This paper mainly introduces the design and technologies about the basic platform of Geo-Info TUPU System. Based on further study and discussion on the theory of Geo-Info TUPU, and according to the specific requirements of the system, the basic platform of Geo-Info TUPU System is designed and programmed by using presently advanced system designing theory, computer software engineering technology, and other programming technologies. The key technologies of the system such as embedding and editing OLE object in the TUPU table, the connections of the TUPU table and GIS data will be discussed in this thesis.

This article discusses the method of using Wavelet Transform and Mathematics Morphologic Subject to extract the canal of the area objects on the high resolution remote sensing image. As the experiment showed, after the veins partition of the images using the Wavelet Transform, the habitat extraction on the high resolution remote sensing image can be implemented by using the sorts of operators combined by the basic operation of Mathematics Morphologic Subject, choosing the right structure element and the vector tracking, the result of the method can be directly used in the application of GIS.

It is an important task in GIS research to efficiently access and manipulate the spatial data stored in database management systems. The author introduces the spatial data storage methods in database management systems, then puts forward a method accessing and manipulating geometric objects with LibPQ, which is provided by PostgreSQL DBMS. This method allows users to expand user_defined geometric models with inheritance from system geometric model. Moreover, the method can make full use of an expanded user_defined geometric model to process spatial operators. As a kind of open source database management system, PostgreSQL DBMS can provide users with conveniently operated procedures at a price lower than the non-open source database management systems. Users can code inside the database management system to solve some problems which can not be dealt using the non-open source database management systems.

Land resources are essential to human survival. To ascertain the actual situation of land resources and information of land change serves as a basis for overall planning of land use and macroscopic decision making on land resources. In order to raise the efficiency of land change survey, this paper designs a Land Change Survey System on Palm (LCSSP). Based on PDA, this system integrates GPS card, GSM and digital camera, which adopts real time differential process to improve positioning precision. Thus LCSSP becomes a pocket field land change survey system with high precision. Under Windows CE environment, functions of the system, such as land change survey, GPS data process, vector data edit and so on, are developed by using eVC (embedded visual c++ ) program language. LCSSP fundamentally solves some inherent problems including long cycle, low efficiency, and low precision in land change survey.

Supported by GIS, Landsat TM, ETM and CBERS data are the main information sourses. Using combinations of vector data with raster data, multi-sourse data with multi -period data, combination of multi-information extracted metheds, combination of RS data with eco-environment basic maps, indoor processing with outdoor investigation, as well as remote sensing information extration technique, remote sensing image processing and DOM making methed, major cities environmental analysis information system in Northeast China was built. Remote sensing dynamic monitoring and analysis of the city evolution law and trend were conducted to serve for environmental management and decision making.

This article analyses the disadvantage of traditional historical geography as the rapid development of GIS provides an opportunity for historical geography, describes the achievements, existing problems and tendency of the applications of GIS in historical geography and presents several ways for better combining historical geography with GIS.

GIS applications are being developed using the three-tier software architecture traditionally used for general-purpose information systems. Even though this architecture is suitable for GIS applications, the special nature and exclusive characteristics of geographic information pose special functional requirements on the architecture. Based on the research of the three-tier software architecture and the special nature and exclusive characteristics of geographic information, we propose a generic architecture for GIS that provides support for the special nature of geographic information and conforms with the specifications proposed by the ISO/TC 211 and the OGC. Finally, we have tried to apply the architecture that we proposed in the development of a GIS application, and the architecture was proved to be rational and feasible.

Nowadays the evolution of Internet has dramatically boosted the progress of Geographic Information System based on networking technology. Many organizations and companies have developed various application solutions that are expected to satisfy users' needs. This paper analyzes present WEB GIS technologies applied to both server side and client side. While illustrating their advantages and disadvantages, a GIS application model based on SUN's JAVA Web Start(JWS) technology was put forward. For the purpose of demonstrating the effect of this model, a GIS system was developed and built by using GIS data which conform to the County Level Standard Format of Land Use Database. This study presents the whole framework of the system and focuses on the aspects related to JWS. Finally, it concludes that this solution can solve the problem of deployments and system upgrades in the actual environment.

In the vast domain of China, topographic and geomorphic conditions are quite varied. Geomorphology is one of the most main factors of physical geographical environment, and its maps have been widely used in the scientific research, economic construction, eco-environmental protection, education and military affairs etc. Modern geomorphology and its mapping started in 1950's. In the last 50 years, Chinese scholars made great progress in regional geomorphology, geomorphologic mapping and other branches of geomorphology, formed comparative integrated scientific system, finished and published lots of geomorphologic maps with the different scales and regions. However, only 15 sheets of geomorphologic maps (total 77 sheets, including land and ocean) with a scale of 1:1 000 000 were finished and compiled in 1980's, and field geomorphologic surveying was the main traditional mapping methodologies, some geomorphologic borderlines were not exact, which cannot satisfy the objective demands. With the development and application of technology and methodology based on Remote Sensing and GIS, lots of work can be finished in indoors. So, based on Landsat TM, DEM with a scale of 1:250 000 and lots of historic geomorphologic maps, this topic will try to research geomorphologic mapping method and technology with a scale of 1:1 000 000 using GIS and RS. Some parameters, such as slope, aspect, hillshade and watershed units are calculated from DEM, which can help distinguish from different landform and topographic units in the Landsat TM imageries. Some key problems, such as the relationship between land-cover and geomorphologic types, landform and countor lines, are discussed. The research is foundation for updating the geomorphologic borderline and finish all geomorphologic maps in with a scale of 1:1 000 000 by means of GIS and RS in the future.

The author reviewed the research activities of remote sensing dynamic investigation of resources and environment in China carried out since the reform and open policy. Supported by the spatial-temporal information platform of 1km land-use background and dynamic grid data and land-use dynamic degree models, this paper calculated the single and integrated land-use dynamic degrees of whole China and the eastern and western parts of China. The integrated dynamic degree' s spatial distribution shows that the dynamic degree of the eastern part of China is higher than that of the western, and in the eastern part the dynamic degree of southeast coastal area, lower Yangtze River Plain, northern part of the North China Plain and Northeast China Plain is higher and that of South China, middle and southern part of North China Plain is very low, in the western part of China, the dynamic degree of the middle and eastern parts of Inner Mongolia is very high, and that of the western part of Xinjiang, Sichuan and Yunnan is also relatively high, however, that of Tibetan Plateau, western part of Inner Mongolia is very low. Furthermore, we studied the spatial-temporal dynamic change of land-use in the eastern and western parts of China during 1990~2000, based on the analysis of basic characters of land-use change and land-use conversion characters. The result showns that in the research period the cropland, town and rural area and water body area increased in the eastern and western parts of China, and the increasingspeed of cropland in the western part is higher than that in the eastern part. It also shows that the woodland and grassland area in the eastern and western parts of China decreased in the past ten years, and the decreasing speed of woodland and grassland in the eastern part is higher than that of western part. We also found that the unused land in the eastern part of China decreased in the research period, however, that of the western part of China increased in the same research period.

DEM(Digital Elevation Model) is the model of terrain and relief, and also a fundamental digital product of the nation. It has been widely used in many areas. The author firstly analyses two existing diverse episte-mological viewpoints of the ground, and then clarifies that the ground exterior is a certain exterior which consists of several curved surfaces based on complicated terrain frame lines, indicating that the viewpoint which regards the ground exterior or part of it as a stochastic surface does not tally with human life and production practice. Through the property analysis of system errors and accidental errors together with the analysis of DEM production, the author also indicates that using only accidental errors to estimate DEM errors ignores the process of interpolation and gives out an incorrect property of interpolation errors. At the same time the premise setting and some mistakes in the process of illation in DEM accidental error calculating are discussed in the paper. Finally the author points out that using accidental errors to estimate DEM errors has been in hot water and does great harm to the check method and standard of DEM errors, so as to reduce the quality of DEM products.

The fusion of images of remote sensing not only improves the resolution of image, but also preserves the multispectral features. A method, which is the combination of wavelet transformation and IHS transformation, is described in this paper. The fusion of multispectral bands and panchromatic band of ETM images is achieved by using this method. The result of the fusion indicates that the method of combination of wavelet transformation and IHS transformation is more advanced than the method of IHS transformation in the fusion of multispectral bands and panchromatic band of ETM images.

In a distributed spatial database system, spatial data is currently shared with a snapshot-based mechanism. This method is charcateristic of maintaining copies of remote spatial datasets in local databases, and thus inevitably results in great data srorage redundancy and difficulty in preserving data consistency. In this paper, however, a view-based sharing method is put forward to solve this problem. Firstly, a local view is created corresponding to a remote spatial table, then an 'instead-of trigger for modifying each row is set up on the view to enable it modifiable. So local access to remote spatial data in a distributed database environment can be implemented with the extended view-modifying functions and view-selecting functions directly from Database Management System (DBMS). A case based on an Oracle 9i database management system validates the feasibility of this view-based data sharing mechanism, with a satisfactory result.

Workflow management is a new research area and is known as "logistics" of information systems. It can arrange suitable people or software to perform right tasks at right time and automate business process. According to the requirement of Land Use Planning Geographic Information System (LPGIS), based on the referenced model which is called Workflow Management System (WfMS) and with the support of technology of ArcObjects and SQL-Server, this study overcomes a series of difficulties, brings out the general framework of the system and gives an example relating to the applications.

This paper, based on analysis of characteristic and application conditions of MapX, introduces structure and function of thematic map managing information system in Changchun and discusses the method of developing thematic map managing system by utilizing MapX control. It proposes method to realize thematic map management,double direction selection,database linkage and analyzes in detail some technical difficulties and methods resolving these problems in system building.

With the rapid development of the Web technology, GIS has entered a brand-new stage. Web technology brings geographic information so great impetus that it can be more open and popular to the public, industries and departments. WebGIS, which combines the Internet web technology with GIS technology, has become an important research direction of GIS. WebGIS is a good approach to get GIS data and geographic information service for us. But WebGIS also confronts some problems for the further development, such as absence of interaction and limitation of accessing heterogeneous database. So WebGIS needs some new technologies to solve these problems. XML is a new technology, which promotes the development of Web. GML specification is defined by OGC. Its purpose is to transport and store geographic information in XML format, which will play an important role in the development of WebGIS. This paper analyzes the problem that the WebGIS exists in spatial data sharing and in bandwidth of network at first. It then discusses the GML and SVG as well as the application of GML and SVG in WebGIS. On the basis of general architecture of WebGIS, the author presents a new architecture based on GML and SVG. The architecture is made up of three layers: database, application and client. This paper analyzes the architecture in detail and explains the characteristic of the architecture. And then it introduces some key technologies in detail such as parsing GML document, translating GML to SVG and so on. Finally, this paper provides the application example of this architecture and gives the picture of the WebGIS prototype system interface.

Land and resources information contains multiplicate data source and mass volume of data. Moreover, new data is being generated in daily management. All these have increased the practical difficulties in the management and services of land and resources information. In the current management of land and resources in China, it is urgent to exchange and update information periodically or real-timely between superior department and junior department in China, that is between relevant government departments at national, provincial, municipal or prefectural levels. In the above data, spatial data concerning land monitoring, mining and geologic surveying dominate in information management and services.Facing at the above status, this paper has introduced the general idea of information exchange of land and resources. That is to set up a unique data center at the national level; data is gathered from municipal level to provincial level, then from provincial to the data center (national level) gradually. In light of this idea, data is backuped incrementally in data center. Also, information can be exchanged real-timely under the uniform network system. According to the above general idea, this paper has also analyzed the exercisable pattern and practical techniques, in which GML-Geography Markup Language is emphasized.

This article uses the quantitative graph of oblique coordinate system as a way to express the quantitative information in the thematic map, which expands the expression ways of the thematic map. The author also introduces the application program' s design idea of the quantitative information visualization of thematic map by using oblique coordinate system graphs. By analyzing the structure and visualization variables of oblique coordinate system graphs, the author abstracts a basic rhombus. Based on the MapBasic macro language of the Mapln-fo software, the author designs a standard sub of the basic rhombus of oblique coordinate system graphs. The single coordinate system graphs, the double coordinate system graphs and the multi coordinate system graphs are all composed of the basic rhombus. The drawing models of the single, the double and the multi coordinate system graphs are developed by calling the standard sub of the basic rhombus. In the Mapbasic development environment, the application program uses the Mapbasic project file to connect each model. Based on this mode, the author developed an application procedure of the quantitative information visualization of thematic map by using oblique coordinate system graphs. The application procedure has the single coordinate system graphs, the double coordinate system graphs and the multi coordinate system graphs models. Also the application procedure has some special functions such as graphs sorted automatically or sorted by hand, adjusting the graph's location by the mouse. At the end of this paper the author drews a thematic map by using the data of Hebei province, which using the graphs of the three coordinate systems combined at center. In this way, the author validates the graph' s application effect in thematic mapping.

Geofracture, as one of the severe geological hazards appearing in Xi'an area, has become considerably serious. The factors influencing the result of the geofractures in Xi'an include structural movement, groundwater mining, geomorphology and stratigraphy. The MAPGIS, a geographic information system, has a unified analytic capability in geographic coordinates and spaces. In this article, the geographical information system, MAPGIS, is used for assessment of the intensities of geofracture activities. Based on the analysis of the influencing factors of geofratures, an analytical model for different levels has been created, each weight of influence factors is calculated and an assessment model under the support of GIS for geofracture activities confirmed. Then, according to the modules of MAPGIS maps and image processing, algebraic calculation of maps on some special topics for individual factor has produced superposed images with the influencing factors of geofractures and confirmed the value of division. Based on the results, the active intensities of geofractures in Xi'an area can be partitioned and predicted.

In this paper, the effect of atmospheric impact and the requirement for atmospheric correction is explained firstly. Then the universal problems about atmospheric correction are expatiated. Atmospheric correction includes two major steps. The first step of atmospheric correction is retrieval of the concentrations of atmospheric molecules and aerosol. The method about retrieval of water vapor and aerosol is discussed. The radiative transfer programs (softwares) such as MODTRAN, 6S,SBDART, are commonly used in the calculation of atmospheric correction functions, the methods for calculation of atmospheric correction functions is also reviewed. The second step of atmospheric correction is surface reflectance retrieval from model. Several models to describe the bounces between atmosphere and surface are summarized. As for all the atmospheric parameters, the retrieval of surface reflectance is relatively straightforward when the surface is assumed to be lambertian. The retrieval of surface reflectance from surface which is heterogeneous and non-lambertian is also discussed. The method for dealing with adjacency effect, the creation of look-up table, and the precision analysis for the atmospheric correction result are summarized in the rest of the paper, too.

This paper analyses the structure of ArcIMS 9 software at first, the importance of ArcXML is found, but the ArcIMS software has shortcoming in building the ArcXML request information and parsing the ArcXML response information. In order to make up the above disadvantage, a method is described which is built in the Microsoft .Net developing environment. Then the MVC design mode is adopted by this method to the design of the WebGIS control, every component ' s function of the MVC is described in detail. The control tie' s function is to build ArcXML request information and parse the response information, the main classes' relationship diagram of the control tie is showed and the every component' s function is explained. Finally, it summarizes the advantage of this method which integrates the advantages of the MVC design module, .Net developing environment and ArcIMS function. By using the above control to build the WebGIS system will save time for program developers.

Although Mountain Altitudinal Belt Spectra Information System (1.0) has succeeded in digital integration of mountain altitudinal belt spectra, it has still deficiencies to be improved and perfected, including occasionally label illegibility, unchangeable color arrangement of altitudinal belts, dissatisfactory display of a great number of mountain altitudinal belt spectra. This paper explores the technical improvement and perfection of Mountain Altitudinal Belts Information System 1.0 (MABIS 1.0), mainly in spatial visualization of mountain altitudinal belts spectra, including the brief design process, spatial data labels, page rolling, color customization, operable data axes, etc.The result shows that perfection of spatial visualization in MABIS can not only efficiently manage the mountain altitudinal belts spectra, but can also facilitate visualizing the selected mountain altitudinal belts spectra data expediently and directly, discovering the spatial distribution pattern of mountain altitudinal belts of interest. This also lays a solid foundation for developing the World Mountain Altitudinal Belts Information System (MABIS).

Recently,ASTER satellite data has been frequently used as a new remote sensing data source. This paper deals with the research and process of image mosaiking, which takes Fukang as a study area and makes use of remote sensing image disposal software ENVI. The research result indicates that ASTER satellite data embodies a good many advantages. Meanwhile, the paper discusses the problems of image mosaiking and development trend in the future.

The technology based on OLE development can bring the strong function of the mature geographic information system software and the object oriented development language together, but there still exist some problems in call-back mechanism and the massive spatial data managements. This article, taking the development of geographic information system of Taining as an example, introduces emphatically the call-back mechanism based on OLE technology, MapInfo object, the class used to achieve the communication between MapInfo and application, form class and the methods of using them. With this as the basis, the author put forward the method of carrying on the advantage of large distributed database MYSQL and of managing the map and properties data separately to manage massive spatial data, in order to resolve the system movement speed slowness and perfect the method of visiting database.

The raise of "Digital Earth" strategy has aroused concern of personages of various circles, and contributed suggestions from their respective disciplinary angles. But the implementation of "Digital Earth" strategy must take area or special topic as the point of penetration. This paper, proceeds from the background of relatively severe desertification in China's arid and semiarid areas and the western development aiming at eco-environ-ment construction, in combination with physical and human characteristics of the study area, designed the land desertification information system in arid and semiarid areas in terms of the whole structure, function, model of arid and semiarid area desertification GIS. The system consists of three subsystems, namely, the database administration subsystem, the subsystem for inquiry of land desertification information, the subsystem for managing the model database. Meanwhile the selection of the representative demonstration area has been put into practice. The result indicated that, although the system needs to open up and improve further, the correlativity of the system's data term has satisfied the function and model demand of the present special topic's GIS system. This information system can provide quick, dynamic information and technique support for prediction and evaluation of the eco-environmental deterioration and land desertification, as well as for timely adopting prvention measures and countermeasures by decision-making department.

The paper paid much attention to Virtual Geographical Environments of ideal equilibrium profile lines of rivers. Surface runoff is one of the important factors figuring the earth's surface. The reconstructing action on the earth's surface by fluvial process, which includes erosion, mass transportation and accumulation, results in erosion and accumulation of landforms, and these two types of landforms have close relations with each other. Based on the mechanism of the formation of the equilibrium profile line of rivers presented by the geomorpholo gists, the paper deduced the theoretic formula of the equilibrium profile line. Because there are three landform stages in China from west to east, the paper calculated three equilibrium profile lines of the Huanghe River: L1 was the total equilibrium profile line of the Huanghe River, L2 and L3 were local equilibrium profile lines which took Togtoh or Songduo as local datum planes. The equilibrium profile lines of the Huanghe River have theoretic significance on the researches of the development of rivers and their capabilities of erosion and transportation.

Aiming at concrete conditions of using SST (sea surface temperature) to carry out the prediction and analysis of fishing ground in the field of ocean fishery, according to the designing requirement of the applied geographical information system, we have finished demand analysis, general design and function design, consequently taking ArcGIS software as the developing platform to develop the prototype system in view of the above. The system adopts of model of a three-tier structure, applies RDBMS to manage spatial data, and realizes the seamless management of the integration of spatial data with attribute data seamlessly. And it uses sophisticated COM technology and advanced WebService technology to integrate and distribute the system, which guarantee systematic reliability, regularity and extensibility, thus providing decision support for department of ocean fishery.

In order to integrate existing land information and realize land information exchange and sharing,the key task at present is to build land & resources clearinghouse. Taking land register as an example, this paper explored the domain knowledge expression of register and requestor of web services based on the ontology technology, realized the retrieval, matching and learning of web services by combining OWL-S Ontology description language with WSDL and resolved the UDDI semantic description and discovery for land information. It also put forward a land information web services frame based on ontology and an elementary process.

The Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) is frequently used to simulate the soil moisture conditions in a watershed quantitatively. The index that extracted from DEM is an important factor with explicit physical significance in the rainfall-runoff process models. Some previous studies discovered that the TWI would change with the resolution of DEM from which it was derived and this change, and terrain heterogeneity of DEM grids were employed to explain the scale dependency. In this paper, we explored the resolution effects of TWI and the influence of terrain heterogeneity of DEM grids. The research area is located in Xiyuanxi watershed, Xiamen City of Fujian Province, which includes different terrain types such as hill, platform, plain, etc. A fine-resolution DEM with 2.5m grid size was used to investigate the scale dependency of TWI values when converting DEM with resolution of 20m. Four terrain and heterogeneity attributes were employed as the quantitative indices of terrain heterogeneity of DEM grids, i.e. standard deviation of elevation, relief, landscape fragmentation index and landscape diversity index. The correlation and regression analysis was performed to identify sensitive and correlative responses between each terrain heterogeneity index and TWI variance as resolution was changed. The results indicated significant negative correlations between the terrain heterogeneity indices and the TWI variance (the Pearson correlation coefficients were -0.707, -0.712, -0.779 and -0.841 respectively, all based on a high confidence level of 0.01). By extrapolating the fitted curve for the terrain heterogeneity indices and TWI variance, the logarithmic curves fit the optimal equations well (the coefficient of determination are all greater than 0.9, F>F_0.01). So, these indices can be used to evaluate the impact of the terrain heterogeneity on the TWI. Meanwhile, the regression models can improve the accuracy of the TWI derived from a coarse resolution DEM. The effect discussed in this study is helpful in providing a more accurate data for the TWI applications.

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