Journal of Geo-information Science >
Analysis of Pattern Evolution of Coal Mine Areas in Inner Mongolia from the Perspective of the Green Development Concept
Received date: 2023-01-18
Revised date: 2023-02-18
Online published: 2023-07-14
Supported by
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC1800100)
LREIS Independent Innovation Project(KPI001)
As an important basic energy of our country, coal has been rapidly consumed due to extensive exploitation and utilization in recent years, meanwhile, it destroys the surrounding ecological environment, which further aggravates the contradiction between the exploitation of resources and environmental protection. Remote sensing technology, with its all-weather, full coverage, and multi-scale advantages, provides convenience for monitoring the environmental damage caused by coal mine development and utilization. However, from the perspective of green development concept, new requirements are put forward for the monitoring of coal mine resources and surrounding ecological environment. It not only requires long time series dynamic monitoring to provide data support for the analysis of temporal and spatial evolution of the ecological environment in the coal mine area and the surrounding areas, but also requires the identification of fine types within the coal mine area to further clarify the development and management trend. Therefore, based on GF-6 images, Landsat series images, and Google Earth historical high-resolution images, this study extracted the spatial distribution of four types of coal mine areas, including open pits, coal overlying areas, dump, and reclamation areas, from 2007 to 2019 in typical coal mine areas of Inner Mongolia by means of human-computer interaction. This paper analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution pattern of the coal mine area from two aspects: the trend of coal mine mining and management and the influence of coal mine mining and management on surrounding land use. The results show that the coal mine area was in the stage of centralized mining before 2010, and the main land cover type of the surrounding areas occupied was grassland. After 2010, the environmental treatment work was gradually carried out, and the mining intensity gradually slowed down. With the increasing strength of environmental treatment, the trend of treatment exceeded the trend of mining after 2015. In general, the mining and management of coal mine area has undergone a transformation from "mining coal mine by encroaching on grassland → type conversion within mining area → managed mining area to reclamation area". The impact on the surrounding ecological environment has mostly realized a transformation from "mining before treatment" to "mining while treatment". This research shows that the combination of multi-source remote sensing images can realize the long-term dynamic monitoring of coal mine areas including internal fine types from the perspective of green development concept, and the conclusions related to mining and treatment can provide technical support for the effectiveness assessment of policy implementation and the optimization adjustment of policy evolution.
ZHANG Junyao , YANG Xiaomei , WANG Zhihua , YANG Haikun , ZHANG Bochun , WAN Qing , LEI Mei . Analysis of Pattern Evolution of Coal Mine Areas in Inner Mongolia from the Perspective of the Green Development Concept[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2023 , 25(8) : 1655 -1668 . DOI: 10.12082/dqxxkx.2023.230026
表1 多源遥感影像详细信息Tab. 1 Multi-source remote sensing image details table |
卫星 | 空间分辨率 | 影像时间/年 | 优点 | 缺点 |
---|---|---|---|---|
GF-6 | 2 m | 2019 | 空间分辨率高,搭载全色多光谱相机, 反映地物边界清晰 | 非开源数据,单时相 |
Landsat-5& Landsat-8 | 30 m | 2007、2010、2015 | 时间覆盖范围广,多时相,开源数据, 可避免云干扰 | 分辨率相对较低,地物边界识别困难 |
Google Earth历史高分影像 | Level 16 | 2007、2010、2015 | 时间覆盖范围广,开源数据,空间分辨 率高,反映地物边界清晰 | 可获取时相少,易受云 干扰 |
表2 煤矿区地物解译标志介绍与示例Tab. 2 Introduction and examples of ground feature interpretation signs in coal mine area |
地物名称 | 定义 | 影像特征描述 | 遥感影像示例 |
---|---|---|---|
露天采场 | 指进行剥离和采矿的工作场所 | 采坑内有明显道路;采坑有明显条纹和层次感,与周围有明显的“凹”界限;有的采矿坑有明显的积水,显暗色调 | |
排土场 | 用于堆放在矿物开采过程中产生的 固体废物的场所 | 堆包痕迹明显,通常呈现凸起的形态;在影像上呈现近似梯形或近似圆形的图斑,一般呈现灰色或者白色 | |
覆煤区 | 用于堆放煤矿的场所 | 分布在露天采坑内或者是洗煤厂附近,在影像中一般呈现黑色 | |
复垦区 | 在煤矿区造成的土地破坏区域周围, 经过整治恢复植被的区域 | 条理明显,通常在排土场种植植被,明显区别于其他植被覆盖区域,颜色随季节变化有所不同 |
表3 训练样本与提取结果示意图Tab. 3 Diagram of training sample and extraction result |
地物类型 | 遥感影像 | 样本示例 | 人工目视检查 |
---|---|---|---|
露天采矿场 | |||
覆煤区 | |||
排土场 | |||
复垦区 |
注:绿色为正确识别区域,蓝色为漏识别区域,红色为错误识别区域。 |
表4 网络超参数设置Tab. 4 Network hyperparameter Settings |
露天采场识别模型 超参数设置 | 覆煤区识别模型 超参数设置 | 排土场识别模型 超参数设置 | 复垦区识别模型 超参数设置 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
损失函数 | Cross-entropy loss | Focal loss | Focal loss | Cross-entropy loss |
优化函数 | Adam | |||
学习率 | 0.000 5 | 0.000 1 | 0.000 1 | 0.000 25 |
学习率优化方式 | 随步数衰减 |
表5 煤矿区空间分布面积时序变化Tab. 5 Temporal changes of coal mine spatial distribution area (km2) |
年份 | 开采区域面积 | 治理区域面积 | 总计 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
露天采矿场 | 覆煤区 | 排土场 | 小计 | 复垦区 | 小计 | |||
2007 | 0.86 | 0.31 | 0.86 | 2.03 | 0 | 0 | 2.03 | |
2010 | 14.43 | 3.86 | 10.96 | 29.25 | 0 | 0 | 29.25 | |
2015 | 17.98 | 5.87 | 13.45 | 37.30 | 25.69 | 25.69 | 62.99 | |
2019 | 23.6 | 6.56 | 14.93 | 45.09 | 47.68 | 47.68 | 92.77 |
表6 煤矿区空间分布年均变化幅度Tab. 6 Annual variation of spatial distribution in coal mining areas (km2/a) |
区域 | 类型 | 年均变化幅度 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2007—2010年 | 2010—2015年 | 2015—2019年 | ||
开采区域 | 露天采矿场 | 4.52 | 0.71 | 1.41 |
覆煤区 | 1.18 | 0.40 | 0.17 | |
排土场 | 3.37 | 0.50 | 0.37 | |
小计 | 9.07 | 1.61 | 1.95 | |
治理区域 | 复垦区 | 0 | 5.14 | 5.50 |
小计 | 0 | 5.14 | 5.50 | |
总计 | 9.07 | 6.75 | 7.45 |
图5 不同时间段内煤矿区的土地利用类型转换Fig. 5 Land use type conversion in coal mining areas in different time periods |
表7 不同时段内煤矿区内部类型转换比例Tab. 7 Proportion of type conversion inside coal mine area in different time periods |
时段/年 | 转换类型 | 比例/% | 时段/年 | 转换类型 | 比例/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2007—2010 | 草地→露天采矿场 | 47.22 | 2015—2019 | 复垦区→复垦区 | 24.88 |
草地→排土场 | 31.54 | 草地→露天采矿场 | 15.44 | ||
草地→覆煤区 | 11.58 | 草地→复垦区 | 9.92 | ||
排土场→排土场 | 2.91 | 露天采矿场→露天采矿场 | 8.01 | ||
露天采矿场→排土场 | 1.87 | 排土场→排土场 | 7.01 | ||
其他 | 4.88 | 露天采矿场→复垦区 | 6.84 | ||
2010—2015 | 草地→露天采矿场 | 21.01 | 排土场→复垦区 | 6.45 | |
草地→复垦区 | 17.97 | 草地→排土场 | 2.90 | ||
露天采矿场→复垦区 | 12.81 | 覆煤区→覆煤区 | 2.78 | ||
草地→排土场 | 8.68 | 露天采矿场→排土场 | 2.51 | ||
排土场→排土场 | 5.27 | 草地→覆煤区 | 1.74 | ||
排土场→复垦区 | 5.16 | 覆煤区→排土场 | 1.45 | ||
草地→覆煤区 | 4.87 | 露天采矿场→覆煤区 | 1.13 | ||
露天采矿场→排土场 | 4.03 | 裸地→复垦区 | 1.06 | ||
露天采矿场→露天采矿场 | 3.47 | 复垦区→排土场 | 1.03 | ||
排土场→草地 | 3.42 | 覆煤区→复垦区 | 0.73 | ||
覆煤区→覆煤区 | 2.08 | 复垦区→覆煤区 | 0.66 | ||
覆煤区→排土场 | 1.39 | 耕地→排土场 | 0.60 | ||
裸地→复垦区 | 1.07 | 其他 | 4.87 | ||
排土场→覆煤区 | 0.91 | ||||
裸地→露天采矿场 | 0.86 | ||||
覆煤区→草地 | 0.79 | ||||
露天采矿场→草地 | 0.78 | ||||
排土场→露天采矿场 | 0.71 | ||||
其他 | 4.71 |
表8 不同时段内开采区域和治理区域内转换类型的面积和比例Tab. 8 The area and proportion of conversion types in the mining area and the management area at different time periods |
时段/年 | 转换类型 | 面积/km2 | 比例/% | |
---|---|---|---|---|
2007—2010 | 草地→开采区域 | 15.67 | 94.98 | |
开采区域内部转化 | 0.83 | 5.02 | ||
小计 | 转向开采区域 | 16.49 | 100.00 | |
2010—2015 | 草地→开采区域 | 13.70 | 36.27 | |
开采区域→治理区域 | 7.13 | 18.87 | ||
草地→治理区域 | 7.13 | 18.86 | ||
开采区域内部转化 | 7.08 | 18.74 | ||
开采区域→草地 | 1.98 | 5.24 | ||
裸地→治理区域 | 0.43 | 1.13 | ||
裸地→开采区域 | 0.34 | 0.90 | ||
小计 | 转向开采区域 | 21.12 | 55.91 | |
转向治理区域 | 16.66 | 44.09 | ||
2015—2019 | 治理区域内部转化 | 13.87 | 26.15 | |
开采区域内部转化 | 12.77 | 24.07 | ||
草地→开采区域 | 11.20 | 21.10 | ||
开采区域→治理区域 | 7.82 | 14.74 | ||
草地→治理区域 | 5.53 | 10.43 | ||
治理区域→开采区域 | 0.94 | 1.77 | ||
裸地→治理区域 | 0.59 | 1.11 | ||
耕地→开采区域 | 0.33 | 0.63 | ||
小计 | 转向开采区域 | 25.24 | 47.57 | |
转向治理区域 | 27.82 | 52.43 |
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