Journal of Geo-information Science >
Physics-informed Machine Learning and Its Research Prospects in GeoAI
Received date: 2022-10-17
Revised date: 2022-11-04
Online published: 2023-06-30
Supported by
National Key R&D Program of China (International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Program)(2019YFE0106500)
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(41871308)
Scientists still cannot fully understand and explain many complex physical phenomena and dynamic systems, which cannot be described by deterministic mathematic equations and be analyzed and predicted through compact physical mechanistic models. With the ever-increasing of observational data, data-driven machine learning methods can effectively describe many complex non-linear phenomena. Nevertheless, pure data-driven models still have shortcomings in representation, interpretation, generalization capabilities, and sample efficiency. Conventional machine learning methods are confronted with challenges brought by spatiotemporal heterogeneity and sample sparsity. Recently, Physics-Informed Machine Learning (PIML) can effectively leverage observation data to describe and analyze dynamical systems when physical principles are uncertain. PIML has gain wide attention and been extensively applied in physics, computer science, biology, medical science, and geosciences. In recent years, artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies have been widely applied in geography, especially in GIScience and remote sensing, attracting wide research interests of geographers. This line of research is termed GeoAI and has become a cutting-edge research frontier in geography. PIML methods integrate the ideas of model-driven and data-driven methods, introducing new research paradigms for GeoAI and improving the description and prediction of complex geographical phenomena. This survey first summarizes recent progress in this domain from the perspectives of the representation of physical priors and the integration of physical priors in machine learning methods. Physical prior refers to existing independent knowledge that is already available before building machine learning models. This survey reviews the representation of physical priors from the aspects of augmented data and customized features, physical laws and constraints, governing equations as well as geometric properties. We also review how physical priors are integrated into various machine learning models, including constraint modeling, auxiliary task design as well as model training and inference. Based on the PIML survey framework, we explore the relationships between spatiotemporal priors and other physical priors, before briefly reviewing and summarizing typical case studies of spatiotemporal prior-informed GeoAI research. We also discuss the research agenda and future prospects of spatiotemporal prior representation and the spatiotemporal prior-informed GeoAI in the context of geo-machine learning and GeoAI frontiers. In light of fast progress of PIML, we contend that GeoAI studies that are well informed by spatiotemporal priors can gradually establish a generic geographical representation, analysis, prediction, and interpretation framework, which not only helps handle many classical problems in GIScience but also addresses future profound challenges of human being by encouraging geographers to explore more research opportunities when collaborating with researchers from other disciplines.
ZHANG Tong , LIU Renyu , WANG Peixiao , GAO Chulin , LIU Jie , WANG Wangshu . Physics-informed Machine Learning and Its Research Prospects in GeoAI[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2023 , 25(7) : 1297 -1311 . DOI: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2023.220795
表1 感知时空先验的机器学习方法分类和案例Tab. 1 Types and case studies of spatio-temporal prior-informed machine learning |
集成方法类型 | 优点 | 缺点 | 参考文献 |
---|---|---|---|
损失函数定制 | 设计和实现方便、可以增加多个正则项表达各种先验 | 作为软约束不能保证时空先验的严格实现 | [103]、[104] |
网络架构定制 | 严格满足具体先验、设计灵活、扩展性好 | 技术难度高,需要对深度学习和研究问题有很深的理解 | [95]、[96] |
描述几何特性 | 引入合理的几何特性作为归纳偏好,可以显著改善泛化能力和训练效率 | 现有不变性、等变性定义过于粗略,特定动态系统的缺乏精细化几何特性定义 | [34] |
描述动态系统 | 精细化描述局部和远程时空相干和关联,灵活表征复杂动态系统 | 缺少明确的支配方程,时空先验的定义和集成实现技术难度大 | [80]、[104] |
辅助任务设计 | 可在元学习等框架下设计辅助任务,更充分地利用任务间关联集成先验知识 | 辅助任务的合理设计难度较高;如果相关性不强,辅助任务有可能影响主任务 | [60]、[103] |
描述时空异质 | 通过位置、方向的表征体现时空异质更好地描述地理动态系统 | 时空异质模式复杂,非地学领域研究较少,可参考借鉴的方法比较缺乏 | [103]、[105-107] |
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