Journal of Geo-information Science >
Research on Gaps Filling of MODIS LST based on DCT-PLS
Received date: 2021-05-10
Request revised date: 2021-07-05
Online published: 2022-04-25
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971312)
Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)(GML2019ZD0301)
Copyright
Affected by cloud layer, sensor error, and other factors, there are large area of data gaps in time and space of Land Surface Temperature (LST) products acquired by Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), which seriously affects the analysis and application of LST data set. In this paper, a fully automatic smoothing algorithm for filling MODIS LST data sets is introduced. Based on a Penalized Least Squares (PLS) method, the algorithm allows fast smoothing of data in one and more dimensions by means of the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). By optimizing smoothing parameters, the DCT-PLS algorithm is a fast multidimensional data smoothing method, which uses the spatial and temporal information of LST data set to fill data gaps. This study carries out an empirical study in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). The DCT-PLS algorithm is used to fill data gaps of monthly MODIS LST data set from January 2001 to December 2017 in this area. To analyze its performance, the error analysis and accuracy verification of the algorithm are performed by introducing artificial simulation data gaps. The results of error analysis show that errors in gap filling are mainly due to the use of biased LST time information in data set, which causes significantly overestimation or underestimation in filling results. In response to this problem, an optimized DCT-PLS algorithm is proposed to automatically obtain effective auxiliary LST layers from the time series of MODIS LST and provide unbiased temporal information. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional algorithm is changed to two-dimensional space to reduce computing consumption by transforming auxiliary temporal information into spatial information. The results of accuracy verification on the optimized DCT-PLS algorithm show that the computational efficiency and accuracy are optimized simultaneously. The average computing time decreases from 12.0s to 1.7s, average R increases from 0.94 to 0.97, and average RMSE decreases from 1.94 K to 0.74 K (compared with the three-dimensional algorithm). The optimized DCT-PLS algorithm is applied in GBA. The accuracy of gap filling of monthly MODIS LST data set from January 2001 to December 2017 is R=0.98 and RMSE=0.79 K in daytime, and R=0.99 and RMSE=0.56 K in nighttime. The results of accuracy verification in GBA show that the accuracy of gap filling is not affected by heterogeneous surface. The optimized DCT-PLS algorithm transforms the MODIS LST data in the time domain and frequency domain to two-dimensional space, and retains high-frequency information to fill data gaps. It is a fast and robust method for gap filling, which is completely independent of external auxiliary data sets, enabling gap filling on long-time sequence MODIS LST data set.
LIU Hengzi , Lü Ning , JIANG Hou , YAO Ling . Research on Gaps Filling of MODIS LST based on DCT-PLS[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2022 , 24(2) : 378 -390 . DOI: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2022.210257
图2 粤港澳大湾区MODIS LST累计(2001年1月—2017年12月)缺值数量空间分布注:蓝色线为叠加的粤港澳行政区划界限。该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2019)4342号的标准 地图制作,底图无修改。 Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of cumulative missing pixels of MODIS LST in GBA from 2001.1 to 2017.12 |
表1 粤港澳大湾区不同土地利用类型MODIS LST累计(2001年1月—2017年12月)缺值面积占比Tab. 1 Proportion of cumulative missing area of MODIS LST for different land covers in GBA from 2001.1 to 2017.12 (%) |
土地利用类型 | 缺失面积占比(日间) | 缺失面积占比(夜间) |
---|---|---|
林地 | 83.12 | 76.18 |
灌木林 | 83.65 | 73.08 |
草地 | 85.71 | 82.14 |
耕地 | 87.14 | 87.14 |
城市区域 | 90.95 | 87.65 |
表2 粤港澳大湾区2001年1月—2017年12月日间和夜间LST缺值填补结果在不同土地利用类型中的精度Tab. 2 Accuracy evaluation of day-time and night-time LST filling results for different land covers in GBA from 2001.1 to 2017.12 |
土地覆盖类型 | RMSE/K | R | MAE/K | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
日间 | 夜间 | 日间 | 夜间 | 日间 | 夜间 | |
林地 | 0.75 | 0.55 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.57 | 0.39 |
灌木林 | 0.78 | 0.58 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.58 | 0.41 |
草地 | 0.79 | 0.57 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.58 | 0.42 |
耕地 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.56 | 0.43 |
城市区域 | 0.85 | 0.67 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.59 | 0.45 |
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