oblique photography, which is an important kind of geographic data. Digital watermarking technique can provide powerful protection for oblique photography 3D models. In the past, among studies of 3D model watermarking algorithms, oblique photography 3D models were mentioned rarely and those algorithms cannot meet the demand for the data security of oblique photography 3D models. If a watermarking algorithm is designed in combination with the characteristics of oblique photography 3D model data, obviously, it will be applicable for corresponding 3D models. In this paper, a blind watermarking algorithm is designed based on the characteristic and vertical stability of oblique photography 3D model data. Before embedding watermark in data, some preprocessing steps must be completed. The 3D points will be extracted from oblique photography 3D model data, and sorted by z-coordinate from smallest to largest. Then, using height difference between neighboring points as the watermark information carrier, watermark information is embedded by modifying the parity of the height difference. In order to build a correspondence between embedding location and watermark information, the horizontal distance of neighboring points is used to complete mapping. In the process of watermark testing, points extracting and sorting should be finished firstly as in the process of embedding. Then information can be extracted by distinguishing the parity of the height difference. In this process, mapping is also used. In order to analyze the robustness of this algorithm quantitatively, some experiments were completed. The results show that the algorithm is robust against some usual attacks such as data cutting, translation and rotation.
Key words: digital watermarking; oblique photography; 3D model; robustness; blind watermarking
WANG Gang , REN Na , ZHU Changqing , JING Min . The Digital Watermarking Algorithm for 3D Models of Oblique Photography[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018 , 20(6) : 738 -743 . DOI: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2018.180011
Fig. 1 Flow chart of watermark embedding图1 水印嵌入流程图 |
Fig. 2 Flow chart of watermark extracting图2 水印检测流程图 |
Fig. 3 Binary image of watermarking information图3 水印信息二值图像 |
Fig. 4 Oblique photography 3D models for experiments图4 实验所用倾斜摄影三维模型 |
Fig. 5 Oblique photography 3D models before-and-after watermark embedding图5 嵌入水印前后的数据 |
Fig. 6 Details of oblique photography 3D models before-and-after watermark embedding图6 嵌入水印前后数据细节对比 |
Tab. 1 Quantitative analysis on invisibility of watermark algorithm表1 水印不可感知性定量分析 |
评价指标 | 参数x的值 | 结果 |
---|---|---|
Hausdorff | 4 | 1.0×10-8 |
SNR | 4 | 127.7 |
PSNR | 4 | 106.3 |
Fig. 7 Extracted image of watermark information图7 检测到的水印图像 |
Tab. 2 Experiments on translation attack表2 平移攻击实验 |
平移方向 | 平移距离/m | 水印信息相关值 | 水印图片 |
---|---|---|---|
X轴 | 100 | 1 | ![]() |
Y轴 | 100 | 1 | ![]() |
Z轴 | 100 | 1 | ![]() |
Tab. 3 Experiments on cutting attack表3 裁剪攻击实验 |
裁剪强度 | 水印信息相关值 | 水印图片 |
---|---|---|
20% | 0.98 | ![]() |
40% | 0.94 | ![]() |
60% | 0.82 | ![]() |
Tab. 4 Experiments on revolving attack表4 旋转攻击实验 |
沿Z轴旋转方向 | 旋转角度/° | 水印信息相关值 | 水印图片 |
---|---|---|---|
顺时针 | 30 | 1 | ![]() |
顺时针 | 60 | 1 | ![]() |
逆时针 | 60 | 1 | ![]() |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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