Journal of Geo-information Science >
A Precipitation Downscaling Model: Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks under Terrain Constraints
Received date: 2023-01-24
Revised date: 2023-03-24
Online published: 2023-07-14
Supported by
Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(42230708)
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road(XDA20060303)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071245)
Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022B03001-3)
Most of the precipitation datasets in Central Asia have problems such as data missing, geographical bias and outliers, low resolution, and so on. The normal prediction results obtained by most machine learning methods are usually hard to interpret, not only due to the uncertainties from input information but also due to the complicated global geographical environments as well as the underlying local geographical conditions. In this paper, to overcome this problem, we proposed a novel downscaling precipitation model to adjust and optimize the precipitation computation results from Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (CGAN) using an inverse distance weighting method based on the prior information of geographical differences of local digital terrain model and multiple weather stations. In this study, the Amu Darya River Basin was selected as the research area due to its various geographical environment and complicated topographic and geographical conditions. First, the input Climate Research Units (CRU) precipitation data with 55 km resolution were spatially corrected based on the topographic map using the spatial deformation model. The spatial deformation model was extended from spatial transformation network methods. Second, we input the corrected CRU precipitation data, temperature, wind speed, humidity equivalent data, and remote sensing data to the CGAN computing framework for high-resolution precipitation reconstruction. The experiment adopted the cross-validation method, taking 80% of the data as the training set, and the remaining 20% as the verification set. The test set contained 20 raster maps of annual precipitation from 2000 to 2019. The model was built based on pytorch 1.10.0, the batch size was 16, and the learning rate was 0.000 3. The epoch was 8 000 iterations in the Adam optimizer for gradient descent. Finally, the precipitation data of meteorological stations were used as the true values for analyzing the geographical differences of inverse distance weights and the accuracy of the corrected precipitation grid data. The results show that the proposed method can improve the resolution and accuracy of precipitation data,especially for the complex terrain and mountainous area. And Experiments on the Amu Darya in Central Asia show that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the downscaling result within the watershed was 15.96 mm, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) was 11.82 mm, the R2 value was 0.83, and the deviation was 0.08. This study provides a robust, accurate method for improving the spatial resolution of precipitation data in complex geographical areas.
DU Xiaowan , CHEN Xi , ZHENG Hongwei , LIU Ying , LIU Tie , BAO Anming , HU Ping . A Precipitation Downscaling Model: Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks under Terrain Constraints[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2023 , 25(8) : 1586 -1600 . DOI: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2023.230033
表1 遥感与同化数据及其来源Tab. 1 Sources of remote sensing data and assimilation data |
数据类型 | 数据名称 | 时间分辨率 | 空间分辨率 | 数据来源/方法 |
---|---|---|---|---|
遥感数据 | TRMM数据[33] | 2000—2019年 | 0.25° | http://pmm.nasa.gov/data-acces/downloads/ trmm |
NDVI数据[34] | 月平均 | 1 km | https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/resources/data-action/aster-ultimate-2018-winter-olympics-observer/ | |
NDWI数据[34] | ||||
SRTM数据[35] | 2000-02-11—2000-02-21 | 90 m | http://www.gscloud.cn/ | |
陆地同化数据[36] FLDAS | 风速(WS) | 2000—2019年 | 0.25° | https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ |
气温(Ta) | ||||
蒸散(ET) | ||||
湿度(Hum) |
表2 混淆矩阵中的指标Tab. 2 The confusion matrix corresponding to the four indicators |
混淆矩阵 | 预报 | ||
---|---|---|---|
正确 | 错误 | ||
真实 | 正确 | NA | NC |
错误 | NB | ND |
表3 2000—2019年模型消融实验及精度评估Tab. 3 Model ablation experiment and accuracy evaluation from 2000 to 2019 |
检验指标 | Encoded-CGAN | SE-CGAN | Encoded-CGAN-GDA | SE-CGAN-GDA |
---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | 0.58 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.83 |
RMSE | 29.73 | 20.34 | 25.26 | 15.96 |
MAE | 19.51 | 15.22 | 18.90 | 11.82 |
Bias | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.08 |
表4 各类算法在不同地区的降水预报准确率评估Tab. 4 Evaluation of precipitation forecast accuracy of various algorithms in different regions |
算法 | 分辨率/km | 区域 | 漏报率/% | 空报率/% | 晴雨准确率/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRU TS原始输入数据 | 55 | UE | 10.2 | 11.1 | 87.7 |
UW | 9.6 | 9.8 | 84.7 | ||
MD | 8.9 | 9.2 | 90.3 | ||
DE | 7.7 | 7.9 | 89.9 | ||
DW | 7.9 | 8.5 | 90.1 | ||
双线性插值 | 11 | UE | 9.2 | 8.9 | 94.6 |
UW | 9.0 | 9.0 | 90.6 | ||
MD | 8.5 | 8.1 | 92.5 | ||
DE | 7.9 | 7.8 | 91.1 | ||
DW | 7.9 | 8.1 | 90.2 | ||
Encoded-CGAN | 11 | UE | 5.5 | 6.1 | 94.1 |
UW | 6.1 | 6.3 | 93.2 | ||
MD | 4.0 | 5.3 | 94.3 | ||
DE | 4.2 | 4.8 | 95.5 | ||
DW | 3.9 | 4.2 | 95.3 | ||
SR-GAN | 11 | UE | 8.1 | 7.8 | 90.0 |
UW | 8.6 | 7.2 | 90.8 | ||
MD | 7.7 | 6.8 | 92.4 | ||
DE | 6.2 | 6.5 | 93.3 | ||
DW | 6.6 | 6.8 | 93.5 | ||
SE-CGAN-GDA | 11 | UE | 5.2 | 5.8 | 93.9 |
UW | 4.9 | 5.6 | 94.4 | ||
MD | 3.0 | 4.8 | 97.6 | ||
DE | 3.4 | 4.2 | 96.8 | ||
DW | 3.5 | 4.2 | 96.6 |
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