Journal of Geo-information Science >
Spatial-temporal Pattern of Rubber Expansion in the Borderlands of Sino-Lao and Sino-Vietnam in the Geo-polilinomical Context
Received date: 2021-11-17
Revised date: 2021-12-04
Online published: 2022-10-25
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42130508)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42001226)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971242)
Geo-Polilinomical (GPN) relations have become the driving factor of Land Use Changes (LUC) in the border areas between neighboring countries globally. Since the 1990s, over 40 bi- and multi-laterally GPN cooperative mechanisms were established between Mainland Southeast Asia (MSA) nations and their neighbors. National borderlands of MSA, as the forefront of GPN-cooperation, have experienced rapid and widespread LUC, including rubber boom in the borderlands of Sino-Lao and Sino-Vietnam. In this study, using Landsat TM/ETM+OLI data and phenological characteristics (i.e., defoliation and foliation stages for rubber plantations), a normalization algorithm namely the "Renormalized Vegetation Index (RVI)", based on the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) and Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) during the optimum time windows, was modified and applied to map the mature rubber plantations in the borderlands of Sino-Lao and Sino-Vietnam from 1992 to 2018. Based on the spatiotemporal characteristics of rubber plantations in the critical periods of GPN cooperation between Sino-Lao and Sino-Vietnam since the 1990s, the GPN impact on rubber expansion and its national differences were further revealed. The results show that: (1) Under the rubber-based substitution planting, border-prone development, and agroforestry cooperation, the expansion of rubber plantations showed an obvious increase along the border areas since the 1990s. The area of mature rubber plantations was 5537.7 km2 in 2018 derived from Landsat-based RVI. During 1992-2018, there was an increase of 4542.2 km2 or nearly 4.6 times in the borderlands of Sino-Lao and Sino-Vietnam; (2) Under the good GPN relations (e.g., construction of the Mohan-Boten Port and cooperation between nine Provinces in Lao PDR and China), rubber plantations expanded and crossed borders significantly in the 30-km buffer areas of Sino-Lao borders, increasing from 244.6 km2 in1990 to 2080.7 km2 in 2018 (a net increase of 1835.9 km2). Especially, the area of rubber plots was up to 1694.7 km2 in the Chinese side in 2018, with a net increase of 1507.8 km2 (more than seven fold). Meanwhile, the area of mature rubber plantations in the Laotian side increased sharply from 57.8 km2 to 385.9 km2, a nearly five-fold increase; (3) With the gradual improvement of the GPN relations between China and Vietnam since the normalization of Sino-Vietnamese relation and cooperation of "Two Corridors and One Ring", the rubber plantations showed a rapid expansion in the 30 km buffer areas of Sino-Vietnam borders, from 313.6 km2 in 1992 to 1107.5 km2 in 2018, an increase of about 2.5 times. There was an increase of 562.8 km2 from the Chinese side, from 148.9 km2 to 711.7 km2. While the area of mature rubber plantations in the Vietnamese side increased from 164.7 km2 to 395.8 km2 in the same period. Our study is helpful to understand the interaction between GPN cooperation and border LUC, promoting the development of border geography.
XIAO Chiwei , LI Peng , FENG Zhiming . Spatial-temporal Pattern of Rubber Expansion in the Borderlands of Sino-Lao and Sino-Vietnam in the Geo-polilinomical Context[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2022 , 24(8) : 1512 -1524 . DOI: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2022.210733
表1 中老边境沿线地区1992—2018年橡胶林种植面积及其变化Tab. 1 Area changes of rubber plantations in the 30-km border areas of China-Lao borders from 1992 to 2018 |
区域 | 面积/km2 | 增量/km2 | 增幅/% | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1992年 | 2004年 | 2018年 | 1992—2004年 | 2004—2018年 | 1992—2018年 | 1992—2004年 | 2004—2018年 | 1992—2018年 | |||
中国侧 | 186.9 | 315.4 | 1694.7 | 128.5 | 1379.3 | 1507.8 | 68.8 | 437.3 | 806.7 | ||
老挝侧 | 57.8 | 61.5 | 385.9 | 3.7 | 324.4 | 328.1 | 6.4 | 527.5 | 567.7 | ||
中老沿线 | 244.7 | 376.9 | 2080.6 | 132.2 | 1703.7 | 1835.9 | 54.1 | 452.1 | 750.3 |
表2 中越边境沿线地区1992—2018年橡胶林种植面积及其变化Tab. 2 Area changes of rubber plantations in the 30 km border areas of China-Vietnam borders from 1992 to 2018 |
区域 | 面积/km2 | 增量(km2)/增幅(%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1992年 | 1997年 | 2006年 | 2018年 | 1992—1997年 | 1997—2006年 | 2006—2018年 | 1992—2018年 | ||
中国侧 | 148.9 | 240.9 | 577.0 | 711.7 | 92.0/61.8 | 336.1/39.5 | 134.7/23.3 | 562.8/378.0 | |
越南侧 | 164.7 | 215.1 | 300.3 | 395.8 | 50.4/30.6 | 85.2/39.6 | 95.5/31.8 | 231.1/140.3 | |
中越沿线 | 313.6 | 456.0 | 877.3 | 1107.5 | 142.4/45.4 | 421.3/92.4 | 230.2/26.3 | 793.9/253.2 |
图6 中越边境沿线地区橡胶林空间分布注:该图基于自然资源部标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2016)2948号的标准地图制作,底图无修改。 Fig. 6 Spatial distribution of rubber plantations in the 30 km border areas of China-Vietnam borders |
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